Vascular Biology |
Promotes Macrophage-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis by Direct and Autocrine Mechanisms
From the Unit of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
Correspondence to Joseph J. Boyle, Department of Histopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN UK. E-mail joseph.boyle{at}ic.ac.uk
Objective We have previously shown that human macrophages induce human plaque vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis by cell-cell proximity, Fas-L, and nitric oxide (NO), thereby predisposing to plaque rupture. This study sought to analyze whether tumor necrosis factor-
(TNF-
) contributes additionally to macrophage-induced VSMC apoptosis.
Methods and Results Macrophage-induced VSMC apoptosis was examined in direct coculture. Antagonistic antibodies to TNF-receptor (R1) inhibited VSMC apoptosis, and preincubation of monocytes and VSMCs indicated that TNF-R1 on both cell types contributed to macrophage-induced VSMC apoptosis. Correspondingly, both monocytes and VSMCs expressed TNF-R1, and macrophages expressed cell surface TNF-
. Two NO donors upregulated VSMC surface TNF-R1, and exogenous TNF-
induced VSMC apoptosis synergistically with the NO donor diethylenetriamine/NO, indicating that NO sensitizes VSMCs to TNF-
. Neutralizing antiTNF-R1 antibodies inhibited macrophage activation assessed by Fas-L expression and NO secretion.
Conclusions TNF-
promotes macrophage-induced VSMC apoptosis by autocrine and direct pathways.
Key Words: macrophages plaque rupture vascular smooth muscle cells apoptosis tumor necrosis factor
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