Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1997;17:2167-2176
© 1997 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Lifetime Smoking Exposure Affects the Association of C-Reactive Protein with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Subclinical Disease in Healthy Elderly Subjects
From the Departments of Pathology and Biochemistry (R.P.T.), Pathology (E.M., E.G.B., E.S.C.), Medicine and Pathology (M.C.), University of Vermont, Colchester, the Departments of Epidemiology and Health Services and Medicine (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, and the Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine (L.H.K.), University of Pittsburgh, Penn.
Correspondence and reprint requests to Russell P. Tracy, University of Vermont, Aquatec Bldg, T205, 55A S. Park Drive, Colchester, VT 05446. Email: rtracy{at}salus.uvm.edu
Abstract Blood levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker
of inflammation, are related to cardiovascular disease
risk. To determine cross-sectional correlates in the elderly, we
measured CRP in 400 men and women older than 65 years and free of
clinical cardiovascular disease at baseline as part of
the Cardiovascular Health Study. Only 2% of the values
were greater than 10 mg/L, the cut-point usually used to identify
inflammation. CRP levels appeared tightly regulated, since there were
strong bivariate correlations between CRP and the following:
inflammation-sensitive proteins such as fibrinogen (r=.52);
measures of fibrinolysis such as plasmin-antiplasmin
complex (r=.23); pack-years of smoking (r=.30);
and body mass index (r=.24; all P values
.001).
The association with pack-years was independent of the length of time
since cessation of smoking. CRP levels were also associated with
coagulation factors VIIc, IXc, and Xc; HDL cholesterol
(negative) and triglyceride; diabetes status;
diuretic use; ECG abnormalities; and level of exercise. Because
of effect modification, two multiple linear regression prediction
models were developed for CRP, one each for never smokers and ever
smokers. An a priori physiologic model was used to guide these
analyses, which disallowed the use of other
inflammation-sensitive variables such as fibrinogen. In never
smokers, the independent predictors were body mass index (+), diabetes
status (+), plasmin-antiplasmin complex (+), and the presence of ECG
abnormalities (+); this model predicted 15% of the CRP population
variance. In ever smokers, the predictors were body mass index (+),
plasmin-antiplasmin complex (+), pack-years of smoking (+), HDL
cholesterol (-), and ankle-arm blood pressure index (-);
this model predicted 42% of the population variance. We conclude that
levels of CRP in the healthy elderly are tightly regulated and reflect
lifetime exposure to smoking as well as level of obesity, ongoing level
of fibrinolysis, diabetes status, and level of
subclinical atherothrombotic disease. Moreover, exposure to smoking
affects the relation of CRP to these other factors.
Key Words: atherosclerosis • thrombosis • fibrinolysis • inflammation • acute-phase proteins
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M. J. Jarvisalo, A. Harmoinen, M. Hakanen, U. Paakkunainen, J. Viikari, J. Hartiala, T. Lehtimaki, O. Simell, and O. T. Raitakari Elevated Serum C-Reactive Protein Levels and Early Arterial Changes in Healthy Children Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 2002; 22(8): 1323 - 1328. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. E. King, A. G. Mainous III, and W. S. Pearson C-Reactive Protein, Diabetes, and Attendance at Religious Services Diabetes Care, July 1, 2002; 25(7): 1172 - 1176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Visser, M. Pahor, D. R. Taaffe, B. H. Goodpaster, E. M. Simonsick, A. B. Newman, M. Nevitt, and T. B. Harris Relationship of Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha} With Muscle Mass and Muscle Strength in Elderly Men and Women: The Health ABC Study J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., May 1, 2002; 57(5): M326 - 332. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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A. Tchernof, A. Nolan, C. K. Sites, P. A. Ades, and E. T. Poehlman Weight Loss Reduces C-Reactive Protein Levels in Obese Postmenopausal Women Circulation, February 5, 2002; 105(5): 564 - 569. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. S. Ford Leukocyte Count, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, and Diabetes Incidence in a National Sample of US Adults Am. J. Epidemiol., January 1, 2002; 155(1): 57 - 64. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Wu, J. P. Dorn, R. P. Donahue, C. T. Sempos, and M. Trevisan Associations of Serum C-reactive Protein with Fasting Insulin, Glucose, and Glycosylated Hemoglobin : The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994 Am. J. Epidemiol., January 1, 2002; 155(1): 65 - 71. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Blackburn, P. Giral, E. Bruckert, J.-M. Andre, S. Gonbert, M. Bernard, M. J. Chapman, and G. Turpin Elevated C-Reactive Protein Constitutes an Independent Predictor of Advanced Carotid Plaques in Dyslipidemic Subjects Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2001; 21(12): 1962 - 1968. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Zevin, S. Saunders, S. G. Gourlay, P. Jacob III, and N. L. Benowitz Cardiovascular effects of carbon monoxide and cigarette smoking J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 15, 2001; 38(6): 1633 - 1638. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. S. Rost, P. A. Wolf, C. S. Kase, M. Kelly-Hayes, H. Silbershatz, J. M. Massaro, R. B. D'Agostino, C. Franzblau, and P. W.F. Wilson Plasma Concentration of C-Reactive Protein and Risk of Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: The Framingham Study Stroke, November 1, 2001; 32(11): 2575 - 2579. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. I. Barzilay, L. Abraham, S. R. Heckbert, M. Cushman, L. H. Kuller, H. E. Resnick, and R. P. Tracy The Relation of Markers of Inflammation to the Development of Glucose Disorders in the Elderly: The Cardiovascular Health Study Diabetes, October 1, 2001; 50(10): 2384 - 2389. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. D. P. Luyer, S. Khosla, W. G. Owen, and V. M. Miller Prospective Randomized Study of Effects of Unopposed Estrogen Replacement Therapy on Markers of Coagulation and Inflammation in Postmenopausal Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2001; 86(8): 3629 - 3634. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Hashimoto, K. Kitagawa, H. Hougaku, Y. Shimizu, M. Sakaguchi, Y. Nagai, S. Iyama, H. Yamanishi, M. Matsumoto, and M. Hori C-Reactive Protein Is an Independent Predictor of the Rate of Increase in Early Carotid Atherosclerosis Circulation, July 3, 2001; 104(1): 63 - 67. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Yamada, T. Gotoh, Y. Nakashima, K. Kayaba, S. Ishikawa, N. Nago, Y. Nakamura, Y. Itoh, and E. Kajii Distribution of Serum C-Reactive Protein and Its Association with Atherosclerotic Risk Factors in a Japanese Population : Jichi Medical School Cohort Study Am. J. Epidemiol., June 15, 2001; 153(12): 1183 - 1190. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. P. Tracy Is Visceral Adiposity the "Enemy Within"? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2001; 21(6): 881 - 883. [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Lemieux, A. Pascot, D. Prud'homme, N. Almeras, P. Bogaty, A. Nadeau, J. Bergeron, and J.-P. Despres Elevated C-Reactive Protein : Another Component of the Atherothrombotic Profile of Abdominal Obesity Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2001; 21(6): 961 - 967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Barinas-Mitchell, M. Cushman, E. N. Meilahn, R. P. Tracy, and L. H. Kuller Serum Levels of C-reactive Protein Are Associated with Obesity, Weight Gain, and Hormone Replacement Therapy in Healthy Postmenopausal Women Am. J. Epidemiol., June 1, 2001; 153(11): 1094 - 1101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Langlois, D. Duprez, J. Delanghe, M. De Buyzere, and D. L. Clement Serum Vitamin C Concentration Is Low in Peripheral Arterial Disease and Is Associated With Inflammation and Severity of Atherosclerosis Circulation, April 10, 2001; 103(14): 1863 - 1868. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. D. O. Lowe, J. W. G. Yarnell, A. Rumley, D. Bainton, and P. M. Sweetnam C-Reactive Protein, Fibrin D-Dimer, and Incident Ischemic Heart Disease in the Speedwell Study : Are Inflammation and Fibrin Turnover Linked in Pathogenesis? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2001; 21(4): 603 - 610. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. S. Ockene, C. E. Matthews, N. Rifai, P. M. Ridker, G. Reed, and E. Stanek Variability and Classification Accuracy of Serial High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Measurements in Healthy Adults Clin. Chem., March 1, 2001; 47(3): 444 - 450. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Volpato, J. M. Guralnik, L. Ferrucci, J. Balfour, P. Chaves, L. P. Fried, and T. B. Harris Cardiovascular Disease, Interleukin-6, and Risk of Mortality in Older Women : The Women's Health and Aging Study Circulation, February 20, 2001; 103(7): 947 - 953. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Cushman, J. P. Costantino, R. P. Tracy, K. Song, L. Buckley, J. D. Roberts, and D. N. Krag Tamoxifen and Cardiac Risk Factors in Healthy Women : Suggestion of an Anti-inflammatory Effect Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2001; 21(2): 255 - 261. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. F. Geffken, M. Cushman, G. L. Burke, J. F. Polak, P. A. Sakkinen, and R. P. Tracy Association between Physical Activity and Markers of Inflammation in a Healthy Elderly Population Am. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2001; 153(3): 242 - 250. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Visser, L. M. Bouter, G. M. McQuillan, M. H. Wener, and T. B. Harris Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation in Overweight Children Pediatrics, January 1, 2001; 107(1): 13e - 13. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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D. R. Taaffe, T. B. Harris, L. Ferrucci, J. Rowe, and T. E. Seeman Cross-sectional and Prospective Relationships of Interleukin-6 and C-Reactive Protein With Physical Performance in Elderly Persons: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., December 1, 2000; 55(12): 709M - 715. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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R. P. Tracy An Author Responds to Meigs' Invited Commentary Am. J. Epidemiol., November 15, 2000; 152(10): 912 - 912. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. F. Pieper, K. M. K. Rao, M. S. Currie, T. B. Harris, and H. J. Cohen Age, Functional Status, and Racial Differences in Plasma D-Dimer Levels in Community-Dwelling Elderly Persons J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., November 1, 2000; 55(11): 649M - 657. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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A. Festa, R. D'Agostino Jr, G. Howard, L. Mykkanen, R. P. Tracy, and S. M. Haffner Chronic Subclinical Inflammation as Part of the Insulin Resistance Syndrome : The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) Circulation, July 4, 2000; 102(1): 42 - 47. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. F. Redberg, N. Rifai, L. Gee, and P. M. Ridker Lack of association of C-reactive protein and coronary calcium by electron beam computed tomography in postmenopausal women: implications for coronary artery disease screening J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 1, 2000; 36(1): 39 - 43. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E.S. Kilpatrick, B.G. Keevil, C. Jagger, R.J. Spooner, and M. Small Determinants of raised C-reactive protein concentration in type 1 diabetes QJM, April 1, 2000; 93(4): 231 - 236. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Gussekloo, M. C. L. Schaap, M. Frolich, G. J. Blauw, and R. G. J. Westendorp C-Reactive Protein Is a Strong but Nonspecific Risk Factor of Fatal Stroke in Elderly Persons Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2000; 20(4): 1047 - 1051. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Willeit, S. Kiechl, F. Oberhollenzer, G. Rungger, G. Egger, E. Bonora, M. Mitterer, and M. Muggeo Distinct Risk Profiles of Early and Advanced Atherosclerosis : Prospective Results From the Bruneck Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2000; 20(2): 529 - 537. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G.D. Slade, S. Offenbacher, J.D. Beck, G. Heiss, and J.S. Pankow Acute-phase Inflammatory Response to Periodontal Disease in the US Population Journal of Dental Research, January 1, 2000; 79(1): 49 - 57. [Abstract] [PDF]
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C. J. Wiedermann, S. Kiechl, S. Dunzendorfer, P. Schratzberger, G. Egger, F. Oberhollenzer, and J. Willeit Association of endotoxemia with carotid atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease: Prospective results from the bruneck study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 1, 1999; 34(7): 1975 - 1981. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Jager, V. W. M. van Hinsbergh, P. J. Kostense, J. J. Emeis, J. S. Yudkin, G. Nijpels, J. M. Dekker, R. J. Heine, L. M. Bouter, and C. D. A. Stehouwer von Willebrand Factor, C-Reactive Protein, and 5-Year Mortality in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Subjects : The Hoorn Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 1999; 19(12): 3071 - 3078. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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