This Article Full Text Submit a response Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Evans, R. W. Articles by Kuller, L. H. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Evans, R. W. Articles by Kuller, L. H.

(Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1997;17:1947-1953.)
© 1997 American Heart Association, Inc.

Articles

Homocyst(e)ine and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial

Rhobert W. Evans; B. Jessica Shaten; John D. Hempel; Jeffrey A. Cutler; Lewis H. Kuller; ; for the MRFIT Research Group

From the Departments of Epidemiology (R.W.E., L.H.K.) and Biological Sciences (J.D.H.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Penn; the MRFIT Coordinating Center, Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn (B.J.S.); and the Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md (J.A.C.).

Correspondence to R.W. Evans, PhD, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, 503 Parran Hall, 130 DeSoto St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261. E-mail RWE2{at}vms.cis.pitt.edu.

Abstract A nested case-control study was undertaken involving men participating in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). Serum samples from 712 men, stored for up to 20 years, were analyzed for homocyst(e)ine. Cases involved nonfatal myocardial infarctions (MIs), identified through the active phase of the study, which ended on February 28, 1982, and deaths due to coronary heart disease (CHD), monitored through 1990. The nonfatal MIs occurred within 7 years of sample collection, whereas the majority of CHD deaths occurred more than 11 years after sample collection. Mean homocyst(e)ine concentrations were in the expected range and did not differ significantly between case patients and control subjects: MI cases, 12.6 µmol/L; MI controls, 13.1 µmol/L; CHD death cases, 12.8 µmol/L; and CHD controls, 12.7 µmol/L. Odds ratios versus quartile 1 for CHD deaths and MIs combined were as follows: quartile 2, 1.03; quartile 3, 0.84; and quartile 4, 0.92. Thus, in this prospective study, no association of homocyst(e)ine concentration with heart disease was detected. Homocyst(e)ine levels were weakly associated with the acute-phase protein (C-reactive protein). These results are discussed with respect to the suggestion that homocyst(e)ine is an independent risk factor for heart disease.

Key Words: homocyst(e)ine • cardiovascular disease • MRFIT • prospective

This article has been cited by other articles:

				M. Helfand, D. I. Buckley, M. Freeman, R. Fu, K. Rogers, C. Fleming, and L. L. Humphrey Emerging Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease: A Summary of Systematic Reviews Conducted for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Ann Intern Med, October 6, 2009; 151(7): 496 - 507. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. L. Humphrey, R. Fu, K. Rogers, M. Freeman, and M. Helfand Homocysteine Level and Coronary Heart Disease Incidence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Mayo Clin. Proc., November 1, 2008; 83(11): 1203 - 1212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. K. Park, M. S. O'Neill, P. S. Vokonas, D. Sparrow, A. Spiro III, K. L. Tucker, H. Suh, H. Hu, and J. Schwartz Traffic-related Particles Are Associated with Elevated Homocysteine: The VA Normative Aging Study Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., August 1, 2008; 178(3): 283 - 289. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Detopoulou, D. B Panagiotakos, S. Antonopoulou, C. Pitsavos, and C. Stefanadis Dietary choline and betaine intakes in relation to concentrations of inflammatory markers in healthy adults: the ATTICA study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2008; 87(2): 424 - 430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. S Wierzbicki Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: a review of the evidence Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, June 1, 2007; 4(2): 143 - 149. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. M.G.A. El-Ghar, M. Qureshi, A. Shoker, and K. Prasad Oxidative stress in renal transplant patients who develop cardiovascular disease. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, September 1, 2006; 11(3): 203 - 210. [Abstract] [PDF]

				P. L Lutsey, L. M Steffen, H. A Feldman, D. H Hoelscher, L. S Webber, R. V Luepker, L. A Lytle, M. Zive, and S. K Osganian Serum homocysteine is related to food intake in adolescents: the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2006; 83(6): 1380 - 1386. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. D. Symons, U. B. Zaid, C. N. Athanassious, A. E. Mullick, S. R. Lentz, and J. C. Rutledge Influence of Folate on Arterial Permeability and Stiffness in the Absence or Presence of Hyperhomocysteinemia Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2006; 26(4): 814 - 818. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Menon, M. J. Sarnak, T. Greene, X. Wang, A. A. Pereira, G. J. Beck, J. W. Kusek, J. Selhub, A. J. Collins, A. S. Levey, et al. Relationship Between Homocysteine and Mortality in Chronic Kidney Disease Circulation, March 28, 2006; 113(12): 1572 - 1577. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. N. Friedman, L. G. Hunsicker, J. Selhub, A. G. Bostom, and for the Collaborative Study Group Total Plasma Homocysteine and Arteriosclerotic Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes with Nephropathy J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., November 1, 2005; 16(11): 3397 - 3402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. L Tucker, N. Qiao, T. Scott, I. Rosenberg, and A. Spiro III High homocysteine and low B vitamins predict cognitive decline in aging men: the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2005; 82(3): 627 - 635. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. M. Gori, A. M. Corsi, S. Fedi, A. Gazzini, F. Sofi, B. Bartali, S. Bandinelli, G. F. Gensini, R. Abbate, and L. Ferrucci A proinflammatory state is associated with hyperhomocysteinemia in the elderly Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2005; 82(2): 335 - 341. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Williams, B. A Kingwell, K. Burke, J. McPherson, and A. M Dart Folic acid supplementation for 3 wk reduces pulse pressure and large artery stiffness independent of MTHFR genotype Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2005; 82(1): 26 - 31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Schnabel, K. J. Lackner, H. J. Rupprecht, C. Espinola-Klein, M. Torzewski, E. Lubos, C. Bickel, F. Cambien, L. Tiret, T. Munzel, et al. Glutathione Peroxidase-1 and Homocysteine for Cardiovascular Risk Prediction: Results from the AtheroGene Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 17, 2005; 45(10): 1631 - 1637. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. L Jamison, P. Hartigan, J M. Gaziano, S. P Fortmann, D. S Goldfarb, J. A Haroldson, J. Kaufman, P. Lavori, K. S McCully, and K. Robinson Design and statistical issues in the homocysteinemia in kidney and end stage renal disease (HOST) study Clinical Trials, October 1, 2004; 1(5): 451 - 460. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M. Soinio, J. Marniemi, M. Laakso, S. Lehto, and T. Ronnemaa Elevated Plasma Homocysteine Level Is an Independent Predictor of Coronary Heart Disease Events in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Ann Intern Med, January 20, 2004; 140(2): 94 - 100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Matetzky, D. Freimark, S. Ben-Ami, I. Goldenberg, J. Leor, R. Doolman, I. Novikov, M. Eldar, and H. Hod Association of Elevated Homocysteine Levels With a Higher Risk of Recurrent Coronary Events and Mortality in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Arch Intern Med, September 8, 2003; 163(16): 1933 - 1937. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Bosy-Westphal, M. Ruschmeyer, N. Czech, G. Oehler, H. Hinrichsen, M. Plauth, E. Lotterer, W. Fleig, and M. J. Muller Determinants of hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with chronic liver disease and after orthotopic liver transplantation Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2003; 77(5): 1269 - 1277. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Lokk News and Views on Folate and Elderly Persons J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., April 1, 2003; 58(4): M354 - 361. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Meleady, P. M Ueland, H. Blom, A. S Whitehead, H. Refsum, L. E Daly, S. E. Vollset, C. Donohue, B. Giesendorf, I. M Graham, et al. Thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, homocysteine, and cardiovascular disease risk: the European Concerted Action Project Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2003; 77(1): 63 - 70. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				References Circulation, December 17, 2002; 106(25): 3373 - 3421. [Full Text]

				U. Lim and P. A. Cassano Homocysteine and Blood Pressure in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994 Am. J. Epidemiol., December 15, 2002; 156(12): 1105 - 1113. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. De Bree, W. M. M. Verschuren, D. Kromhout, L. A. J. Kluijtmans, and H. J. Blom Homocysteine Determinants and the Evidence to What Extent Homocysteine Determines the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Pharmacol. Rev., December 1, 2002; 54(4): 599 - 618. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. De Bree, W. M. Verschuren, D. Kromhout, L. I Mennen, H. J Blom, E. S Ford, S J. Smith, D. F Stroup, K. K Steinberg, P. W Mueller, et al. Homocysteine and coronary heart disease: the importance of a distinction between low and high risk subjects Int. J. Epidemiol., December 1, 2002; 31(6): 1268 - 1272. [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Stangl, G. Baumann, and K. Stangl Coronary atherogenic risk factors in women Eur. Heart J., November 2, 2002; 23(22): 1738 - 1752. [Full Text] [PDF]

				Homocysteine Studies Collaboration Homocysteine and Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke: A Meta-analysis JAMA, October 23, 2002; 288(16): 2015 - 2022. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Weiss, C. Keller, U. Hoffmann, and J. Loscalzo Endothelial dysfunction and atherothrombosis in mild hyperhomocysteinemia Vascular Medicine, August 1, 2002; 7(3): 227 - 239. [Abstract] [PDF]

				E. Nurk, G. S. Tell, S. E. Vollset, O. Nygard, H. Refsum, and P. M. Ueland Plasma Total Homocysteine and Hospitalizations for Cardiovascular Disease: The Hordaland Homocysteine Study Arch Intern Med, June 24, 2002; 162(12): 1374 - 1381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Sesmilo, W. P. Fairfield, L. Katznelson, K. Pulaski, P. U. Freda, V. Bonert, E. Dimaraki, S. Stavrou, M. L. Vance, D. Hayden, et al. Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Acromegaly before and after Normalization of Serum IGF-I Levels with the GH Antagonist Pegvisomant J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2002; 87(4): 1692 - 1699. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M.-C. Beauchamp and G. Renier Homocysteine Induces Protein Kinase C Activation and Stimulates c-Fos and Lipoprotein Lipase Expression in Macrophages Diabetes, April 1, 2002; 51(4): 1180 - 1187. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. S Ford, S J. Smith, D. F Stroup, K. K Steinberg, P. W Mueller, and S. B Thacker Homocyst(e)ine and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review of the evidence with special emphasis on case-control studies and nested case-control studies Int. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2002; 31(1): 59 - 70. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Butler, A. D. Morris, and A. D. Struthers The T Allele of The C677T 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) Gene Polymorphism May Protect Endothelial Function in Young, Normal Subjects Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2002; 22(1): 193 - 194. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A. Tice, E. Ross, P. G. Coxson, I. Rosenberg, M. C. Weinstein, M. G. M. Hunink, P. A. Goldman, L. Williams, and L. Goldman Cost-effectiveness of Vitamin Therapy to Lower Plasma Homocysteine Levels for the Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: Effect of Grain Fortification and Beyond JAMA, August 22, 2001; 286(8): 936 - 943. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Knekt, A. Reunanen, G. Alfthan, M. Heliovaara, H. Rissanen, J. Marniemi, and A. Aromaa Hyperhomocystinemia: A Risk Factor or a Consequence of Coronary Heart Disease? Arch Intern Med, July 9, 2001; 161(13): 1589 - 1594. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. E. Vollset, H. Refsum, A. Tverdal, O. Nygard, J. E. Nordrehaug, G. S Tell, and P. M. Ueland Plasma total homocysteine and cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality: the Hordaland Homocysteine Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2001; 74(1): 130 - 136. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. M. Ridker High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein : Potential Adjunct for Global Risk Assessment in the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Circulation, April 3, 2001; 103(13): 1813 - 1818. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				U B Fallon, P Elwood, Y Ben-Shlomo, J B Ubbink, R Greenwood, and G D. Smith Homocysteine and ischaemic stroke in men: the Caerphilly study J Epidemiol Community Health, February 1, 2001; 55(2): 91 - 96. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				U B Fallon, Y Ben-Shlomo, P Elwood, J B Ubbink, and G D. Smith Homocysteine and coronary heart disease in the Caerphilly cohort: a 10 year follow up Heart, February 1, 2001; 85(2): 153 - 158. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				D. J. Meiklejohn, M. A. Vickers, R. Dijkhuisen, and M. Greaves Plasma Homocysteine Concentrations in the Acute and Convalescent Periods of Atherothrombotic Stroke Stroke, January 1, 2001; 32(1): 57 - 62. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M. Krauss, R. H. Eckel, B. Howard, L. J. Appel, S. R. Daniels, R. J. Deckelbaum, J. W. Erdman Jr, P. Kris-Etherton, I. J. Goldberg, T. A. Kotchen, et al. AHA Scientific Statement: AHA Dietary Guidelines: Revision 2000: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association J. Nutr., January 1, 2001; 131(1): 132 - 146. [Full Text]

				B. K. Nallamothu, A. M. Fendrick, M. Rubenfire, S. Saint, R. R. Bandekar, and G. S. Omenn Potential Clinical and Economic Effects of Homocyst(e)ine Lowering Arch Intern Med, December 11, 2000; 160(22): 3406 - 3412. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. S. Morris, P. F. Jacques, I. H. Rosenberg, J. Selhub, B. A. Bowman, E. W. Gunter, J. D. Wright, and C. L. Johnson Serum Total Homocysteine Concentration Is Related to Self-Reported Heart Attack or Stroke History among Men and Women in the NHANES III J. Nutr., December 1, 2000; 130(12): 3073 - 3076. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M. Krauss, R. H. Eckel, B. Howard, L. J. Appel, S. R. Daniels, R. J. Deckelbaum, J. W. Erdman Jr, P. Kris-Etherton, I. J. Goldberg, T. A. Kotchen, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines : Revision 2000: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association Stroke, November 1, 2000; 31(11): 2751 - 2766. [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M. Krauss, R. H. Eckel, B. Howard, L. J. Appel, S. R. Daniels, R. J. Deckelbaum, J. W. Erdman Jr, P. Kris-Etherton, I. J. Goldberg, T. A. Kotchen, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines : Revision 2000: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association Circulation, October 31, 2000; 102(18): 2284 - 2299. [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. M. Title, P. M. Cummings, K. Giddens, J. J. Genest Jr, and B. A. Nassar Effect of folic acid and antioxidant vitamins on endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 2000; 36(3): 758 - 765. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. J. Stubbs, M. K. Al-Obaidi, R. M. Conroy, MusB, P. O. Collinson, MRCPath, I. M. Graham, FRCPI, and M. I. M. Noble Effect of Plasma Homocysteine Concentration on Early and Late Events in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes Circulation, August 8, 2000; 102(6): 605 - 610. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. M Ueland, H. Refsum, S. A. Beresford, and S. E. Vollset The controversy over homocysteine and cardiovascular risk Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2000; 72(2): 324 - 332. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. L. Booth, E. E.L. Wang, and with the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Preventive health care, 2000 update: screening and management of hyperhomocysteinemia for the prevention of coronary artery disease events Can. Med. Assoc. J., July 1, 2000; 163(1): 21 - 29. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Omland, A. Samuelsson, M. Hartford, J. Herlitz, T. Karlsson, B. Christensen, and K. Caidahl Serum Homocysteine Concentration as an Indicator of Survival in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes Arch Intern Med, June 26, 2000; 160(12): 1834 - 1840. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. K. Hoogeveen, P. J. Kostense, C. Jakobs, J. M. Dekker, G. Nijpels, R. J. Heine, L. M. Bouter, and C. D. A. Stehouwer Hyperhomocysteinemia Increases Risk of Death, Especially in Type 2 Diabetes : 5-Year Follow-Up of the Hoorn Study Circulation, April 4, 2000; 101(13): 1506 - 1511. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Mansoor, C. Bergmark, S. J. Haswell, I. F. Savage, P. H. Evans, R. K. Berge, A. M. Svardal, and O. Kristensen Correlation between Plasma Total Homocysteine and Copper in Patients with Peripheral Vascular Disease Clin. Chem., March 1, 2000; 46(3): 385 - 391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. G. Christen, U. A. Ajani, R. J. Glynn, and C. H. Hennekens Blood Levels of Homocysteine and Increased Risks of Cardiovascular Disease: Causal or Casual? Arch Intern Med, February 28, 2000; 160(4): 422 - 434. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M. Foody, J. A. Milberg, K. Robinson, G. L. Pearce, D. W. Jacobsen, and D. L. Sprecher Homocysteine and Lipoprotein(a) Interact to Increase CAD Risk in Young Men and Women Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2000; 20(2): 493 - 499. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. H. Yu, R. Joubran, M. Asmi, T. Law, A. Spencer, M. Jouma, and N. Rifai Agreement among Four Homocysteine Assays and Results in Patients with Coronary Atherosclerosis and Controls Clin. Chem., February 1, 2000; 46(2): 258 - 264. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. ROBINSON Homocysteine, B vitamins, and risk of cardiovascular disease Heart, February 1, 2000; 83(2): 127 - 130. [Full Text]

				I. F. W. McDowell and D. Lang Homocysteine and Endothelial Dysfunction: A Link with Cardiovascular Disease J. Nutr., February 1, 2000; 130(2): 369 - 369. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				V. Fonseca, S. C. Guba, and L. M. Fink Hyperhomocysteinemia and the Endocrine System: Implications for Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis Endocr. Rev., October 1, 1999; 20(5): 738 - 759. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				P H Whincup, H Refsum, I J Perry, R Morris, M Walker, L Lennon, A Thomson, P M Ueland, and S B J Ebrahim Serum total homocysteine and coronary heart disease: prospective study in middle aged men Heart, October 1, 1999; 82(4): 448 - 454. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. A. Bortolotto, M. E. Safar, E. Billaud, C. Lacroix, R. Asmar, G. M. London, and J. Blacher Plasma Homocysteine, Aortic Stiffness, and Renal Function in Hypertensive Patients Hypertension, October 1, 1999; 34(4): 837 - 842. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. D. Kark, J. Selhub, B. Adler, J. Gofin, J. H. Abramson, G. Friedman, and I. H. Rosenberg Nonfasting Plasma Total Homocysteine Level and Mortality in Middle-Aged and Elderly Men and Women in Jerusalem Ann Intern Med, September 7, 1999; 131(5): 321 - 330. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. G. Bostom, I. H. Rosenberg, H. Silbershatz, P. F. Jacques, J. Selhub, R. B. D'Agostino, P. W.F. Wilson, and P. A. Wolf Nonfasting Plasma Total Homocysteine Levels and Stroke Incidence in Elderly Persons: The Framingham Study Ann Intern Med, September 7, 1999; 131(5): 352 - 355. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. W. Eikelboom, E. Lonn, J. Genest Jr., G. Hankey, and S. Yusuf Homocyst(e)ine and Cardiovascular Disease: A Critical Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence Ann Intern Med, September 7, 1999; 131(5): 363 - 375. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. J. Harjai Potential New Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, Homocysteine, Lipoprotein(a), Triglycerides, Oxidative Stress, and Fibrinogen Ann Intern Med, September 7, 1999; 131(5): 376 - 386. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. J. Kittner, W. H. Giles, R. F. Macko, J. R. Hebel, M. A. Wozniak, R. J. Wityk, P. D. Stolley, B. J. Stern, M. A. Sloan, R. Sherwin, et al. Homocyst(e)ine and Risk of Cerebral Infarction in a Biracial Population : The Stroke Prevention in Young Women Study Stroke, August 1, 1999; 30(8): 1554 - 1560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Nappo, N. De Rosa, R. Marfella, D. De Lucia, D. Ingrosso, A. F. Perna, B. Farzati, and D. Giugliano Impairment of Endothelial Functions by Acute Hyperhomocysteinemia and Reversal by Antioxidant Vitamins JAMA, June 9, 1999; 281(22): 2113 - 2118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. M. Ridker Evaluating Novel Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Can We Better Predict Heart Attacks? Ann Intern Med, June 1, 1999; 130(11): 933 - 937. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. N. Doshi, J. Goodfellow, M. J. Lewis, and I. F.W. McDowell Homocysteine and endothelial function Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 1999; 42(3): 578 - 582. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. G. Bostom, H. Silbershatz, I. H. Rosenberg, J. Selhub, R. B. D'Agostino, P. A. Wolf, P. F. Jacques, and P. W. F. Wilson Nonfasting Plasma Total Homocysteine Levels and All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Elderly Framingham Men and Women Arch Intern Med, May 24, 1999; 159(10): 1077 - 1080. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. M. Ridker, J. E. Manson, J. E. Buring, J. Shih, M. Matias, and C. H. Hennekens Homocysteine and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among Postmenopausal Women JAMA, May 19, 1999; 281(19): 1817 - 1821. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. G. Bostom and J. Selhub Homocysteine and Arteriosclerosis : Subclinical and Clinical Disease Associations Circulation, May 11, 1999; 99(18): 2361 - 2363. [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. K. Osganian, M. J. Stampfer, D. Spiegelman, E. Rimm, J. A. Cutler, H. A. Feldman, D. H. Montgomery, L. S. Webber, L. A. Lytle, L. Bausserman, et al. Distribution of and Factors Associated With Serum Homocysteine Levels in Children: Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health JAMA, April 7, 1999; 281(13): 1189 - 1196. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. G. BOSTOM and B. F. CULLETON Hyperhomocysteinemia in Chronic Renal Disease J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 1999; 10(4): 891 - 900. [Full Text]

				M. R. Malinow, A. G. Bostom, and R. M. Krauss Homocyst(e)ine, Diet, and Cardiovascular Diseases : A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Nutrition Committee, American Heart Association Circulation, January 12, 1999; 99(1): 178 - 182. [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Demuth, N. Moatti, O. Hanon, M. O. Benoit, M. Safar, and X. Girerd Opposite Effects of Plasma Homocysteine and the Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase C677T Mutation on Carotid Artery Geometry in Asymptomatic Adults Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 1998; 18(12): 1838 - 1843. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. D. A. Stehouwer, M. P. Weijenberg, M. van den Berg, C. Jakobs, E. J. M. Feskens, and D. Kromhout Serum Homocysteine and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Cerebrovascular Disease in Elderly Men : A 10-Year Follow-Up Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 1998; 18(12): 1895 - 1901. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. W. Jacobsen Acquired Hyperhomocysteinemia in Heart Transplant Recipients Clin. Chem., November 1, 1998; 44(11): 2238 - 2239. [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. W. Jacobsen Homocysteine and vitamins in cardiovascular disease Clin. Chem., August 1, 1998; 44(8): 1833 - 1843. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. H. Kuller and R. W. Evans Homocysteine, Vitamins, and Cardiovascular Disease Circulation, July 21, 1998; 98(3): 196 - 199. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. R. Folsom, F. J. Nieto, P. G. McGovern, M. Y. Tsai, M. R. Malinow, J. H. Eckfeldt, D. L. Hess, and C. E. Davis Prospective Study of Coronary Heart Disease Incidence in Relation to Fasting Total Homocysteine, Related Genetic Polymorphisms, and B Vitamins : The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Circulation, July 21, 1998; 98(3): 204 - 210. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. J. Wald, H. C. Watt, M. R. Law, D. G. Weir, J. McPartlin, and J. M. Scott Homocysteine and Ischemic Heart Disease: Results of a Prospective Study With Implications Regarding Prevention Arch Intern Med, April 27, 1998; 158(8): 862 - 867. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. S. Omenn, S. A. A. Beresford, and A. G. Motulsky Preventing Coronary Heart Disease : B Vitamins and Homocysteine Circulation, February 10, 1998; 97(5): 421 - 424. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. C. Chambers, P. M. Ueland, M. Wright, C. J. Dore, H. Refsum, and J. S. Kooner Investigation of Relationship Between Reduced, Oxidized, and Protein-Bound Homocysteine and Vascular Endothelial Function in Healthy Human Subjects Circ. Res., July 20, 2001; 89(2): 187 - 192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. M. Ridker, J. Shih, T. J. Cook, M. Clearfield, J. R. Downs, A. D. Pradhan, S. E. Weis, A. M. Gotto Jr, and for the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis P Plasma Homocysteine Concentration, Statin Therapy, and the Risk of First Acute Coronary Events Circulation, April 16, 2002; 105(15): 1776 - 1779. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]