© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contributions |
Socioeconomic Status and Determinants of Hemostatic Function in Healthy Women
From the Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Preventive Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (S.P.W., M.H., K.O.-G.); the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Mass (M.A.M.); and the Department of Cardiology (M.E., K.S.-G.), and the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, King Gustaf V Research Institute (A.H., A.S.), Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
Correspondence to Sarah P. Wamala, MSc, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Preventive Medicine, Novum Plan 7, Post fack 30, S-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden. E-mail Sarah.Wamala{at}phs.ki.se
Abstract—Hemostatic factors are reported to be associated with coronary heart disease (CHD). Socioeconomic status (SES) is 1 of the determinants of the hemostatic profile, but the factors underlying this association are not well known. Our aim was to examine determinants of the socioeconomic differences in hemostatic profile. Between 1991 and 1994, we studied 300 healthy women, aged 30 to 65 years, who were representative of women living in the greater Stockholm area. Fibrinogen, factor VII mass concentration (FVII:Ag), activated factor VII (FVIIa), von Willebrand factor (vWF), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were measured. Educational attainment was used as a measure of SES. Low educational level and an unfavorable hemostatic profile were both associated with older age, unhealthful life style, psychosocial stress, atherogenic biochemical factors, and hypertension. Levels of hemostatic factors increased with lower educational attainment. Independently of age, the differences between the lowest (mandatory) and highest (college/university) education in FVII:Ag levels were 41 µg/L (95% confidence interval [CI], 15 to 66 µg/L, P=0.001), 0.26 g/L (95% CI, 0.10 to 0.42 g/L, P=0.001) in fibrinogen levels, and 0.11 U/mL (95% CI, 0.09 to 0.12 U/mL, P=0.03) in levels of vWF. The corresponding differences in FVIIa and PAI-1 were not statistically significant. With further adjustment for menopausal status, family history of CHD, marital status, psychosocial stress, lifestyle patterns, biochemical factors, and hypertension, statistically significant differences between mandatory and college/university education were observed in FVII:Ag (difference=34 µg/L; 95% CI, 2 to 65 µg/L, P=0.05) but not in fibrinogen (difference=0.03 g/L; 95% CI, -0.13 to 0.19 g/L, P=0.92) or in vWF (difference=0.06 U/mL; 95% CI, -0.10 to 0.22 U/mL, P=0.45). An educational gradient was most consistent and statistically significant for FVII:Ag, fibrinogen, and vWF. Age, psychosocial stress, unhealthful life style, atherogenic biochemical factors, and hypertension mediated the association of low educational level with elevated levels of fibrinogen and vWF. Psychosocial stress and unhealthful life style were the most important contributing factors. There was an independent association between education and FVII:Ag, which could not be explained by any of these factors.
Key Words: hemostatic function • life style • psychosocial stress • socioeconomic status • women
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