Phenotypic Variation in Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia

A Comparison of Chinese Patients With the Same or Similar Mutations in the LDL Receptor Gene in China or Canada

From the Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada (S.N.P., C. du S., M.R.H.); the MRC Lipoprotein Team, Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK (X.-M.S., A.K.S.); and the Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada (J.J.F.).

Correspondence to Dr Anne K. Soutar, MRC Lipoprotein Team, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK. E-mail asoutar{at}rpms.ac.uk or Dr M.R. Hayden, Department of Medical Genetics, Room 416-2125 E Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1C5 Canada.

Abstract—Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is caused by mutations in the LDL receptor (LDLR) gene and is usually associated with hypercholesterolemia, lipid deposition in tissues, and premature coronary artery disease (CAD). However, individuals with heterozygous FH in China exhibit a milder phenotype despite having deleterious mutations in the LDLR gene (X.-M. Sun et al, Arterioscler Thromb. 1994;14:85–94). Nineteen Chinese FH heterozygotes living in Canada were screened for the 11 mutations that had been described in FH patients living in China. One Chinese Canadian carried one of these mutations (Trp462Stop), 2 carried a previously unreported single-base substitution (Cys163Arg), and 1 carried a mutation observed in French-Canadian patients (Glu207Lys). Twelve additional carriers of these mutations were identified in the families of the index patients. Significantly higher LDL cholesterol concentrations were observed in FH heterozygotes with defined mutations living in Canada (mean±SD, 7.46±1.29, n=16) than in those living in China (4.35±1.09, n=18; P<.0001). Six of the 16 FH heterozygotes residing in Canada had evidence of tendon xanthomata and 4 had a history of premature CAD, whereas none of those in China had tendon xanthomata or CAD. Complete segregation between hypercholesterolemia and inheritance of a mutant allele was observed in 3 Canadian Chinese FH families. Thus, Chinese FH heterozygotes living in Canada exhibit a phenotype similar to that of other FH patients in Western societies. The difference between patients living in Canada and those living in China could be ascribed to differences in dietary fat consumption, showing that environmental factors such as diet play a significant role in modulating the phenotype of heterozygous FH.

Key Words: familial hypercholesterolemia • Chinese • LDL receptor • environment • dietary fats

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