Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2001;21:852-857
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Atherosclerosis and Lipoproteins |
Prevalence and Correlates of Coronary Calcification in Black and White Young Adults
The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study
From the Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications (D.E.B.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md; the Department of Epidemiology (A.R.F.), University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis; the Department of Preventive Medicine (L.P.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Ill; Kaiser Permanente Division of Research (S.S.), Oakland, Calif; the Department of Preventive Medicine (C.K.) and the Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.O.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; the Centers for Disease Control (Z.-J.Z.), Atlanta, Ga; and Diagnostic Cardiovascular Consultants (J.R.), Columbus, Ohio.
Correspondence to Diane Bild, MD, MPH, NHLBI/DECA, Two Rockledge Centre, 6701 Rockledge Dr, MSC 7934, Bethesda, MD 20892-7934. E-mail bild{at}nih.gov
Abstract—Whereas cardiovascular risk factor levels are substantially different in black and white Americans, the relative rates of cardiovascular disease in the 2 groups are not always consistent with these differences. To compare the prevalence of coronary calcification, an indicator of coronary atherosclerosis, in young adult blacks and whites, we performed electron-beam computed tomography of the heart in 443 men and women aged 28 to 40 years recruited from a population-based cohort. The presence of calcium, defined as at least 1 focus of at least 2.05 mm2 in area and >130 Hounsfield units in density within the coronary arteries, was identified in 16.1% of black men, 11.8% of black women, 17.1% of white men, and 4.6% of white women (P=0.04 for comparison across groups). Coronary calcium was associated with age and male sex, and after adjustment for age, race, and sex, coronary calcium was positively associated with body mass index, weight, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting insulin and negatively associated with education (all P<0.05). Independent risk factors included male sex, body mass index, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Race was not significantly associated with coronary calcium in men or women, before or after adjustment for risk factors. Coronary calcification is associated with increased levels of cardiovascular risk factors in young adults, and its prevalence is not significantly different in blacks and whites.
Key Words: coronary heart disease • risk factors • race • coronary artery calcification
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  K. Kroger, N. Dragano, A. Stang, S. Moebus, S. Mohlenkamp, K. Mann, J. Siegrist, K.-H. Jockel, R. Erbel, and on behalf of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study Invest An unequal social distribution of peripheral arterial disease and the possible explanations: results from a population-based study Vascular Medicine, November 1, 2009; 14(4): 289 - 296. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. W.F. Wilson Progressing From Risk Factors to Omics Circ Cardiovasc Genet, December 1, 2008; 1(2): 141 - 146. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. L. Demer and Y. Tintut Vascular Calcification: Pathobiology of a Multifaceted Disease Circulation, June 3, 2008; 117(22): 2938 - 2948. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. R. Brown, R. A. Kronmal, D. A. Bluemke, A. D. Guerci, J. J. Carr, J. Goldin, and R. Detrano Coronary Calcium Coverage Score: Determination, Correlates, and Predictive Accuracy in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Radiology, June 1, 2008; 247(3): 669 - 675. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. D. Reaven, N. Emanuele, T. Moritz, R. Klein, M. Davis, K. Glander, W. Duckworth, C. Abraira, and for the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT) Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Is Related to Coronary Artery Calcium in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT) Diabetes Care, May 1, 2008; 31(5): 952 - 957. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Rumberger The Ethnic Rosetta Stone: Translating Risk Factors, Plaque Scores, and Mortality J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 4, 2007; 50(10): 961 - 963. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C.-D. Lee, D. R Jacobs Jr, P. J Schreiner, C. Iribarren, and A. Hankinson Abdominal obesity and coronary artery calcification in young adults: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2007; 86(1): 48 - 54. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Nogueira and M. Weir The Unique Character of Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease and Its Implications for Treatment with Lipid-Lowering Drugs Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., July 1, 2007; 2(4): 766 - 785. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Loria, K. Liu, C. E. Lewis, S. B. Hulley, S. Sidney, P. J. Schreiner, O. D. Williams, D. E. Bild, and R. Detrano Early Adult Risk Factor Levels and Subsequent Coronary Artery Calcification: The CARDIA Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 22, 2007; 49(20): 2013 - 2020. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Sekikawa, H. Ueshima, T. Kadowaki, A. El-Saed, T. Okamura, T. Takamiya, A. Kashiwagi, D. Edmundowicz, K. Murata, K. Sutton-Tyrrell, et al. Less Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Japanese Men in Japan than in White Men in the United States in the Post-World War II Birth Cohort Am. J. Epidemiol., March 15, 2007; 165(6): 617 - 624. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Greenland, R. O. Bonow, B. H. Brundage, M. J. Budoff, M. J. Eisenberg, S. M. Grundy, M. S. Lauer, W. S. Post, P. Raggi, R. F. Redberg, et al. ACCF/AHA 2007 Clinical Expert Consensus Document on Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring By Computed Tomography in Global Cardiovascular Risk Assessment and in Evaluation of Patients With Chest Pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Clinical Expert Consensus Task Force (ACCF/AHA Writing Committee to Update the 2000 Expert Consensus Document on Electron Beam Computed Tomography) Developed in Collaboration With the Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention and the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 23, 2007; 49(3): 378 - 402. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. R. Crouse III Thematic review series: Patient-Oriented Research. Imaging atherosclerosis: state of the art J. Lipid Res., August 1, 2006; 47(8): 1677 - 1699. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. L. Yan, K. Liu, M. L. Daviglus, L. A. Colangelo, C. I. Kiefe, S. Sidney, K. A. Matthews, and P. Greenland Education, 15-year risk factor progression, and coronary artery calcium in young adulthood and early middle age: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study. JAMA, April 19, 2006; 295(15): 1793 - 1800. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. V. Diez Roux, R. Detrano, S. Jackson, D. R. Jacobs Jr, P. J. Schreiner, S. Shea, and M. Szklo Acculturation and Socioeconomic Position as Predictors of Coronary Calcification in a Multiethnic Sample Circulation, September 13, 2005; 112(11): 1557 - 1565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. I. Freedman, C. D. Langefeld, K. K. Lohman, D. W. Bowden, J. J. Carr, S. S. Rich, and L. E. Wagenknecht Relationship between Albuminuria and Cardiovascular Disease in Type 2 Diabetes J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., July 1, 2005; 16(7): 2156 - 2161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. A. McMahan, S. S. Gidding, Z. A. Fayad, A. W. Zieske, G. T. Malcom, R. E. Tracy, J. P. Strong, H. C. McGill Jr, and for the Pathobiological Determinants of Atheroscle Risk Scores Predict Atherosclerotic Lesions in Young People Arch Intern Med, April 25, 2005; 165(8): 883 - 890. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. E. Bild, R. Detrano, D. Peterson, A. Guerci, K. Liu, E. Shahar, P. Ouyang, S. Jackson, and M. F. Saad Ethnic Differences in Coronary Calcification: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Circulation, March 15, 2005; 111(10): 1313 - 1320. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. F Hall Commentary: Use of EBCT in epidemiological studies: the effect of noise and body size on coronary calcium scores Int. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2005; 34(1): 179 - 180. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. R. Folsom, G. W. Evans, J. J. Carr, A. E. Stillman, and Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study I Association of Traditional and Nontraditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors with Coronary Artery Calcification Angiology, November 1, 2004; 55(6): 613 - 623. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. R. Folsom, G. W. Evans, J. J. Carr, A. E. Stillman, and Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study I Association of Traditional and Nontraditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors with Coronary Artery Calcification Angiology, November 1, 2004; 55(6): 613 - 623. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Jain, R. Peshock, D. K. McGuire, D. Willett, Z. Yu, G. L. Vega, R. Guerra, H. H. Hobbs, S. M. Grundy, and the Dallas Heart Study Investigators African Americans and Caucasians have a similar prevalence of coronary calcium in the Dallas Heart Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 2004; 44(5): 1011 - 1017. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. M. Doherty, L. A. Fitzpatrick, D. Inoue, J.-H. Qiao, M. C. Fishbein, R. C. Detrano, P. K. Shah, and T. B. Rajavashisth Molecular, Endocrine, and Genetic Mechanisms of Arterial Calcification Endocr. Rev., August 1, 2004; 25(4): 629 - 672. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. M. Doherty, L. A. Fitzpatrick, A. Shaheen, T. B. Rajavashisth, and R. C. Detrano Genetic Determinants of Arterial Calcification Associated With Atherosclerosis Mayo Clin. Proc., February 1, 2004; 79(2): 197 - 210. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H.-H. S. Oei, R. Vliegenthart, A. Hofman, M. Oudkerk, and J. C.M. Witteman Risk factors for coronary calcification in older subjects: The Rotterdam Coronary Calcification Study Eur. Heart J., January 1, 2004; 25(1): 48 - 55. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. L. Demer and Y. Tintut Mineral Exploration: Search for the Mechanism of Vascular Calcification and Beyond: The 2003 Jeffrey M. Hoeg Award Lecture Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2003; 23(10): 1739 - 1743. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. S. Fox, R. S. Vasan, H. Parise, D. Levy, C. J. O'Donnell, R. B. D'Agostino, and E. J. Benjamin Mitral Annular Calcification Predicts Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality: The Framingham Heart Study Circulation, March 25, 2003; 107(11): 1492 - 1496. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. C. Lee, P. G. O'Malley, I. Feuerstein, and A. J. Taylor The prevalence and severity of coronaryartery calcification on coronary arterycomputed tomography in black and white subjects J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 1, 2003; 41(1): 39 - 44. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. O. Scholl, X. Chen, C. Gaughan, and W. K. Smith Influence of Maternal Glucose Level on Ethnic Differences in Birth Weight and Pregnancy Outcome Am. J. Epidemiol., September 15, 2002; 156(6): 498 - 506. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Erbell, T. Budde, G. Kerkhoff, S. Mohlenkamp, and A. Schmermund Understanding the pathophysiology of the arterial wall: which method should we choose? Electron beam computed tomography Eur. Heart J. Suppl., September 1, 2002; 4(suppl_F): F47 - F53. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. A. Manolio and D. E. Bild Coronary Calcium, Race, and Genes Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2002; 22(3): 359 - 360. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. A. Lange, E. M. Lange, L. F. Bielak, C. D. Langefeld, S. L. Kardia, P. Royston, S. T. Turner, P. F. Sheedy II, E. Boerwinkle, and P. A. Peyser Autosomal Genome-Wide Scan for Coronary Artery Calcification Loci in Sibships at High Risk for Hypertension Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2002; 22(3): 418 - 423. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. B. Newman, B. L. Naydeck, J. Whittle, K. Sutton-Tyrrell, D. Edmundowicz, and L. H. Kuller Racial Differences in Coronary Artery Calcification in Older Adults Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2002; 22(3): 424 - 430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. L. Demer Cholesterol in Vascular and Valvular Calcification Circulation, October 16, 2001; 104(16): 1881 - 1883. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|