Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1999;19:617-624
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contributions |
Microalbuminuria and Peripheral Arterial Disease Are Independent Predictors of Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality, Especially Among Hypertensive Subjects
Five-year Follow-up of the Hoorn Study
From the Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine (A.J., P.J.K., H.G.R., R.J.H., G.N., J.M.D., L.M.B., C.D.A.S.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (P.J.K., L.M.B.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Hospital (R.J.H., C.D.A.S.), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Correspondence to Dr Coen D.A. Stehouwer, Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Hospital Vrije Universiteit De Boelelaan 1118, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail cda.stehouwer{at}azvu.nl
Abstract—Microalbuminuria (MA) is associated with increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. It has been proposed that MA reflects generalized atherosclerosis and may thus predict mortality. To investigate this hypothesis, we studied the associations between, on the one hand, MA and peripheral arterial disease (PAD), a generally accepted marker of generalized atherosclerosis, and, on the other hand, cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in an age-, sex-, and glucose tolerance-stratified sample (n=631) of a population-based cohort aged 50 to 75 years followed prospectively for 5 years. At baseline, the albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) was measured in an overnight spot urine sample; MA was defined as ACR >2.0 mg/mmol. PAD was defined as an ankle-brachial pressure index below 0.90 and/or a history of a peripheral arterial bypass or amputation. After 5 years of follow-up, 58 subjects had died (24 of cardiovascular causes). Both MA and PAD were associated with a 4-fold increase in cardiovascular mortality. After adjusting for age, sex, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, levels of total and HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride, body mass index, smoking habits, and preexistent ischemic heart disease, the relative risks (RR) (95% confidence intervals) were 3.2 (1.3 to 8.1) for MA and 2.4 (0.9 to 6.1) for PAD. When both MA and PAD were included in the multivariate analysis, the RRs were 2.9 (1.1 to 7.3) for MA and 2.0 (0.7 to 5.7) for PAD. MA and PAD were both associated with an about 2-fold increase in all-cause mortality. The RRs of all-cause mortality associated with MA and PAD were about 4 times higher among hypertensive than among normotensive subjects. We conclude that both MA and PAD are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. MA and PAD are mutually independent risk indicators. The associations of MA and PAD with all-cause mortality are somewhat weaker. They are more pronounced in the presence of hypertension than in its absence. These data suggest that MA affects mortality risk through a mechanism different from generalized atherosclerosis.
Key Words: microalbuminuria • peripheral arterial disease • mortality • noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus • hypertension
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A. Jager, V. W. M. van Hinsbergh, P. J. Kostense, J. J. Emeis, J. S. Yudkin, G. Nijpels, J. M. Dekker, R. J. Heine, L. M. Bouter, and C. D. A. Stehouwer von Willebrand Factor, C-Reactive Protein, and 5-Year Mortality in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Subjects : The Hoorn Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 1999; 19(12): 3071 - 3078. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Jager, V. W.M. van Hinsbergh, P. J. Kostense, J. J. Emeis, G. Nijpels, J. M. Dekker, R. J. Heine, L. M. Bouter, and C. D.A. Stehouwer C-Reactive Protein and Soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Are Associated With Elevated Urinary Albumin Excretion but Do Not Explain Its Link With Cardiovascular Risk Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2002; 22(4): 593 - 598. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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