Published online before print December 1, 2005, doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000198239.41189.5d
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
© 2006 American Heart Association, Inc.
Brief Reviews |
Influence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors on Endothelial Progenitor Cells
Limitations for Therapy?
From the Medizinischen Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany.
Correspondence to Georg Nickenig, MD, Medizinischen Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany. E-mail georg.nickenig{at}ukb.uni-bonn.de
Series Editor: Stephanie Dimmeler
Novel Mediators and Mechanisms in Angiogenesis and Vasculogenesis
ATVB In Focus
Previous Brief Review in this Series:
•Ferguson JE III, Kelley RW, Patterson C. Mechanisms of endothelial differentiation in embryonic vasculogenesis. 2005;25:2246–2254.
The ideal way to prevent and cure atherosclerosis and the subsequent end organ damage is to restore and rejuvenate the dysfunctional vasculature and the damaged organs. Various studies have underlined the important role of bone marrow–derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis of ischemic tissue, but only a few studies have concentrated on the role of EPCs in the prevention and therapy of atherosclerosis. Extended endothelial cell damage by cardiovascular risk factors can result in endothelial cell apoptosis with loss of the integrity of the endothelium. The consequences are an increased vascular permeability of the endothelium followed by facilitated migration of monocytes and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, resulting in the premature manifestation of an atherosclerotic lesion. A growing body of evidence suggests that circulating EPCs play an important role in endothelial cell regeneration. Systemic transfusion or intrinsic mobilization of EPCs enhances the restoration of the endothelium after focal endothelial denudation, resulting in a diminished neointima formation. In mice with atherosclerotic lesions, bone-marrow–derived stem cells are able to reduce atherosclerotic plaque size. However, various studies have demonstrated that in humans, cardiovascular risk factors impair number and function of EPCs, potentially restricting the therapeutic potential of progenitor cells. The current review focuses on the role of cardiovascular risk factors on endothelial cell apoptosis and EPCs with its pathophysiological consequences for atherogenesis and a regenerative therapy approach and will highlight the role of EPCs as a marker for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity.
Circulating endothelial progenitor cells play an important role in restoration of the endothelium after endothelial cell damage. The current review focuses on the role of cardiovascular risk factors on endothelial cell apoptosis and progenitor cell-mediated vasculoprotection.
Key Words: endothelial progenitor cells • risk factors • apoptosis • endothelium
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  G. P. Fadini, S. de Kreutzenberg, M. Albiero, A. Coracina, E. Pagnin, I. Baesso, A. Cignarella, C. Bolego, M. Plebani, G. B. Nardelli, et al. Gender Differences in Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Cardiovascular Risk Profile: The Role of Female Estrogens Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., May 1, 2008; 28(5): 997 - 1004. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Vanholder, U. Baurmeister, P. Brunet, G. Cohen, G. Glorieux, J. Jankowski, and for the European Uremic Toxin Work Group A Bench to Bedside View of Uremic Toxins J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., May 1, 2008; 19(5): 863 - 870. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. W.M. van Hinsbergh and P. Koolwijk Endothelial sprouting and angiogenesis: matrix metalloproteinases in the lead Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2008; 78(2): 203 - 212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W Wojakowski, M Kucia, M Kazmierski, M Z Ratajczak, and M Tendera Circulating progenitor cells in stable coronary heart disease and acute coronary syndromes: relevant reparatory mechanism? Heart, January 1, 2008; 94(1): 27 - 33. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Sobrino, O. Hurtado, M. A. Moro, M. Rodriguez-Yanez, M. Castellanos, D. Brea, O. Moldes, M. Blanco, J. F. Arenillas, R. Leira, et al. The Increase of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells After Acute Ischemic Stroke Is Associated With Good Outcome Stroke, October 1, 2007; 38(10): 2759 - 2764. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. P. Fadini, S. Sartore, C. Agostini, and A. Avogaro Significance of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Subjects With Diabetes Diabetes Care, May 1, 2007; 30(5): 1305 - 1313. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. L. Hoetzer, G. P. Van Guilder, H. M. Irmiger, R. S. Keith, B. L. Stauffer, and C. A. DeSouza Aging, exercise, and endothelial progenitor cell clonogenic and migratory capacity in men J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2007; 102(3): 847 - 852. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. C. Schatteman, M. Dunnwald, and C. Jiao Biology of bone marrow-derived endothelial cell precursors Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2007; 292(1): H1 - H18. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. P. Fadini, S. Sartore, M. Albiero, I. Baesso, E. Murphy, M. Menegolo, F. Grego, S. Vigili de Kreutzenberg, A. Tiengo, C. Agostini, et al. Number and Function of Endothelial Progenitor Cells as a Marker of Severity for Diabetic Vasculopathy Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., September 1, 2006; 26(9): 2140 - 2146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Lesnik and M. J. Chapman A new dimension in the vasculoprotective function of HDL: progenitor-mediated endothelium repair. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., May 1, 2006; 26(5): 965 - 967. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Wojakowski, M. Z. Ratajczak, and M. Tendera Interleukin-8: more on the mechanisms of progenitor cells mobilization in acute coronary syndromes Eur. Heart J., May 1, 2006; 27(9): 1013 - 1015. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|