Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2002;22:300-305
doi: 10.1161/hq0202.104081
doi: 10.1161/hq0202.104081
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.
Atherosclerosis and Lipoproteins |
Cellular Antioxidant Effects of Atorvastatin In Vitro and In Vivo
From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik–Innere Medizin III (S.W., U.L., K.M., C.K., K.A., M.B., G.N.), Universitätskliniken des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Klinik III für Innere Medizin (A.T.B.), Universität zu Köln, Cologne, Germany; and Aventis Pharma Deutschland GmbH (W.L.), DG Cardiovascular Diseases, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
Correspondence to Dr Georg Nickenig, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik–Innere Medizin III, Universitätskliniken des Saarlandes, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany. E-mail nickenig{at}med-in.uni-saarland.de
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) may exert direct effects on vascular cells and beneficially influence endothelial dysfunction. Because reactive oxygen species (ROS) may lead to vascular damage and dysfunction, we investigated the effect of atorvastatin on ROS production and the underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. Cultured rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells were incubated with 10 µmol/L atorvastatin. Angiotensin II–induced and epidermal growth factor–induced ROS production were significantly reduced by atorvastatin (dichlorofluorescein fluorescence laser microscopy). Atorvastatin downregulated mRNA expression of the NAD(P)H oxidase subunit nox1, whereas p22phox mRNA expression was not significantly altered (reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, Northern analysis). Membrane translocation of rac1 GTPase, which is required for the activation of NAD(P)H oxidase, was inhibited by atorvastatin (Western blot). mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase isoforms and glutathione peroxidase was not modified by atorvastatin, whereas catalase expression was upregulated at mRNA and protein levels, resulting in an increased enzymatic activity. Effects of atorvastatin on ROS production and nox1, rac1, and catalase expression were inhibited by L-mevalonate but not by 25-hydroxycholesterol. In addition, spontaneously hypertensive rats were treated with atorvastatin for 30 days. ROS production in aortic segments was significantly reduced in statin-treated rats (lucigenin chemiluminescence). Treatment with atorvastatin reduced vascular mRNA expression of p22phox and nox1 and increased aortic catalase expression. mRNA expression of superoxide dismutases, glutathione peroxidase, and NAD(P)H oxidase subunits gp91phox, p40phox, p47phox, and p67phox remained unchanged. Translocation of rac1 from the cytosol to the cell membrane was also reduced in vivo. Thus, atorvastatin exerts cellular antioxidant effects in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells and in the vasculature of spontaneously hypertensive rats mediated by decreased expression of essential NAD(P)H oxidase subunits and by upregulation of catalase expression. These effects of atorvastatin may contribute to the vasoprotective effects of statins.
Key Words: statins • reactive oxygen species • NAD(P)H oxidase • vascular smooth muscle cells • spontaneously hypertensive rats
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 J. P. Werba, E. Tremoli, P. Massironi, M. Camera, A. Cannata, F. Alamanni, P. Biglioli, and A. Parolari Statins in coronary bypass surgery: rationale and clinical use Ann. Thorac. Surg., December 1, 2003; 76(6): 2132 - 2140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. POLIAKOV, M.-L. BRENNAN, J. MACPHERSON, R. ZHANG, W. SHA, L. NARINE, R. G. SALOMON, and S. L. HAZEN Isolevuglandins, a novel class of isoprostenoid derivatives, function as integrated sensors of oxidant stress and are generated by myeloperoxidase in vivo FASEB J, December 1, 2003; 17(15): 2209 - 2220. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Sato, I. Sakuma, and D. D. Gutterman Mechanism of dilation to reactive oxygen species in human coronary arterioles Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2003; 285(6): H2345 - H2354. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Wassmann, A. Faul, B. Hennen, B. Scheller, M. Bohm, and G. Nickenig Rapid Effect of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibition on Coronary Endothelial Function Circ. Res., October 31, 2003; 93 (9): e98 - e103. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Kitada, D. Koya, T. Sugimoto, M. Isono, S.-i. Araki, A. Kashiwagi, and M. Haneda Translocation of Glomerular p47phox and p67phox by Protein Kinase C-{beta} Activation Is Required for Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Nephropathy Diabetes, October 1, 2003; 52(10): 2603 - 2614. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Ejiri, N. Inoue, T. Tsukube, T. Munezane, Y. Hino, S. Kobayashi, K.-i. Hirata, S. Kawashima, S. Imajoh-Ohmi, Y. Hayashi, et al. Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of thoracic aortic aneurysm: Protective role of statin and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2003; 59(4): 988 - 996. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 B. Lassegue and R. E. Clempus Vascular NAD(P)H oxidases: specific features, expression, and regulation Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, August 1, 2003; 285(2): R277 - R297. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. H. Shishehbor, M.-L. Brennan, R. J. Aviles, X. Fu, M. S. Penn, D. L. Sprecher, and S. L. Hazen Statins Promote Potent Systemic Antioxidant Effects Through Specific Inflammatory Pathways Circulation, July 29, 2003; 108(4): 426 - 431. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Pelat, C. Dessy, P. Massion, J.-P. Desager, O. Feron, and J.-L. Balligand Rosuvastatin Decreases Caveolin-1 and Improves Nitric Oxide-Dependent Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Variability in Apolipoprotein E-/- Mice In Vivo Circulation, May 20, 2003; 107(19): 2480 - 2486. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Wolfrum, K. S. Jensen, and J. K. Liao Endothelium-Dependent Effects of Statins Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2003; 23(5): 729 - 736. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. H. Shishehbor, R. J. Aviles, M.-L. Brennan, X. Fu, M. Goormastic, G. L. Pearce, N. Gokce, J. F. Keaney Jr, M. S. Penn, D. L. Sprecher, et al. Association of Nitrotyrosine Levels With Cardiovascular Disease and Modulation by Statin Therapy JAMA, April 2, 2003; 289(13): 1675 - 1680. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P.O Bonetti, L.O Lerman, C Napoli, and A Lerman Statin effects beyond lipid lowering--are they clinically relevant? Eur. Heart J., February 1, 2003; 24(3): 225 - 248. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Horiuchi, T.-X. Cui, Z. Li, J.-M. Li, H. Nakagami, and M. Iwai Fluvastatin Enhances the Inhibitory Effects of a Selective Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blocker, Valsartan, on Vascular Neointimal Formation Circulation, January 7, 2003; 107(1): 106 - 112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. De Caterina, F. Cipollone, F. P. Filardo, M. Zimarino, W. Bernini, G. Lazzerini, T. Bucciarelli, A. Falco, P. Marchesani, R. Muraro, et al. Low-Density Lipoprotein Level Reduction by the 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme-A Inhibitor Simvastatin Is Accompanied by a Related Reduction of F2-Isoprostane Formation in Hypercholesterolemic Subjects: No Further Effect of Vitamin E Circulation, November 12, 2002; 106(20): 2543 - 2549. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. N. Seshiah, D. S. Weber, P. Rocic, L. Valppu, Y. Taniyama, and K. K. Griendling Angiotensin II Stimulation of NAD(P)H Oxidase Activity: Upstream Mediators Circ. Res., September 6, 2002; 91(5): 406 - 413. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Delbosc, J.-P. Cristol, B. Descomps, A. Mimran, and B. Jover Simvastatin Prevents Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiac Alteration and Oxidative Stress Hypertension, August 1, 2002; 40(2): 142 - 147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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