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(Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2002;22:201.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.

Brief Reviews

Female Hormones and Thrombosis

F.R. Rosendaal; F.M. Helmerhorst; J.P. Vandenbroucke

From the Departments of Clinical Epidemiology (F.R.R., J.P.V.), Hematology (F.R.R.), and Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine (F.M.H.),. Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.

Correspondence to Prof Dr F.R. Rosendaal, Clinical Epidemiology, LUMC, PO Box 9600, NL-2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands. E-mail f.r.rosendaal{at}lumc.nl

Exogenous hormones are used by more than a hundred million women worldwide as oral contraceptives or for postmenopausal hormone replacement. Oral contraceptives increase the risk of venous thrombosis, of myocardial infarction, and of stroke. The risk is highest during the first year of use. The venous thrombotic risk of oral contraceptives is high among women with coagulation abnormalities and with so-called third-generation contraceptives (containing desogestrel or gestodene). The risk of myocardial infarction does not appear to depend on coagulation abnormalities or the type of oral contraceptive. Hormone replacement therapy increases the risk of venous thrombosis. This risk is also highest in the first year of use and among women with coagulation abnormalities. The risk becomes very high in women with a previous venous thrombosis. Randomized trials have not confirmed a beneficial effect of postmenopausal hormones on the occurrence of myocardial infarction.

Key Words: venous thrombosis • myocardial infarction • stroke • oral contraceptives • hormone replacement therapy

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