Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2001;21:1876-1890
doi: 10.1161/hq1201.100220
doi: 10.1161/hq1201.100220
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Brief Reviews |
Immune Mechanisms in Atherosclerosis
From the Center for Molecular Medicine and the Department of Medicine at Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
Correspondence to Göran K. Hansson, Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institute, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail Goran.Hansson{at}cmm.ki.se
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease. Its lesions are filled with immune cells that can orchestrate and effect inflammatory responses. In fact, the first lesions of atherosclerosis consist of macrophages and T cells. Unstable plaques are particularly rich in activated immune cells, suggesting that they may initiate plaque activation. We have seen a rapid increase in the understanding of the mechanisms that govern the recruitment, differentiation, and activation of immune cells in atherosclerosis. Experimental research has identified several candidate antigens, and there are encouraging data suggesting that immune modulation as well as immunization can reduce the progression of the disease. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of the role of immune mechanisms in atherosclerosis.
Key Words: atherosclerosis • pathophysiology • cell biology • cytokines
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X. Chen, S. E. Kelemen, and M. V. Autieri AIF-1 Expression Modulates Proliferation of Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells by Autocrine Expression of G-CSF Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 2004; 24(7): 1217 - 1222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L. R. Portugal, L. R. Fernandes, G. C. Cesar, H. C. Santiago, D. R. Oliveira, N. M. Silva, A. A. Silva, J. Lannes-Vieira, R. M. E. Arantes, R. T. Gazzinelli, et al. Infection with Toxoplasma gondii Increases Atherosclerotic Lesion in ApoE-Deficient Mice Infect. Immun., June 1, 2004; 72(6): 3571 - 3576. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. F. Linton, A. S. Major, and S. Fazio Proatherogenic Role for NK Cells Revealed Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2004; 24(6): 992 - 994. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Bro, F. Moeller, C. B. Andersen, K. Olgaard, and L. B. Nielsen Increased Expression of Adhesion Molecules in Uremic Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein-E-Deficient Mice J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., June 1, 2004; 15(6): 1495 - 1503. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. C. Whitman, D. L. Rateri, S. J. Szilvassy, W. Yokoyama, and A. Daugherty Depletion of Natural Killer Cell Function Decreases Atherosclerosis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Null Mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2004; 24(6): 1049 - 1054. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. P. Faxon, V. Fuster, P. Libby, J. A. Beckman, W. R. Hiatt, R. W. Thompson, J. N. Topper, B. H. Annex, J. H. Rundback, R. P. Fabunmi, et al. Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference: Writing Group III: Pathophysiology Circulation, June 1, 2004; 109(21): 2617 - 2625. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Mazzone, M. C. Epistolato, R. De Caterina, S. Storti, S. Vittorini, S. Sbrana, J. Gianetti, S. Bevilacqua, M. Glauber, A. Biagini, et al. Neoangiogenesis, T-lymphocyte infiltration, and heat shock protein-60 are biological hallmarks of an immunomediated inflammatory process in end-stage calcified aortic valve stenosis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 5, 2004; 43(9): 1670 - 1676. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Hagihara, A. Higuchi, N. Tamura, Y. Ueda, K. Hirabayashi, Y. Ikeda, S. Kato, S. Sakamoto, T. Hotta, S. Handa, et al. Platelets, after Exposure to a High Shear Stress, Induce IL-10-Producing, Mature Dendritic Cells In Vitro J. Immunol., May 1, 2004; 172(9): 5297 - 5303. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Recalde, M. A. Ostos, E. Badell, A.-L. Garcia-Otin, J. Pidoux, G. Castro, M. M. Zakin, and D. Scott-Algara Human Apolipoprotein A-IV Reduces Secretion of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Atherosclerotic Effects of a Chronic Infection Mimicked by Lipopolysaccharide Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2004; 24(4): 756 - 761. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. Tupin, A. Nicoletti, R. Elhage, M. Rudling, H.-G. Ljunggren, G. K. Hansson, and G. P. Berne CD1d-dependent Activation of NKT Cells Aggravates Atherosclerosis J. Exp. Med., February 2, 2004; 199(3): 417 - 422. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. J Jang, J. W Olin, and V. Fuster A teenager with mixed connective tissue disease presenting with an acute coronary syndrome Vascular Medicine, February 1, 2004; 9(1): 31 - 34. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 H J Ankersmit, T Weber, J Auer, G Roth, M Brunner, E Kvas, B Moser, S Spreitzer, E Lassnig, E Maurer, et al. Increased serum concentrations of soluble CD95/Fas and caspase 1/ICE in patients with acute angina Heart, February 1, 2004; 90(2): 151 - 154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Yamauchi, M. Tanaka, N. Kume, M. Minami, T. Kawamoto, K. Togi, T. Shimaoka, S. Takahashi, J. Yamaguchi, T. Nishina, et al. Upregulation of SR-PSOX/CXCL16 and Recruitment of CD8+ T Cells in Cardiac Valves During Inflammatory Valvular Heart Disease Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2004; 24(2): 282 - 287. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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H. Umehara, E. T. Bloom, T. Okazaki, Y. Nagano, O. Yoshie, and T. Imai Fractalkine in Vascular Biology: From Basic Research to Clinical Disease Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2004; 24(1): 34 - 40. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. M. J. Curfs, E. Lutgens, M. J. J. Gijbels, M. M. Kockx, M. J. A. P. Daemen, and F. J. van Schooten Chronic Exposure to the Carcinogenic Compound Benzo[a]Pyrene Induces Larger and Phenotypically Different Atherosclerotic Plaques in ApoE-Knockout Mice Am. J. Pathol., January 1, 2004; 164(1): 101 - 108. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Herrmann, A. Ciechanover, L. O Lerman, and A. Lerman The ubiquitin-proteasome system in cardiovascular diseases--a hypothesis extended Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2004; 61(1): 11 - 21. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Gojova, V. Brun, B. Esposito, F. Cottrez, P. Gourdy, P. Ardouin, A. Tedgui, Z. Mallat, and H. Groux Specific abrogation of transforming growth factor-{beta} signaling in T cells alters atherosclerotic lesion size and composition in mice Blood, December 1, 2003; 102(12): 4052 - 4058. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. S. Sidhu, D. Cowan, and J.-C. Kaski The effects of rosiglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist, on markers of endothelial cell activation, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen levels in non-diabetic coronary artery disease patients J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 19, 2003; 42(10): 1757 - 1763. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. von Kanel and J. E. Dimsdale Hemostatic Alterations in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea and the Implications for Cardiovascular Disease Chest, November 1, 2003; 124(5): 1956 - 1967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. Marfella, M. Siniscalchi, K. Esposito, A. Sellitto, U. de Fanis, C. Romano, M. Portoghese, S. Siciliano, F. Nappo, F. C. Sasso, et al. Effects of Stress Hyperglycemia on Acute Myocardial Infarction: Role of inflammatory immune process in functional cardiac outcome Diabetes Care, November 1, 2003; 26(11): 3129 - 3135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. de Kleijn and G. Pasterkamp Toll-like receptors in cardiovascular diseases Cardiovasc Res, October 15, 2003; 60(1): 58 - 67. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. J de Boer, A. E Becker, and A. C van der Wal T lymphocytes in atherogenesis--functional aspects and antigenic repertoire Cardiovasc Res, October 15, 2003; 60(1): 78 - 86. [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Bea, E. Blessing, B. J Bennett, C. C. Kuo, L. A. Campbell, J. Kreuzer, and M. E Rosenfeld Chronic inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 does not alter plaque composition in a mouse model of advanced unstable atherosclerosis Cardiovasc Res, October 15, 2003; 60(1): 198 - 204. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. R. Archacki, G. Angheloiu, X.-L. Tian, F. L. Tan, N. DiPaola, G.-Q. Shen, C. Moravec, S. Ellis, E. J. Topol, and Q. Wang Identification of new genes differentially expressed in coronary artery disease by expression profiling Physiol Genomics, September 29, 2003; 15(1): 65 - 74. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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