Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1998;18:1671-1678
© 1998 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contributions |
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Reduce MMP-9 Secretion by Macrophages
From the Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan (S.B., M.C., R.F., R.P.) and the Institute of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Parma (F.B.), Italy; Baylor College of Medicine (D.V.), Houston, Tex; and Novartis Pharma AG (P.P.), Basel, Switzerland.
Correspondence to Prof Franco Bernini, Institute of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Parma, Via delle Scienze, 43100 Parma, Italy. E-mail fbernini{at}ipruniv.cce.unipr.it
Abstract—Macrophages
secrete matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that may weaken the fibrous
cap of atherosclerotic plaque, predisposing its fissuration. The 92-kDa
gelatinase B (MMP-9) has been identified in abdominal aortic
aneurysms and in atherosclerotic tissues.
Fluvastatin, through the inhibition of the isoprenoid
pathway, inhibits major processes of atherogenesis in experimental
models (smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation and
cholesterol accumulation in macrophages). We
studied the effect of fluvastatin on the activity of MMP-9
in mouse and human macrophages in culture. Conditioned media of
cells treated for 24 hours with fluvastatin were
analyzed by gelatin zymography. In mouse macrophages,
fluvastatin (5 to 100 µmol/L) significantly
inhibited in a dose-dependent manner MMP-9 activity from 20% to 40%
versus control. The drug, at a concentration as low as 5 µmol/L,
inhibited MMP-9 activity (
30%) in human monocyte–derived
macrophages as well. Phorbol esters (TPA, 50 ng/mL) stimulated
MMP-9 activity by 50%, and fluvastatin inhibited this
enhanced activity up to 50% in both mouse and human
macrophages. The above results on the secretion of MMP-9 were
confirmed by Western blotting and ELISA. The inhibitory
effect of fluvastatin was overcome by the
simultaneous addition of exogenous mevalonate (100
µmol/L), a precursor of isoprenoids. Fluvastatin's
effect was fully reversible, and the drug did not cause any cellular
toxicity. The statin did not block directly the in vitro activation of
the secreted protease. Similar data were obtained with simvastatin.
Altogether, our data indicate an inhibition of MMP-9 secretion by the
drug. This effect is mediated by the inhibition of synthesis of
mevalonate, a precursor of numerous derivatives essential for several
cellular functions.
Key Words: statins • macrophages • plaque stability • metalloproteinases
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