Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1999;19:1218-1222
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Atherosclerosis and Lipoproteins |
Presence of Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein in Nonrheumatic Stenotic Aortic Valves
From the Department of Cardiology (M.O.), Karolinska Hospital, and the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (J.T.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, and the Department of Medicine (J.N.), Malmö University Hospital, University of Lund, Sweden.
Correspondence to Margareta Olsson, MD, Department of Cardiology, Thoracic Clinics, Karolinska Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail margareta.olsson{at}medks.ki.se
Abstract—The aim of the present study was to analyze if LDL particles trapped in stenotic aortic valve tissue undergo oxidative modification. Degenerative aortic stenosis affects >3% of the population >75 years of age in the Western world. Recent studies have revealed the presence of a chronic inflammatory process similar to what has been described in other degenerative diseases such as atherosclerosis. However, the underlying disease mechanisms of degenerative aortic stenosis still remain largely unknown. Six tricuspid stenotic valves, obtained at valve replacement, were compared with 3 control valves collected from hearts taken out during transplantation. The stenotic valves and the control valves were examined by immunohistochemistry, using antibodies against apoB, 4-hydroxynonenal-modified LDL, leukocytes, and HLA-DR. All valves were also stained with oil red O for neutral lipids. Extracellular neutral lipids were found in all stenotic valves, extending from the bases along the fibrosa layer. This lipid colocalized with apoB- and 4-hydroxynonenal–modified LDL immunoreactivity. 4-Hydroxynonenal–modified LDLs were present around calcium deposits, subendothelially, and in the deeper layer of the fibrosa. There was also a colocalization with macrophages, T lymphocytes, and HLA-DR expression. Control valves had a thin area of neutral lipid accumulation, a small amount of apoB, but no signs of inflammation. A distinct colocalization between oxidized LDLs, T-lymphocyte accumulation, and calcium deposits suggests that oxidized lipids may play a role in the disease process.
Key Words: degenerative aortic stenosis • low density lipoprotein • lipid oxidation • T-lymphocyte accumulation
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  M. Bhakta, C. Bruce, D. Messika-Zeitoun, L. Bielak, P. F. Sheedy, P. Peyser, and M. Sarano Oral Calcium Supplements Do Not Affect the Progression of Aortic Valve Calcification or Coronary Artery Calcification J Am Board Fam Med, November 1, 2009; 22(6): 610 - 616. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Benton, H. B. Kern, L. A. Leinwand, P. D. Mariner, and K. S. Anseth Statins Block Calcific Nodule Formation of Valvular Interstitial Cells by Inhibiting {alpha}-Smooth Muscle Actin Expression Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2009; 29(11): 1950 - 1957. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P.-J. Yu, A. Skolnick, G. Ferrari, K. Heretis, P. Mignatti, G. Pintucci, B. Rosenzweig, J. Diaz-Cartelle, I. Kronzon, G. Perk, et al. Correlation between plasma osteopontin levels and aortic valve calcification: Potential insights into the pathogenesis of aortic valve calcification and stenosis J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., July 1, 2009; 138(1): 196 - 199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Saravanan and I. Kadir Apolipoprotein E alleles and bicuspid aortic valve stenosis in monozygotic twins Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, June 1, 2009; 8(6): 687 - 688. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K Akat, M Borggrefe, and J J Kaden Aortic valve calcification: basic science to clinical practice Heart, April 1, 2009; 95(8): 616 - 623. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Katz, M. J. Budoff, J. Takasu, D. M. Shavelle, A. Bertoni, R. S. Blumenthal, P. Ouyang, N. D. Wong, and K. D. O'Brien Relationship of Metabolic Syndrome With Incident Aortic Valve Calcium and Aortic Valve Calcium Progression: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Diabetes, April 1, 2009; 58(4): 813 - 819. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. M. Rajamannan Calcific Aortic Stenosis: Lessons Learned From Experimental and Clinical Studies Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2009; 29(2): 162 - 168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 2006 WRITING COMMITTEE MEMBERS, R. O. Bonow, B. A. Carabello, K. Chatterjee, A. C. de Leon Jr, D. P. Faxon, M. D. Freed, W. H. Gaasch, B. W. Lytle, R. A. Nishimura, et al. 2008 Focused Update Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): Endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons Circulation, October 7, 2008; 118(15): e523 - e661. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. B. Rossebo, T. R. Pedersen, K. Boman, P. Brudi, J. B. Chambers, K. Egstrup, E. Gerdts, C. Gohlke-Barwolf, I. Holme, Y. A. Kesaniemi, et al. Intensive Lipid Lowering with Simvastatin and Ezetimibe in Aortic Stenosis N. Engl. J. Med., September 25, 2008; 359(13): 1343 - 1356. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. O. Bonow, B. A. Carabello, K. Chatterjee, A. C. de Leon Jr, D. P. Faxon, M. D. Freed, W. H. Gaasch, B. W. Lytle, R. A. Nishimura, P. T. O'Gara, et al. 2008 Focused Update Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease) Endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 23, 2008; 52(13): e1 - e142. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. M Rajamannan Low-density lipoprotein and aortic stenosis Heart, September 1, 2008; 94(9): 1111 - 1112. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C Cote, P Pibarot, J-P Despres, D Mohty, A Cartier, B J Arsenault, C Couture, and P Mathieu Association between circulating oxidised low-density lipoprotein and fibrocalcific remodelling of the aortic valve in aortic stenosis Heart, September 1, 2008; 94(9): 1175 - 1180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. N. Babu, X. Meng, N. Zou, X. Yang, M. Wang, Y. Song, J. C. Cleveland, M. Weyant, A. Banerjee, and D. A. Fullerton Lipopolysaccharide Stimulation of Human Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells Activates Inflammation and Osteogenesis Ann. Thorac. Surg., July 1, 2008; 86(1): 71 - 76. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Helske, T. Miettinen, H. Gylling, M. Mayranpaa, J. Lommi, H. Turto, K. Werkkala, M. Kupari, and P. T. Kovanen Accumulation of cholesterol precursors and plant sterols in human stenotic aortic valves J. Lipid Res., July 1, 2008; 49(7): 1511 - 1518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. S. Owens, R. Katz, E. Johnson, D. M. Shavelle, J. L. Probstfield, J. Takasu, J. R. Crouse, J. J. Carr, R. Kronmal, M. J. Budoff, et al. Interaction of Age With Lipoproteins as Predictors of Aortic Valve Calcification in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Arch Intern Med, June 9, 2008; 168(11): 1200 - 1207. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Bosse, P. Mathieu, and P. Pibarot Genomics: The Next Step to Elucidate the Etiology of Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 8, 2008; 51(14): 1327 - 1336. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Mihaljevic, M. R. Sayeed, S. C. Stamou, and S. Paul Pathophysiology of Aortic Valve Disease Card. Surg. Adult, January 1, 2008; 3(2008): 825 - 840. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Mohty, P. Pibarot, J.-P. Despres, C. Cote, B. Arsenault, A. Cartier, P. Cosnay, C. Couture, and P. Mathieu Association Between Plasma LDL Particle Size, Valvular Accumulation of Oxidized LDL, and Inflammation in Patients With Aortic Stenosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2008; 28(1): 187 - 193. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Aikawa, M. Nahrendorf, J.-L. Figueiredo, F. K. Swirski, T. Shtatland, R. H. Kohler, F. A. Jaffer, M. Aikawa, and R. Weissleder Osteogenesis Associates With Inflammation in Early-Stage Atherosclerosis Evaluated by Molecular Imaging In Vivo Circulation, December 11, 2007; 116(24): 2841 - 2850. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. H. Stone C-Reactive Protein to Identify Early Risk for Development of Calcific Aortic Stenosis: Right Marker? Wrong Time? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 13, 2007; 50(20): 1999 - 2001. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. C. Liu, V. R. Joag, and A. I. Gotlieb The Emerging Role of Valve Interstitial Cell Phenotypes in Regulating Heart Valve Pathobiology Am. J. Pathol., November 1, 2007; 171(5): 1407 - 1418. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K.J. Grande-Allen, N. Osman, M.L. Ballinger, H. Dadlani, S. Marasco, and P.J. Little Glycosaminoglycan synthesis and structure as targets for the prevention of calcific aortic valve disease Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2007; 76(1): 19 - 28. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. S. Ertas, T. Hasan, C. Ozdol, S. Gulec, Y. Atmaca, C. Tulunay, H. Karabulut, H. T. Kocum, I. Dincer, K. S. Kose, et al. Relationship Between Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene Polymorphism and Severity of Aortic Valve Calcification Mayo Clin. Proc., August 1, 2007; 82(8): 944 - 948. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. Zeng, Y. Yin, A.-L. Huang, K.-M. Jan, and D. S. Rumschitzki Macromolecular transport in heart valves. I. Studies of rat valves with horseradish peroxidase Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2007; 292(6): H2664 - H2670. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Messika-Zeitoun, L. F. Bielak, P. A. Peyser, P. F. Sheedy, S. T. Turner, V. T. Nkomo, J. F. Breen, J. Maalouf, C. Scott, A. J. Tajik, et al. Aortic Valve Calcification: Determinants and Progression in the Population Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2007; 27(3): 642 - 648. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. M. Moura, S. F. Ramos, J. L. Zamorano, I. M. Barros, L. F. Azevedo, F. Rocha-Goncalves, and N. M. Rajamannan Rosuvastatin Affecting Aortic Valve Endothelium to Slow the Progression of Aortic Stenosis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 6, 2007; 49(5): 554 - 561. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Aikawa, M. Nahrendorf, D. Sosnovik, V. M. Lok, F. A. Jaffer, M. Aikawa, and R. Weissleder Multimodality Molecular Imaging Identifies Proteolytic and Osteogenic Activities in Early Aortic Valve Disease Circulation, January 23, 2007; 115(3): 377 - 386. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. M. Rajamannan Calcific Aortic Stenosis: A Disease Ready for Prime Time Circulation, November 7, 2006; 114(19): 2007 - 2009. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. Weiss, M. Ohashi, J. D. Miller, S. G. Young, and D. D. Heistad Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis in Old Hypercholesterolemic Mice Circulation, November 7, 2006; 114(19): 2065 - 2069. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J R Ortlepp, M Pillich, V Mevissen, C Krantz, M Kimmel, R Autschbach, G Langebartels, J Erdmann, R Hoffmann, and K Zerres APOE alleles are not associated with calcific aortic stenosis Heart, October 1, 2006; 92(10): 1463 - 1466. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. O. Bonow, B. A. Carabello, K. Chatterjee, A. C. de Leon Jr, D. P. Faxon, M. D. Freed, W. H. Gaasch, B. W. Lytle, R. A. Nishimura, P. T. O'Gara, et al. ACC/AHA 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease) Developed in Collaboration With the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Endorsed by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 1, 2006; 48(3): e1 - e148. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. O. Bonow, B. A. Carabello, K. Chatterjee, A. C. de Leon Jr, D. P. Faxon, M. D. Freed, W. H. Gaasch, B. W. Lytle, R. A. Nishimura, P. T. O'Gara, et al. ACC/AHA 2006 Practice Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease) Developed in Collaboration With the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Endorsed by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 1, 2006; 48(3): 598 - 675. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. D. O'Brien Pathogenesis of Calcific Aortic Valve Disease: A Disease Process Comes of Age (and a Good Deal More) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 2006; 26(8): 1721 - 1728. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Helske, S. Syvaranta, K. A. Lindstedt, J. Lappalainen, K. Oorni, M. I. Mayranpaa, J. Lommi, H. Turto, K. Werkkala, M. Kupari, et al. Increased Expression of Elastolytic Cathepsins S, K, and V and Their Inhibitor Cystatin C in Stenotic Aortic Valves Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 2006; 26(8): 1791 - 1798. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. V. Ramana, A. Bhatnagar, S. Srivastava, U. C. Yadav, S. Awasthi, Y. C. Awasthi, and S. K. Srivastava Mitogenic Responses of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells to Lipid Peroxidation-derived Aldehyde 4-Hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE): ROLE OF ALDOSE REDUCTASE-CATALYZED REDUCTION OF THE HNE-GLUTATHIONE CONJUGATES IN REGULATING CELL GROWTH J. Biol. Chem., June 30, 2006; 281(26): 17652 - 17660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D E Newby, S J Cowell, and N A Boon Emerging medical treatments for aortic stenosis: statins, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, or both? Heart, June 1, 2006; 92(6): 729 - 734. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Katz, N. D. Wong, R. Kronmal, J. Takasu, D. M. Shavelle, J. L. Probstfield, A. G. Bertoni, M. J. Budoff, and K. D. O'Brien Features of the Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes Mellitus as Predictors of Aortic Valve Calcification in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Circulation, May 2, 2006; 113(17): 2113 - 2119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Allison, P. Cheung, M. H. Criqui, R. D. Langer, and C. M. Wright Mitral and Aortic Annular Calcification Are Highly Associated With Systemic Calcified Atherosclerosis Circulation, February 14, 2006; 113(6): 861 - 866. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. V. Freeman and C. M. Otto Spectrum of Calcific Aortic Valve Disease: Pathogenesis, Disease Progression, and Treatment Strategies Circulation, June 21, 2005; 111(24): 3316 - 3326. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. J. Cowell, D. E. Newby, R. J. Prescott, P. Bloomfield, J. Reid, D. B. Northridge, N. A. Boon, and the Scottish Aortic Stenosis and Lipid Lowering Tr A Randomized Trial of Intensive Lipid-Lowering Therapy in Calcific Aortic Stenosis N. Engl. J. Med., June 9, 2005; 352(23): 2389 - 2397. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. D. O'Brien, J. L. Probstfield, M. T. Caulfield, K. Nasir, J. Takasu, D. M. Shavelle, A. H. Wu, X.-Q. Zhao, and M. J. Budoff Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Change in Aortic Valve Calcium Arch Intern Med, April 25, 2005; 165(8): 858 - 862. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. A. Simmons, G. R. Grant, E. Manduchi, and P. F. Davies Spatial Heterogeneity of Endothelial Phenotypes Correlates With Side-Specific Vulnerability to Calcification in Normal Porcine Aortic Valves Circ. Res., April 15, 2005; 96(7): 792 - 799. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. S. Borer Aortic Stenosis and Statins: More Evidence of "Pleotropy"? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2005; 25(3): 476 - 477. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Systolic murmur in an asymptomatic 70 year old man Heart, January 1, 2005; 91(1): 125 - 125. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Helske, K. A. Lindstedt, M. Laine, M. Mayranpaa, K. Werkkala, J. Lommi, H. Turto, M. Kupari, and P. T. Kovanen Induction of local angiotensin II-producing systems in stenotic aortic valves J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 2, 2004; 44(9): 1859 - 1866. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Pohle, M. Otte, R. Maffert, D. Ropers, M. Schmid, W. G. Daniel, and S. Achenbach Association of Cardiovascular Risk Factors to Aortic Valve Calcification as Quantified by Electron Beam Computed Tomography Mayo Clin. Proc., October 1, 2004; 79(10): 1242 - 1246. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Mazzone, M. C. Epistolato, R. De Caterina, S. Storti, S. Vittorini, S. Sbrana, J. Gianetti, S. Bevilacqua, M. Glauber, A. Biagini, et al. Neoangiogenesis, T-lymphocyte infiltration, and heat shock protein-60 are biological hallmarks of an immunomediated inflammatory process in end-stage calcified aortic valve stenosis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 5, 2004; 43(9): 1670 - 1676. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. R Ortlepp, F. Schmitz, V. Mevissen, S. Weiss, J. Huster, R. Dronskowski, G. Langebartels, R. Autschbach, K. Zerres, C. Weber, et al. The amount of calcium-deficient hexagonal hydroxyapatite in aortic valves is influenced by gender and associated with genetic polymorphisms in patients with severe calcific aortic stenosis Eur. Heart J., March 2, 2004; 25(6): 514 - 522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Otto Why is aortic sclerosis associated with adverse clinical outcomes? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 21, 2004; 43(2): 176 - 178. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. M. Novaro, R. Sachar, G. L. Pearce, D. L. Sprecher, and B. P. Griffin Association Between Apolipoprotein E Alleles and Calcific Valvular Heart Disease Circulation, October 14, 2003; 108(15): 1804 - 1808. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. S. Farivar and L. H. Cohn Hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for bioprosthetic valve calcification and explantation J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., October 1, 2003; 126(4): 969 - 975. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J R Ortlepp, F Schmitz, T Bozoglu, P Hanrath, and R Hoffmann Cardiovascular risk factors in patients with aortic stenosis predict prevalence of coronary artery disease but not of aortic stenosis: an angiographic pair matched case-control study Heart, September 1, 2003; 89(9): 1019 - 1022. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K.-L. Chan Is aortic stenosis a preventable disease? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 20, 2003; 42(4): 593 - 599. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. M Rajamannan, B. Gersh, and R. O Bonow CALCIFIC AORTIC STENOSIS: FROM BENCH TO THE BEDSIDE--EMERGING CLINICAL AND CELLULAR CONCEPTS Heart, July 1, 2003; 89(7): 801 - 805. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. F. Bellamy, P. A. Pellikka, K. W. Klarich, A. J. Tajik, and M. Enriquez-Sarano Association of cholesterol levels, hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme-a reductase inhibitor treatment, and progression of aortic stenosis in the community J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 20, 2002; 40(10): 1723 - 1730. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K Jensen-Urstad, E Svenungsson, U de Faire, A Silveira, J L Witztum, A Hamsten, and J Frostegard Cardiac valvular abnormalities are frequent in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with manifest arterial disease Lupus, November 1, 2002; 11(11): 744 - 752. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. D. O'Brien, D. M. Shavelle, M. T. Caulfield, T. O. McDonald, K. Olin-Lewis, C. M. Otto, and J. L. Probstfield Association of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme With Low-Density Lipoprotein in Aortic Valvular Lesions and in Human Plasma Circulation, October 22, 2002; 106(17): 2224 - 2230. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C M Otto Calcification of bicuspid aortic valves Heart, October 1, 2002; 88(4): 321 - 322. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L Wallby, B Janerot-Sjoberg, T Steffensen, and M Broqvist T lymphocyte infiltration in non-rheumatic aortic stenosis: a comparative descriptive study between tricuspid and bicuspid aortic valves Heart, October 1, 2002; 88(4): 348 - 351. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Iung, C. Gohlke-Barwolf, P. Tornos, C. Tribouilloy, R. Hall, E. Butchart, and A. Vahanian Recommendations on the management of the asymptomatic patient with valvular heart disease Eur. Heart J., August 2, 2002; 23(16): 1253 - 1266. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Pohle, R. Maffert, D. Ropers, W. Moshage, N. Stilianakis, W. G. Daniel, and S. Achenbach Progression of Aortic Valve Calcification: Association With Coronary Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Circulation, October 16, 2001; 104(16): 1927 - 1932. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M OTTO and K. D O'BRIEN Why is there discordance between calcific aortic stenosis and coronary artery disease? Heart, June 1, 2001; 85(6): 601 - 602. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Otto Aortic Stenosis -- Listen to the Patient, Look at the Valve N. Engl. J. Med., August 31, 2000; 343(9): 652 - 654. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. M. LONDON, B. PANNIER, S. J. MARCHAIS, and A. P. GUERIN Calcification of the Aortic Valve in the Dialyzed Patient J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2000; 11(4): 778 - 783. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|