Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology -- Table of Contents (27 [9])

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Volume 27, Issue 9; September 1, 2007

Brief Reviews
Vascular Biology
Atherosclerosis and Lipoproteins

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	Brief Reviews
	Vascular Adhesion Molecules Dietmar Vestweber Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:1869, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.150466 Full Text \| PDF
	Endothelial Signaling by Ig-Like Cell Adhesion Molecules Jaap D. van Buul, Edwin Kanters, and Peter L. Hordijk Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:1870-1876; published online before print June 21 2007, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.145821 Abstract \| Full Text \| PDF Migration of leukocytes across the endothelial lining of the vasculature requires a complicated series of adhesion and signaling events, in which endothelial Ig-like cell adhesion molecules (IgCAMs) play an important role. This review discusses recent insights into this IgCAM-driven endothelial signaling and its consequences for leukocyte transendothelial migration.
	Nitric Oxide in the Pulmonary Vasculature Matthew P. Coggins and Kenneth D. Bloch Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:1877-1885; published online before print May 31 2007, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.142943 Abstract \| Full Text \| PDF Loss of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability is one component of the endothelial dysfunction and vascular pathology found in pulmonary hypertension (PH). Our understanding of the control of NO production and NO signaling continues to grow. This understanding has led to developments in the treatment of PH and to promising directions for future therapies.
	Thrombospondins, Their Polymorphisms, and Cardiovascular Disease Olga I. Stenina, Eric J. Topol, and Edward F. Plow Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:1886-1894; published online before print June 14 2007, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.141713 Abstract \| Full Text \| PDF \| Data Supplement Thrombospondins are large, extracellular matrix glycoproteins which mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions by binding numerous ligands and cell-surface receptors. Particular single nucleotide polymorphisms in 3 of the 5 thrombospondins have been associated with myocardial infarction. This review summarizes current information linking the thrombospondins and their polymorphisms to cardiovascular pathophysiology.
	Inhibitors of Factor VIIa/Tissue Factor Rebecca A. Shirk and George P. Vlasuk Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:1895-1900; published online before print June 28 2007, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.148304 Abstract \| Full Text \| PDF The factor VIIa/tissue factor complex is an attractive target for novel anticoagulants. This review summarizes recent efforts to discover synthetic inhibitors of factor VIIa/tissue factor and the remaining challenges to developing a novel drug.
	Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura in Humans and Mice Karl C. Desch and David G. Motto Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:1901-1908; published online before print May 24 2007, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.145797 Abstract \| Full Text \| PDF Recently, a mouse model of TTP was established that recapitulates many of the key clinical features of the human disease, including the requirement for further genetic and environmental factors in addition to ADAMTS13 deficiency. Here we review TTP in humans, and discuss information gained from the analysis of ADAMTS13-deficient mice.
	Vascular Biology
	Leptin Induces C-Reactive Protein Expression in Vascular Endothelial Cells Prachi Singh, Michal Hoffmann, Robert Wolk, Abu S.M. Shamsuzzaman, and Virend K. Somers Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:e302-e307; published online before print July 5 2007, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.148353 Abstract \| Full Text \| PDF High leptin levels are associated with increased cardiovascular risk. In this study we provide evidence for leptin-dependent C-reactive protein (CRP) induction in vascular endothelial cells and investigated the signaling pathway involved. Thus, we demonstrate an additional molecular mechanism for the proatherogenic activity of leptin.
	Exacerbation of Albuminuria and Renal Fibrosis in Subtotal Renal Ablation Model of Adiponectin-Knockout Mice Koji Ohashi, Hirotsugu Iwatani, Shinji Kihara, Yasuhiko Nakagawa, Noriyuki Komura, Koichi Fujita, Norikazu Maeda, Makoto Nishida, Fumie Katsube, Iichiro Shimomura, Takahito Ito, and Tohru Funahashi Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:1910-1917; published online before print July 12 2007, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.147645 Abstract \| Full Text \| PDF \| Data Supplement Obesity is a major risk factor for kidney disease. Adiponectin has many protective properties for obesity-related diseases. In this study, we investigated the role of adiponectin for kidney disease in a nephrectomized mouse model. Adiponectin accumulates to the injured kidney and prevents kidney injury through modulating inflammation and oxidative stress.
	Increased Adiponectin Secretion by Highly Purified Eicosapentaenoic Acid in Rodent Models of Obesity and Human Obese Subjects Michiko Itoh, Takayoshi Suganami, Noriko Satoh, Kanami Tanimoto-Koyama, Xunmei Yuan, Miyako Tanaka, Hiroyuki Kawano, Takashi Yano, Seiichiro Aoe, Motohiro Takeya, Akira Shimatsu, Hideshi Kuzuya, Yasutomi Kamei, and Yoshihiro Ogawa Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:1918-1925; published online before print June 14 2007, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.106.136853 Abstract \| Full Text \| PDF \| Data Supplement Here we show that highly purified EPA, the only class of n-3 PUFAs used clinically to treat hyperlipidemia, increases adiponectin secretion in rodent models of obesity and human obese subjects possibly through the improvement of adipose tissue inflammation, thereby providing important insight into its therapeutic implication in obesity-related metabolic sequelae.
	Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity Is Essential for Vasodilation During Blood Flow Recovery but not for Arteriogenesis Barend Mees, Shawn Wagner, Elena Ninci, Silvia Tribulova, Sandra Martin, Rien van Haperen, Sawa Kostin, Matthias Heil, Rini de Crom, and Wolfgang Schaper Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:1926-1933; published online before print June 7 2007, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.145375 Abstract \| Full Text \| PDF \| Data Supplement We evaluated collateral artery growth in 3 mouse strains with different eNOS expression (eNOS-deficient, eNOS-overexpressing, and wild-type mice) using a distal femoral artery ligation model. We demonstrate that eNOS activity is crucial for NO-mediated vasodilation of peripheral collateral vessels after arterial occlusion, but not for collateral artery growth.
	RhoA Activation Contributes to Sex Differences in Vascular Contractions Daniel W. Nuno, Victoria P. Korovkina, Sarah K. England, and Kathryn G. Lamping Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:1934-1940; published online before print June 7 2007, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.144675 Abstract \| Full Text \| PDF Aorta from male mice contracted to serotonin more than aorta from females because of an increased activation of RhoA and Rho-kinase and not differences in nitric oxide. This increased activity was not related to differences in the expression of the serotonin receptor 5HT2A or components of the Rho/Rho-kinase pathway.
	Effect of Aging, MnSOD Deficiency, and Genetic Background on Endothelial Function: Evidence for MnSOD Haploinsufficiency Kathryn A. Brown, Sean P. Didion, Jon J. Andresen, and Frank M. Faraci Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:1941-1946; published online before print June 7 2007, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.146852 Abstract \| Full Text \| PDF \| Data Supplement This study examined the impact of genetic deficiency in MnSOD on oxidative stress and vascular function in aged mice. Using mice on 2 different genetic backgrounds, the data obtained provide the first direct evidence that MnSOD halpoinsufficiency increases vascular oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction with aging.
	Sildenafil Promotes Ischemia-Induced Angiogenesis Through a PKG-Dependent Pathway Annamalai Senthilkumar, Ray D. Smith, Jayant Khitha, Neeraj Arora, Srikar Veerareddy, Will Langston, John H. Chidlow, Jr, Shayne C. Barlow, Xinjun Teng, Rakesh P. Patel, David J. Lefer, and Christopher G. Kevil Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:1947-1954; published online before print June 21 2007, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.147421 Abstract \| Full Text \| PDF \| Data Supplement Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a prevalent cardiovascular disorder that results in critical tissue ischemia. Experimental therapeutic approaches have had little success indicating the need for new approaches toward PAD. We report that PDE-5 inhibition by sildenafil augments vascular perfusion and angiogenesis in chronically ischemic tissue.
	Pentaerythrityl Tetranitrate and Nitroglycerin, but not Isosorbide Mononitrate, Prevent Endothelial Dysfunction Induced by Ischemia and Reperfusion Saverio Dragoni, Tommaso Gori, Monica Lisi, Giuseppe Di Stolfo, Andrea Pautz, Hartmut Kleinert, and John D. Parker Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:1955-1959; published online before print July 19 2007, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.149278 Abstract \| Full Text \| PDF With this study we demonstrate, for the first time in humans, important differences among organic nitrates in their capacity to prevent IR-induced endothelial dysfunction. Nitroglycerin and pentaerithrityl tetranitrate induce pharmacological preconditioning and protect the endothelium from ischemia and reperfusion damage; in contrast, isosorbide mononitrate does not have significant protective effects.
	Endothelin-1, but not Ang II, Activates MAP Kinases Through c-Src–Independent Ras-Raf–Dependent Pathways in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells A. Yogi, G.E. Callera, A.C.I. Montezano, A.B. Aranha, R.C. Tostes, E.L. Schiffrin, and R.M. Touyz Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:1960-1967; published online before print June 14 2007, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.146746 Abstract \| Full Text \| PDF \| Data Supplement c-Src and Ras involvement in MAPK activation by ET-1 and Ang II was examined. ET-1, but not Ang II, induced MAPK phosphorylation in c-Src-deficient VSMCs. Ras knockdown by siRNA inhibited both Ang II- and ET-1-induced effects. Our findings demonstrate that whereas MAPK regulation by Ang II is c-Src-sensitive, ET-1-mediated actions involve c-Src-independent Ras-Raf-dependent pathways.
	Kininostatin Associates With Membrane Rafts and Inhibits ${alpha}$ vβ3 Integrin Activation in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells Yi Wu, Victor Rizzo, Yuchuan Liu, Irma M. Sainz, Noah G. Schmuckler, and Robert W. Colman Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:1968-1975; published online before print June 21 2007, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.148759 Abstract \| Full Text \| PDF \| Data Supplement The cleaved form of high molecular weight kininogen and its functional domain (D5) are potent inhibitors of angiogenesis. This study indicates that D5 binding to endothelial cells depends on membrane rafts, by which it inhibits {alpha}vβ3 integrin bi-directional signaling and downstream Rac1 activation.
	Differential Regulation of Homocysteine Transport in Vascular Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells Xiaohua Jiang, Fan Yang, Eugen Brailoiu, Hieronim Jakubowski, Nae J. Dun, Andrew I. Schafer, Xiaofeng Yang, William Durante, and Hong Wang Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:1976-1983; published online before print September 1 2007, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.148544 Abstract \| Full Text \| PDF \| Data Supplement Homocysteine transport is differentially regulated in vascular cells. In endothelial cells, Hcy transport has higher affinity, lower transport capacity, and predominantly mediated by a sodium/lysosome-dependent system ASC. Hcy shares carrier systems with cysteine, in a preferable order of ASC > XAG=L transporter systems in HAECs and ASC>L>XAG in HASMCs.
	Preservation of Rabbit Aorta Elastin From Degradation by Gingival Fibroblasts in an Ex Vivo Model Bruno Gogly, Adrien Naveau, Benjamin Fournier, Nicoleta Reinald, Eric Durand, Camille Brasselet, Bernard Coulomb, and Antoine Lafont Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:1984-1990; published online before print July 19 2007, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.140640 Abstract \| Full Text \| PDF We aimed to validate the concept of using gingival fibroblast healing properties in arteries. Elastic fiber degradation was specifically preserved by gingival fibroblasts via reduction of MMP-9 activity by increasing TIMP-1 synthesis. Vascular transfer of gingival fibroblasts could be a promising approach to treat abdominal aortic aneurisms.
	Enhanced Levels of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Prime Monocytes to Cytokine Overproduction via Upregulation of CD14 and Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Unstable Angina A. Fratta Pasini, M. Anselmi, U. Garbin, E. Franchi, C. Stranieri, M.C. Nava, V. Boccioletti, C. Vassanelli, and L. Cominacini Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:1991-1997; published online before print June 28 2007, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.142695 Abstract \| Full Text \| PDF \| Data Supplement The purpose of this study was to establish whether oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) contributes to cytokine overproduction via upregulation of CD14 and toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) expression on circulating monocytes of unstable angina (UA) patients. In UA patients oxLDL may contribute to monocyte overproduction of some cytokines by upregulating CD14 and TLR-4 expression.
	T-Cell–Derived Interferon- ${gamma}$ Contributes to Arteriolar Dysfunction During Acute Hypercholesterolemia Karen Y. Stokes, Shelly Gurwara, and D. Neil Granger Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:1998-2004; published online before print June 21 2007, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.146449 Abstract \| Full Text \| PDF \| Data Supplement IFN-{gamma} mediates leukocyte adhesion in venules during hypercholesterolemia. This study determines whether this IFN-{gamma} is derived from T-cells and whether it mediates the accompanying platelet adhesion and arteriolar dysfunction. Our findings reveal an indirect role for T-lymphocyte-derived IFN-{gamma} in impaired arteriolar vasodilation, and venular inflammatory and thrombogenic responses to hypercholesterolemia.
	Atherosclerosis and Lipoproteins
	Cholesterol-Dependent and -Independent CD40 Internalization and Signaling Activation in Cardiovascular Endothelial Cells Jianjun Chen, Lu Chen, Gang Wang, and Hong Tang Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:2005-2013; published online before print July 12 2007, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.145961 Abstract \| Full Text \| PDF \| Data Supplement Although activated CD40 can translocate to lipid rafts despite cholesterol depletion, different forms of CD40L, either soluble or membrane-bound, required distinct membrane constituents and microdomains for CD40 internalization and signaling activation. In particular, stimulation with G28.5, but not membrane-bound CD40L, required cellular cholesterol for CD40 internalization and downstream signaling.
	Phospholipid Transfer Protein–Deficient Mice Absorb Less Cholesterol Ruijie Liu, Jahangir Iqbal, Calvin Yeang, David Q.-H. Wang, M. Mahmood Hussain, and Xian-Cheng Jiang Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:2014-2021; published online before print July 19 2007, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.149914 Abstract \| Full Text \| PDF \| Additional Materials PLTP deficiency results in reduced cholesterol uptake as well as secretion by the intestine. We suggest that PLTP could be a useful target to lower plasma cholesterol levels, thus reducing atherosclerosis.
	Wild-Type ApoA-I and the Milano Variant Have Similar Abilities to Stimulate Cellular Lipid Mobilization and Efflux Ginny L. Weibel, Eric T. Alexander, Michelle R. Joshi, Daniel J. Rader, Sissel Lund-Katz, Michael C. Phillips, and George H. Rothblat Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:2022-2029; published online before print July 5 2007, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.148403 Abstract \| Full Text \| PDF The present study is a comparative investigation of cellular lipid mobilization to human apoA-I and apoA-IMilano. Efflux was measured in cell systems designed to assess the contributions ABCA1 and SR-BI. Acceptors containing the Milano variant of apoA-I showed no functional increase in lipid efflux when compared with wild-type apoA-I.
	A Polymorphism in the Protease-Like Domain of Apolipoprotein(a) Is Associated With Severe Coronary Artery Disease May M. Luke, John P. Kane, Dongming M. Liu, Charles M. Rowland, Dov Shiffman, June Cassano, Joseph J. Catanese, Clive R. Pullinger, Diane U. Leong, Andre R. Arellano, Carmen H. Tong, Irina Movsesyan, Josephina Naya-Vigne, Curtis Noordhof, Nicole T. Feric, Mary J. Malloy, Eric J. Topol, Marlys L. Koschinsky, James J. Devlin, and Stephen G. Ellis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:2030-2036; published online before print June 14 2007, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.141291 Abstract \| Full Text \| PDF \| Data Supplement A SNP in the protease-like domain of the LPA gene (I4399M, rs3798220) is associated with severe coronary artery disease and plasma lipoprotein(a) levels.
	Asymmetric Dimethylarginine Enhances Cardiovascular Risk Prediction in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure Christina Dückelmann, Friedrich Mittermayer, Dominik Georg Haider, Johann Altenberger, Jörg Eichinger, and Michael Wolzt Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:2037-2042; published online before print June 14 2007, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.147595 Abstract \| Full Text \| PDF Elevated ADMA plasma concentrations are associated with adverse outcome in patients with chronic heart failure. After 6 months follow-up, a greater than 3.6-fold risk elevation for the occurrence of a clinical end point was demonstrable when both ADMA and NT-proBNP plasma concentrations were increased. There was no relationship between ADMA and NT-proBNP.
	Interleukin-18, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Subclinical Atherosclerosis: Results From the Dallas Heart Study Andreas Zirlik, Shuaib M. Abdullah, Norbert Gerdes, Lindsey MacFarlane, Uwe Schönbeck, Amit Khera, Darren K. McGuire, Gloria L. Vega, Scott Grundy, Peter Libby, and James A. de Lemos Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:2043-2049; published online before print July 12 2007, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.149484 Abstract \| Full Text \| PDF \| Data Supplement In the Dallas Heart Study, IL-18 levels associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors, components of the metabolic syndrome, and surrogate markers of subclinical atherosclerosis. The association of IL-18 and atherosclerosis diminished in multivariate analysis suggesting that IL-18 does not predict atherosclerotic burden in this collective.
	Vaccination Against VEGFR2 Attenuates Initiation and Progression of Atherosclerosis Arnaud D. Hauer, Gijs H.M. van Puijvelde, Niels Peterse, Paula de Vos, Vincent van Weel, Eva J.A. van Wanrooij, Erik A.L. Biessen, Paul H.A. Quax, Andreas G. Niethammer, Ralph A. Reisfeld, Theo J.C. van Berkel, and Johan Kuiper Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:2050-2057; published online before print June 28 2007, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.143743 Abstract \| Full Text \| PDF \| Data Supplement Induction of cellular immunity against VEGFR2+ cells by DNA vaccination blocked angiogenesis and attenuated both initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, whereas postinterventional neointima formation was enhanced indicating the prominent role of VEGFR2+ cells in cardiovascular diseases and showing the possibilities of DNA vaccination in the protection against atherosclerosis.
	Role of Osteoprotegerin in Arterial Calcification: Development of New Animal Model Yuichi Orita, Hideya Yamamoto, Nobuoki Kohno, Masaaki Sugihara, Hiroaki Honda, Seiichi Kawamata, Shinji Mito, Nwe Nwe Soe, and Masao Yoshizumi Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:2058-2064; published online before print July 5 2007, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.147868 Abstract \| Full Text \| PDF \| Data Supplement Using osteoprotegerin-deficient mice, we established a mouse model in which arterial calcification can be quickly induced by treatment with a high-phosphate diet plus calcitriol injection. This model will allow us to perform detailed pathological and biochemical examinations at desired time points.

Spotlight

TOC Spotlight File

Volume 27, Issue 9; September 1, 2007

Brief Reviews

Vascular Adhesion Molecules

Endothelial Signaling by Ig-Like Cell Adhesion Molecules

Nitric Oxide in the Pulmonary Vasculature

Thrombospondins, Their Polymorphisms, and Cardiovascular Disease

Inhibitors of Factor VIIa/Tissue Factor

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura in Humans and Mice

Vascular Biology

Leptin Induces C-Reactive Protein Expression in Vascular Endothelial Cells

Exacerbation of Albuminuria and Renal Fibrosis in Subtotal Renal Ablation Model of Adiponectin-Knockout Mice

Increased Adiponectin Secretion by Highly Purified Eicosapentaenoic Acid in Rodent Models of Obesity and Human Obese Subjects

Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity Is Essential for Vasodilation During Blood Flow Recovery but not for Arteriogenesis

RhoA Activation Contributes to Sex Differences in Vascular Contractions

Effect of Aging, MnSOD Deficiency, and Genetic Background on Endothelial Function: Evidence for MnSOD Haploinsufficiency

Sildenafil Promotes Ischemia-Induced Angiogenesis Through a PKG-Dependent Pathway

Pentaerythrityl Tetranitrate and Nitroglycerin, but not Isosorbide Mononitrate, Prevent Endothelial Dysfunction Induced by Ischemia and Reperfusion

Endothelin-1, but not Ang II, Activates MAP Kinases Through c-Src–Independent Ras-Raf–Dependent Pathways in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Kininostatin Associates With Membrane Rafts and Inhibits vβ3 Integrin Activation in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

Differential Regulation of Homocysteine Transport in Vascular Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells

Preservation of Rabbit Aorta Elastin From Degradation by Gingival Fibroblasts in an Ex Vivo Model

Enhanced Levels of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Prime Monocytes to Cytokine Overproduction via Upregulation of CD14 and Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Unstable Angina

T-Cell–Derived Interferon- Contributes to Arteriolar Dysfunction During Acute Hypercholesterolemia

Atherosclerosis and Lipoproteins

Cholesterol-Dependent and -Independent CD40 Internalization and Signaling Activation in Cardiovascular Endothelial Cells

Phospholipid Transfer Protein–Deficient Mice Absorb Less Cholesterol

Wild-Type ApoA-I and the Milano Variant Have Similar Abilities to Stimulate Cellular Lipid Mobilization and Efflux

A Polymorphism in the Protease-Like Domain of Apolipoprotein(a) Is Associated With Severe Coronary Artery Disease

Asymmetric Dimethylarginine Enhances Cardiovascular Risk Prediction in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure

Interleukin-18, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Subclinical Atherosclerosis: Results From the Dallas Heart Study

Vaccination Against VEGFR2 Attenuates Initiation and Progression of Atherosclerosis

Role of Osteoprotegerin in Arterial Calcification: Development of New Animal Model

Spotlight

Kininostatin Associates With Membrane Rafts and Inhibits ${alpha}$ vβ3 Integrin Activation in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

T-Cell–Derived Interferon- ${gamma}$ Contributes to Arteriolar Dysfunction During Acute Hypercholesterolemia