Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1999;19:493-498
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contributions |
Fibrinolytic Activation Markers Predict Myocardial Infarction in the Elderly
The Cardiovascular Health Study
Abstract—Coagulation factor levels predict arterial thrombosis in epidemiological studies, but studies of older persons are needed. We studied 3 plasma antigenic markers of fibrinolysis, viz, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), fibrin fragment D-dimer, and plasmin-antiplasmin complex (PAP) for the prediction of arterial thrombosis in healthy elderly persons over age 65. The study was a nested case-control study in the Cardiovascular Health Study cohort of 5201 men and women
65 years of age who were enrolled from
1989 to 1990. Cases were 146 participants without baseline clinical
vascular disease who developed myocardial infarction, angina, or
coronary death during a follow-up of 2.4 years. Controls
remained free of cardiovascular events and were matched
1:1 to cases with respect to sex, duration of follow-up, and baseline
subclinical vascular disease status. With increasing quartile of
D-dimer and PAP levels but not of PAI-1, there was an
independent increased risk of myocardial infarction or coronary
death, but not of angina. The relative risk for D-dimer
above versus below the median value (120 µg/L) was 2.5 (95%
confidence interval, 1.1 to 5.9) and for PAP above the median (5.25
nmol/L), 3.1 (1.3 to 7.7). Risks were independent of C-reactive protein
and fibrinogen concentrations. There were no differences in risk by sex
or presence of baseline subclinical disease. D-dimer and PAP, but not
PAI-1, predicted future myocardial infarction in men and women over age
65. Relationships were independent of other risk factors, including
inflammation markers. Results indicate a major role for these markers
in identifying a high risk of arterial disease in this
age group.
Key Words: blood coagulation • fibrinolysis • myocardial infarction • elderly • risk factors
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  R. Krishnan, M. Kremen, J. H. Hu, I. Emery, S. D. Farris, K. I. Slezicki, T. Chu, L. Du, H. L. Dichek, and D. A. Dichek Level of Macrophage uPA Expression Is an Important Determinant of Atherosclerotic Lesion Growth in Apoe-/- Mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2009; 29(11): 1737 - 1744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Keller, R. Katz, M. J. Sarnak, L. F. Fried, B. Kestenbaum, M. Cushman, M. G. Shlipak, and for the CHS study Inflammatory biomarkers and decline in kidney function in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., September 3, 2009; (2009) gfp429v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. T. Nguyen, E. Alibrahim, F.M. A. Islam, R. Klein, B. E.K. Klein, M. F. Cotch, S. Shea, and T. Y. Wong Inflammatory, Hemostatic, and Other Novel Biomarkers for Diabetic Retinopathy: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Diabetes Care, September 1, 2009; 32(9): 1704 - 1709. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. E. Rossouw, M. Cushman, P. Greenland, D. M. Lloyd-Jones, P. Bray, C. Kooperberg, M. Pettinger, J. Robinson, S. Hendrix, and J. Hsia Inflammatory, Lipid, Thrombotic, and Genetic Markers of Coronary Heart Disease Risk in the Women's Health Initiative Trials of Hormone Therapy Arch Intern Med, November 10, 2008; 168(20): 2245 - 2253. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Kremen, R. Krishnan, I. Emery, J. H. Hu, K. I. Slezicki, A. Wu, K. Qian, L. Du, A. Plawman, A. Stempien-Otero, et al. Plasminogen mediates the atherogenic effects of macrophage-expressed urokinase and accelerates atherosclerosis in apoE-knockout mice PNAS, November 4, 2008; 105(44): 17109 - 17114. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Tzoulaki, G. D. Murray, A. J. Lee, A. Rumley, G. D.O. Lowe, and F. G. R. Fowkes Relative Value of Inflammatory, Hemostatic, and Rheological Factors for Incident Myocardial Infarction and Stroke: The Edinburgh Artery Study Circulation, April 24, 2007; 115(16): 2119 - 2127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Tzoulaki, G. D. Murray, A. J. Lee, A. Rumley, G. D.O. Lowe, and F. G. R. Fowkes Inflammatory, haemostatic, and rheological markers for incident peripheral arterial disease: Edinburgh Artery Study Eur. Heart J., February 1, 2007; 28(3): 354 - 362. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. J. Wang, P. Gona, M. G. Larson, G. H. Tofler, D. Levy, C. Newton-Cheh, P. F. Jacques, N. Rifai, J. Selhub, S. J. Robins, et al. Multiple Biomarkers for the Prediction of First Major Cardiovascular Events and Death N. Engl. J. Med., December 21, 2006; 355(25): 2631 - 2639. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P.E. Morange, C. Bickel, V. Nicaud, R. Schnabel, H.J. Rupprecht, D. Peetz, K.J. Lackner, F. Cambien, S. Blankenberg, L. Tiret, et al. Haemostatic Factors and the Risk of Cardiovascular Death in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: The AtheroGene Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2006; 26(12): 2793 - 2799. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. von Kanel, J. E. Dimsdale, P. J. Mills, S. Ancoli-Israel, T. L. Patterson, B. T. Mausbach, and I. Grant Effect of Alzheimer caregiving stress and age on frailty markers interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and d-dimer. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., September 1, 2006; 61(9): 963 - 969. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Paffen and M. P.M. deMaat C-reactive protein in atherosclerosis: A causal factor? Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 2006; 71(1): 30 - 39. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. McDermott, K. Liu, J. M. Guralnik, L. Ferrucci, D. Green, P. Greenland, L. Tian, M. H. Criqui, C. Lo, N. Rifai, et al. Functional decline in patients with and without peripheral arterial disease: predictive value of annual changes in levels of C-reactive protein and d-dimer. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., April 1, 2006; 61(4): 374 - 379. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. M. Stuveling, S. J. L. Bakker, H. L. Hillege, P. E. de Jong, R. O. B. Gans, and D. de Zeeuw Biochemical risk markers: a novel area for better prediction of renal risk? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., March 1, 2005; 20(3): 497 - 508. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. D.O. Lowe, A. Rumley, A. D. McMahon, I. Ford, D. St. J. O'Reilly, C. J. Packard, and for the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Interleukin-6, Fibrin D-Dimer, and Coagulation Factors VII and XIIa in Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 2004; 24(8): 1529 - 1534. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. D. Pradhan, A. Z. LaCroix, R. D. Langer, M. Trevisan, C. E. Lewis, J. A. Hsia, A. Oberman, J. M. Kotchen, and P. M Ridker Tissue Plasminogen Activator Antigen and D-Dimer as Markers for Atherothrombotic Risk Among Healthy Postmenopausal Women Circulation, July 20, 2004; 110(3): 292 - 300. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G.D.O. Lowe, J. Danesh, S. Lewington, M. Walker, L. Lennon, A. Thomson, A. Rumley, and P.H. Whincup Tissue plasminogen activator antigen and coronary heart disease: Prospective study and meta-analysis Eur. Heart J., February 1, 2004; 25(3): 252 - 259. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Hoekstra, J. M. Geleijnse, C. Kluft, E. J. Giltay, F. J. Kok, and E. G. Schouten 4G/4G Genotype of PAI-1 Gene Is Associated With Reduced Risk of Stroke in Elderly Stroke, December 1, 2003; 34(12): 2822 - 2828. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. E. Widlansky, N. Gokce, J. F. Keaney Jr, and J. A. Vita The clinical implications of endothelial dysfunction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 1, 2003; 42(7): 1149 - 1160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. P. Tracy Thrombin, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Disease: An Epidemiologic Perspective Chest, September 1, 2003; 124 (2009): 49S - 57S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A Wakai, A Gleeson, and D Winter Role of fibrin D-dimer testing in emergency medicine Emerg. Med. J., July 1, 2003; 20(4): 319 - 325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Cushman, A. R. Folsom, L. Wang, N. Aleksic, W. D. Rosamond, R. P. Tracy, and S. R. Heckbert Fibrin fragment D-dimer and the risk of future venous thrombosis Blood, February 15, 2003; 101(4): 1243 - 1248. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. G. Shlipak, L. F. Fried, C. Crump, A. J. Bleyer, T. A. Manolio, R. P. Tracy, C. D. Furberg, and B. M. Psaty Elevations of Inflammatory and Procoagulant Biomarkers in Elderly Persons With Renal Insufficiency Circulation, January 7, 2003; 107(1): 87 - 92. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. von Kanel, J. E. Dimsdale, T. L. Patterson, and I. Grant Association of Negative Life Event Stress With Coagulation Activity in Elderly Alzheimer Caregivers Psychosom Med, January 1, 2003; 65(1): 145 - 150. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Greenland, S. S Gidding, and R. P Tracy Commentary: Lifelong prevention of atherosclerosis: the critical importance of major risk factor exposures Int. J. Epidemiol., December 1, 2002; 31(6): 1129 - 1134. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Koenig, D. Rothenbacher, A. Hoffmeister, M. Griesshammer, and H. Brenner Plasma Fibrin D-Dimer Levels and Risk of Stable Coronary Artery Disease: Results of a Large Case-Control Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2001; 21(10): 1701 - 1705. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Oya, Y. Akiyama, T. Okuyama, and H. Ishikawa High Preoperative Plasma D-dimer Level is Associated with Advanced Tumor Stage and Short Survival After Curative Resection in Patients with Colorectal Cancer Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol., August 1, 2001; 31(8): 388 - 394. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. von Kanel, P. J. Mills, C. Fainman, and J. E. Dimsdale Effects of Psychological Stress and Psychiatric Disorders on Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis: A Biobehavioral Pathway to Coronary Artery Disease? Psychosom Med, July 1, 2001; 63(4): 531 - 544. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Danesh, P. Whincup, M. Walker, L. Lennon, A. Thomson, P. Appleby, A. Rumley, and G. D.O. Lowe Fibrin D-Dimer and Coronary Heart Disease : Prospective Study and Meta-Analysis Circulation, May 15, 2001; 103(19): 2323 - 2327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. D. O. Lowe, J. W. G. Yarnell, A. Rumley, D. Bainton, and P. M. Sweetnam C-Reactive Protein, Fibrin D-Dimer, and Incident Ischemic Heart Disease in the Speedwell Study : Are Inflammation and Fibrin Turnover Linked in Pathogenesis? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2001; 21(4): 603 - 610. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. R. Folsom, N. Aleksic, E. Park, V. Salomaa, H. Juneja, and K. K. Wu Prospective Study of Fibrinolytic Factors and Incident Coronary Heart Disease : The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2001; 21(4): 611 - 617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Chadarevian, E. Bruckert, L. Leenhardt, P. Giral, A. Ankri, and G. Turpin Components of the Fibrinolytic System Are Differently Altered in Moderate and Severe Hypothyroidism J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2001; 86(2): 732 - 737. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. J. Cohen Editorial: In Search of the Underlying Mechanisms of Frailty J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., December 1, 2000; 55(12): 706M - 708. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. P. Tracy, A. M. Arnold, W. Ettinger, L. Fried, E. Meilahn, and P. Savage The Relationship of Fibrinogen and Factors VII and VIII to Incident Cardiovascular Disease and Death in the Elderly : Results From the Cardiovascular Health Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 1999; 19(7): 1776 - 1783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. A. Sakkinen, M. Cushman, B. M. Psaty, B. Rodriguez, R. Boineau, L. H. Kuller, and R. P. Tracy Relationship of Plasmin Generation to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Elderly Men and Women Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 1999; 19(3): 499 - 504. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|