Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1997;17:1859-1867
© 1997 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
The Unstable Atheroma
From the Vascular Medicine and Atherosclerosis Unit, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
Correspondence to Richard T. Lee, MD, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail rtlee@bics.bwh.harvard.edu
Key Words: • unstable lesions • fibrous cap • plaque rupture
 |
Introduction |
|---|
For several decades, our understanding of the pathogenesis of unstable atherosclerotic lesions has continued to grow. A consistent picture of unstable plaque structure, inflammation, matrix degradation, and prothrombotic activity is emerging. Meanwhile, the mortality rates for coronary artery disease in the United States have steadily declined.1 Changes in the American life style likely account for much of this decline,2 and we can expect further improvements through the beneficial use of aspirin and cholesterol-lowering therapy in subsets of the population.3 4 5 Many of these improvements were based on careful epidemiological studies, with fundamental vascular biology serving a largely supportive role.
In light of this major clinical progress, it is reasonable to consider
whether further basic understanding of the unstable atherosclerotic
lesion will be translated into a clinical benefit beyond these recent
advances.6 We propose that the basic biology of the
unstable lesion will now assume even greater importance for two
fundamental reasons. First, even with aspirin and
cholesterol-lowering therapy, acute vascular events will
continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developed
countries. Performing clinical trials and epidemiological studies in
the United States and other developed countries will become more
difficult and expensive as the number of patients needed for each study
increases. Thus, developing new successful approaches to the prevention
of acute vascular syndromes will require a sound understanding of the
pathogenesis of lesion destabilization, and proceeding to clinical
breakthroughs will require strong justification from vascular biology
before clinical trials are undertaken. Second, even as the age-adjusted
incidence
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  M. C. de Beer, N. R. Webb, N. L. Whitaker, J. M. Wroblewski, A. Jahangiri, D. R. van der Westhuyzen, and F. C. de Beer SR-BI Selective Lipid Uptake: Subsequent Metabolism of Acute Phase HDL Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2009; 29(9): 1298 - 1303. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. A. Sheth, J. M. Tam, M. A. Maricevich, L. Josephson, and U. Mahmood Quantitative Endovascular Fluorescence-based Molecular Imaging through Blood of Arterial Wall Inflammation Radiology, June 1, 2009; 251(3): 813 - 821. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z.-G. She, W. Zheng, Y.-S. Wei, H.-Z. Chen, A.-B. Wang, H.-L. Li, G. Liu, R. Zhang, J.-J. Liu, W. B. Stallcup, et al. Human Paraoxonase Gene Cluster Transgenic Overexpression Represses Atherogenesis and Promotes Atherosclerotic Plaque Stability in ApoE-Null Mice Circ. Res., May 22, 2009; 104(10): 1160 - 1168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Frontini, C. O'Neil, C. Sawyez, B. M.C. Chan, M. W. Huff, and J. G. Pickering Lipid Incorporation Inhibits Src-Dependent Assembly of Fibronectin and Type I Collagen by Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Circ. Res., April 10, 2009; 104(7): 832 - 841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Bulat, G. Waeber, and C. Widmann LDLs stimulate p38 MAPKs and wound healing through SR-BI independently of Ras and PI3 kinase J. Lipid Res., January 1, 2009; 50(1): 81 - 89. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. J. H. Gijsen, J. J. Wentzel, A. Thury, F. Mastik, J. A. Schaar, J. C. H. Schuurbiers, C. J. Slager, W. J. van der Giessen, P. J. de Feyter, A. F. W. van der Steen, et al. Strain distribution over plaques in human coronary arteries relates to shear stress Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2008; 295(4): H1608 - H1614. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L Meng, B Lv, S Zhang, and B Yv In vivo optical coherence tomography of experimental thrombosis in a rabbit carotid model Heart, June 1, 2008; 94(6): 777 - 780. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Stadler, N. Stanley, S. Heeneman, V. Vacata, M. J.A.P. Daemen, P. G. Bannon, J. Waltenberger, and M. J. Davies Accumulation of Zinc in Human Atherosclerotic Lesions Correlates With Calcium Levels But Does Not Protect Against Protein Oxidation Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2008; 28(5): 1024 - 1030. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. U. Zimmerli, E. Schiffer, P. Zurbig, D. M. Good, M. Kellmann, L. Mouls, A. R. Pitt, J. J. Coon, R. E. Schmieder, K. H. Peter, et al. Urinary Proteomic Biomarkers in Coronary Artery Disease Mol. Cell. Proteomics, February 1, 2008; 7(2): 290 - 298. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Myoishi, H. Hao, T. Minamino, K. Watanabe, K. Nishihira, K. Hatakeyama, Y. Asada, K.-i. Okada, H. Ishibashi-Ueda, G. Gabbiani, et al. Increased Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Atherosclerotic Plaques Associated With Acute Coronary Syndrome Circulation, September 11, 2007; 116(11): 1226 - 1233. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. C. Raffel, G. J. Tearney, D. D. Gauthier, E. F. Halpern, B. E. Bouma, and I.-K. Jang Relationship Between a Systemic Inflammatory Marker, Plaque Inflammation, and Plaque Characteristics Determined by Intravascular Optical Coherence Tomography Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 2007; 27(8): 1820 - 1827. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W.-Y. Chen, B.-C. Cheng, M.-J. Jiang, M.-Y. Hsieh, and M.-S. Chang IL-20 Is Expressed in Atherosclerosis Plaques and Promotes Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2006; 26(9): 2090 - 2095. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L Dubey and Z Hesong Anti-inflammatory action of diltiazem in patients with unstable angina. Postgrad. Med. J., September 1, 2006; 82(971): 594 - 597. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J. Domanski, K. A. Jablonski, M. M. Rice, S. E. Fowler, E. Braunwald, and for the PEACE Investigators Obesity and cardiovascular events in patients with established coronary disease Eur. Heart J., June 2, 2006; 27(12): 1416 - 1422. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K M J Douglas, A V Pace, G J Treharne, A Saratzis, P Nightingale, N Erb, M J Banks, and G D Kitas Excess recurrent cardiac events in rheumatoid arthritis patients with acute coronary syndrome Ann Rheum Dis, March 1, 2006; 65(3): 348 - 353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. S. Perlstein and R. T. Lee Smoking, Metalloproteinases, and Vascular Disease Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2006; 26(2): 250 - 256. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Wakugawa, Y. Kiyohara, Y. Tanizaki, M. Kubo, T. Ninomiya, J. Hata, Y. Doi, K. Okubo, Y. Oishi, K. Shikata, et al. C-Reactive Protein and Risk of First-Ever Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke in a General Japanese Population: The Hisayama Study Stroke, January 1, 2006; 37(1): 27 - 32. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. G. Herman and S. Moncada Therapeutic potential of nitric oxide donors in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis Eur. Heart J., October 1, 2005; 26(19): 1945 - 1955. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. K. Nadkarni, B. E. Bouma, T. Helg, R. Chan, E. Halpern, A. Chau, M. S. Minsky, J. T. Motz, S. L. Houser, and G. J. Tearney Characterization of Atherosclerotic Plaques by Laser Speckle Imaging Circulation, August 9, 2005; 112(6): 885 - 892. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. J. F. Tietge, D. Pratico, T. Ding, C. D. Funk, R. B. Hildebrand, T. Van Berkel, and M. Van Eck Macrophage-specific expression of group IIA sPLA2 results in accelerated atherogenesis by increasing oxidative stress J. Lipid Res., August 1, 2005; 46(8): 1604 - 1614. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. D. Beishuizen, J. W. Jukema, J. T. Tamsma, M. A. van de Ree, J. C. M. van der Vijver, H. Putter, A. C. Maan, A. E. Meinders, and M. V. Huisman No Effect of Statin Therapy on Silent Myocardial Ischemia in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Without Manifest Cardiovascular Disease Diabetes Care, July 1, 2005; 28(7): 1675 - 1679. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Zhou, S. Lhotak, B. A. Hilditch, and R. C. Austin Activation of the Unfolded Protein Response Occurs at All Stages of Atherosclerotic Lesion Development in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Circulation, April 12, 2005; 111(14): 1814 - 1821. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. A. Meagher Addressing Cardiovascular Disease in Women: Focus on Dyslipidemia J Am Board Fam Med, November 1, 2004; 17(6): 424 - 437. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.L. Mehta, J. Chen, F. Yu, and D.Y. Li Aspirin inhibits ox-LDL-mediated LOX-1 expression and metalloproteinase-1 in human coronary endothelial cells Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 2004; 64(2): 243 - 249. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Fukumoto, J.-o Deguchi, P. Libby, E. Rabkin-Aikawa, Y. Sakata, M. T. Chin, C. C. Hill, P. R. Lawler, N. Varo, F. J. Schoen, et al. Genetically Determined Resistance to Collagenase Action Augments Interstitial Collagen Accumulation in Atherosclerotic Plaques Circulation, October 5, 2004; 110(14): 1953 - 1959. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. T. Johnstone, A. S. Perez, I. Nasser, R. Stewart, A. Vaidya, F. Al Ammary, B. Schmidt, G. Horowitz, J. Dolgoff, J. Hamilton, et al. Angiotensin Receptor Blockade With Candesartan Attenuates Atherosclerosis, Plaque Disruption, and Macrophage Accumulation Within the Plaque in a Rabbit Model Circulation, October 5, 2004; 110(14): 2060 - 2065. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Stocker and J. F. Keaney Jr. Role of Oxidative Modifications in Atherosclerosis Physiol Rev, October 1, 2004; 84(4): 1381 - 1478. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D Lio, G Candore, A Crivello, L Scola, G Colonna-Romano, L Cavallone, E Hoffmann, M Caruso, F Licastro, C M Caldarera, et al. Opposite effects of interleukin 10 common gene polymorphisms in cardiovascular diseases and in successful ageing: genetic background of male centenarians is protective against coronary heart disease J. Med. Genet., October 1, 2004; 41(10): 790 - 794. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Blaschke, D. Bruemmer, F. Yin, Y. Takata, W. Wang, M. C. Fishbein, T. Okura, J. Higaki, K. Graf, E. Fleck, et al. C-Reactive Protein Induces Apoptosis in Human Coronary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Circulation, August 3, 2004; 110(5): 579 - 587. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. A. Lindstedt, M. J. Leskinen, and P. T. Kovanen Proteolysis of the Pericellular Matrix: A Novel Element Determining Cell Survival and Death in the Pathogenesis of Plaque Erosion and Rupture Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 2004; 24(8): 1350 - 1358. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. G. Neri Serneri, M. Boddi, P. A. Modesti, M. Coppo, I. Cecioni, T. Toscano, M. L. Papa, M. Bandinelli, G. F. Lisi, and M. Chiavarelli Cardiac Angiotensin II Participates in Coronary Microvessel Inflammation of Unstable Angina and Strengthens the Immunomediated Component Circ. Res., June 25, 2004; 94(12): 1630 - 1637. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Suhara, K. Fukuo, O. Yasuda, M. Tsubakimoto, Y. Takemura, H. Kawamoto, T. Yokoi, M. Mogi, T. Kaimoto, and T. Ogihara Homocysteine Enhances Endothelial Apoptosis via Upregulation of Fas-Mediated Pathways Hypertension, June 1, 2004; 43(6): 1208 - 1213. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Herrmann, A. Ciechanover, L. O Lerman, and A. Lerman The ubiquitin-proteasome system in cardiovascular diseases--a hypothesis extended Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2004; 61(1): 11 - 21. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Wolk, P. Berger, R. J. Lennon, E. S. Brilakis, and V. K. Somers Body Mass Index: A Risk Factor for Unstable Angina and Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Angiographically Confirmed Coronary Artery Disease Circulation, November 4, 2003; 108(18): 2206 - 2211. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Asatryan, O. Ziouzenkova, R. Duncan, and A. Sevanian Heme and lipid peroxides in hemoglobin-modified low-density lipoprotein mediate cell survival and adaptation to oxidative stress Blood, September 1, 2003; 102(5): 1732 - 1739. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Suzuki, K. Fukuo, T. Suhara, O. Yasuda, N. Sato, Y. Takemura, M. Tsubakimoto, and T. Ogihara Eicosapentaenoic Acid Protects Endothelial Cells Against Anoikis Through Restoration of cFLIP Hypertension, September 1, 2003; 42(3): 342 - 348. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. S. Hossain, J. V. van Thienen, G. H. Werstuck, J. Zhou, S. K. Sood, J. G. Dickhout, A. B. L. de Koning, D. Tang, D. Wu, E. Falk, et al. TDAG51 Is Induced by Homocysteine, Promotes Detachment-mediated Programmed Cell Death, and Contributes to the Development of Atherosclerosis in Hyperhomocysteinemia J. Biol. Chem., August 8, 2003; 278(32): 30317 - 30327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Elhage, J. Jawien, M. Rudling, H.-G. Ljunggren, K. Takeda, S. Akira, F. Bayard, and G. K Hansson Reduced atherosclerosis in interleukin-18 deficient apolipoprotein E-knockout mice Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 2003; 59(1): 234 - 240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Tomoda and N. Aoki Clinical Evaluation of Coronary Lesion Characteristics in Acute Myocardial Infarction Angiology, May 1, 2003; 54(3): 277 - 285. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Jin, G.-S. Sun, D. Marchadier, E. Octtaviani, J. M. Glick, and D. J. Rader Endothelial Cells Secrete Triglyceride Lipase and Phospholipase Activities in Response to Cytokines as a Result of Endothelial Lipase Circ. Res., April 4, 2003; 92(6): 644 - 650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M. Kris-Etherton, W. S. Harris, L. J. Appel, and for the Nutrition Committee Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2003; 23(2): e20 - 30. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Leskinen, K. A. Lindstedt, Y. Wang, and P. T. Kovanen Mast Cell Chymase Induces Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis by a Mechanism Involving Fibronectin Degradation and Disruption of Focal Adhesions Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2003; 23(2): 238 - 243. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Herrmann, W. D. Edwards, D. R. Holmes Jr, K. L. Shogren, L. O. Lerman, A. Ciechanover, and A. Lerman Increased ubiquitin immunoreactivity in unstable atherosclerotic plaques associated with acute coronary syndromes J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 4, 2002; 40(11): 1919 - 1927. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M. Kris-Etherton, W. S. Harris, L. J. Appel, and for the Nutrition Committee Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease Circulation, November 19, 2002; 106(21): 2747 - 2757. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Kozaki, W. E. Kaminski, J. Tang, S. Hollenbach, P. Lindahl, C. Sullivan, J.-C. Yu, K. Abe, P. J. Martin, R. Ross, et al. Blockade of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor or Its Receptors Transiently Delays but Does Not Prevent Fibrous Cap Formation in ApoE Null Mice Am. J. Pathol., October 1, 2002; 161(4): 1395 - 1407. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Nishi, H. Itabe, M. Uno, K. T. Kitazato, H. Horiguchi, K. Shinno, and S. Nagahiro Oxidized LDL in Carotid Plaques and Plasma Associates With Plaque Instability Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2002; 22(10): 1649 - 1654. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Yabushita, B. E. Bouma, S. L. Houser, H. T. Aretz, I.-K. Jang, K. H. Schlendorf, C. R. Kauffman, M. Shishkov, D.-H. Kang, E. F. Halpern, et al. Characterization of Human Atherosclerosis by Optical Coherence Tomography Circulation, September 24, 2002; 106(13): 1640 - 1645. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. C. Major, L. Liang, X. Lu, W. Rosebury, and T. M.A. Bocan Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase Inducer (EMMPRIN) Is Induced Upon Monocyte Differentiation and Is Expressed in Human Atheroma Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 2002; 22(7): 1200 - 1207. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Cusack, M. S. Marber, P. D. Lambiase, C. A. Bucknall, and S. R. Redwood Systemic inflammation in unstable angina is the result of myocardial necrosis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 19, 2002; 39(12): 1917 - 1923. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Mehta and D. Li Identification, regulation and function of a novel lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 1, 2002; 39(9): 1429 - 1435. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Vincent, C. Soria, F. Mirshahi, P. Opolon, Z. Mishal, J.-P. Vannier, J. Soria, and L. Hong Cerivastatin, an Inhibitor of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase, Inhibits Endothelial Cell Proliferation Induced by Angiogenic Factors In Vitro and Angiogenesis in In Vivo Models Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2002; 22(4): 623 - 629. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. D. Rekhter How to evaluate plaque vulnerability in animal models of atherosclerosis? Cardiovasc Res, April 1, 2002; 54(1): 36 - 41. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.L. de Korte, S.G. Carlier, F. Mastik, M.M. Doyley, A.F.W. van der Steen, P.W. Serruys, and N. Bom Morphological and mechanical information of coronary arteries obtained with intravascular elastography. Feasibility study in vivo Eur. Heart J., March 1, 2002; 23(5): 405 - 413. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I.-K. Jang, B. E. Bouma, D.-H. Kang, S.-J. Park, S.-W. Park, K.-B. Seung, K.-B. Choi, M. Shishkov, K. Schlendorf, E. Pomerantsev, et al. Visualization of coronary atherosclerotic plaques in patients using optical coherence tomography: comparison with intravascular ultrasound J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 20, 2002; 39(4): 604 - 609. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. W.G. Carrell, K. G. Burnand, G. M.A. Wells, J. M. Clements, and A. Smith Stromelysin-1 (Matrix Metalloproteinase-3) and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3 Are Overexpressed in the Wall of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms Circulation, January 29, 2002; 105(4): 477 - 482. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Suhara, H.-S. Kim, L. A. Kirshenbaum, and K. Walsh Suppression of Akt Signaling Induces Fas Ligand Expression: Involvement of Caspase and Jun Kinase Activation in Akt-Mediated Fas Ligand Regulation Mol. Cell. Biol., January 15, 2002; 22(2): 680 - 691. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. N. Seshiah, D. J. Kereiakes, S. S. Vasudevan, N. Lopes, B. Y. Su, N. A. Flavahan, and P. J. Goldschmidt-Clermont Activated Monocytes Induce Smooth Muscle Cell Death: Role of Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor and Cell Contact Circulation, January 15, 2002; 105(2): 174 - 180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Fernandez, P. Marco, F. Marin, V. Roldan, and F. Sogorb The role of tissue plasminogen activator on the progression of the coronary disease Eur. Heart J., January 1, 2002; 23(1): 88 - 88. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S. Elkind, J. Cheng, B. Boden-Albala, T. Rundek, J. Thomas, H. Chen, L. E. Rabbani, R. L. Sacco, and A. G. Thrift Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Levels Are Associated With Carotid Atherosclerosis * Editorial Comment Stroke, January 1, 2002; 33(1): 31 - 38. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Mallat, A. Corbaz, A. Scoazec, S. Besnard, G. Leseche, Y. Chvatchko, and A. Tedgui Expression of Interleukin-18 in Human Atherosclerotic Plaques and Relation to Plaque Instability Circulation, October 2, 2001; 104(14): 1598 - 1603. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M Emdin, C Passino, C Michelassi, F Titta, A L'abbate, L Donato, A Pompella, and A Paolicchi Prognostic value of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity after myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J., October 1, 2001; 22(19): 1802 - 1807. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Mallat, A. Corbaz, A. Scoazec, P. Graber, S. Alouani, B. Esposito, Y. Humbert, Y. Chvatchko, and A. Tedgui Interleukin-18/Interleukin-18 Binding Protein Signaling Modulates Atherosclerotic Lesion Development and Stability Circ. Res., September 28, 2001; 89 (7): e41 - e45. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. T. Johnstone, R. M. Botnar, A. S. Perez, R. Stewart, W. C. Quist, J. A. Hamilton, and W. J. Manning In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Experimental Thrombosis in a Rabbit Model Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2001; 21(9): 1556 - 1560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Sakamoto, M. Aikawa, C. C. Hill, D. Weiss, W. R. Taylor, P. Libby, and R. T. Lee Biomechanical Strain Induces Class A Scavenger Receptor Expression in Human Monocyte/Macrophages and THP-1 Cells : A Potential Mechanism of Increased Atherosclerosis in Hypertension Circulation, July 3, 2001; 104(1): 109 - 114. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Takano, K. Mizuno, K. Okamatsu, S. Yokoyama, T. Ohba, and S. Sakai Mechanical and structural characteristics of vulnerable plaques: analysis by coronary angioscopy and intravascular ultrasound J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 1, 2001; 38(1): 99 - 104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. K BHATIA and D. O HASKARD Markers of inflammation in unstable angina Heart, June 1, 2001; 85(6): 603 - 604. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Aikawa and P. Libby Vascular inflammation and activation: new targets for lipid lowering Eur. Heart J. Suppl., May 1, 2001; 3(suppl_B): B3 - B11. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Leskinen, Y. Wang, D. Leszczynski, K. A. Lindstedt, and P. T. Kovanen Mast Cell Chymase Induces Apoptosis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2001; 21(4): 516 - 522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Sugiyama, Y. Okada, G. K. Sukhova, R. Virmani, J. W. Heinecke, and P. Libby Macrophage Myeloperoxidase Regulation by Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor in Human Atherosclerosis and Implications in Acute Coronary Syndromes Am. J. Pathol., March 1, 2001; 158(3): 879 - 891. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. A. Parulkar, M. L. Pendergrass, R. Granda-Ayala, T. R. Lee, and V. A. Fonseca Nonhypoglycemic Effects of Thiazolidinediones Ann Intern Med, January 2, 2001; 134(1): 61 - 71. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Peng, W. Guo, J. D. Morrisett, M. T. Johnstone, and J. A. Hamilton Quantification of Cholesteryl Esters in Human and Rabbit Atherosclerotic Plaques by Magic-Angle Spinning 13C-NMR Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2000; 20(12): 2682 - 2688. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rainer de Martin, M. Hoeth, R. Hofer-Warbinek, and J. A. Schmid The Transcription Factor NF-{kappa}B and the Regulation of Vascular Cell Function Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2000; 20 (11): e83 - e88. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C von Birgelen, W Klinkhart, G S Mintz, H Wieneke, D Baumgart, M Haude, T Bartel, S Sack, J Ge, and R Erbel Size of emptied plaque cavity following spontaneous rupture is related to coronary dimensions, not to the degree of lumen narrowing. A study with intravascular ultrasound in vivo Heart, November 1, 2000; 84(5): 483 - 488. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. J. Haley, C. M. Lilly, J.-H. Yang, Y. Feng, S. P. Kennedy, T. G. Turi, J. F. Thompson, G. H. Sukhova, P. Libby, and R. T. Lee Overexpression of Eotaxin and the CCR3 Receptor in Human Atherosclerosis : Using Genomic Technology to Identify a Potential Novel Pathway of Vascular Inflammation Circulation, October 31, 2000; 102(18): 2185 - 2189. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Obara, A. Takayanagi, J. Hirahashi, K. Tanaka, G. Wakabayashi, K. Matsumoto, M. Shimazu, N. Shimizu, and M. Kitajima Overexpression of Truncated I{kappa}B{alpha} Induces TNF-{alpha}-Dependent Apoptosis in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2000; 20(10): 2198 - 2204. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. D. Kolodgie, J. Narula, A. P. Burke, N. Haider, A. Farb, Y. Hui-Liang, J. Smialek, and R. Virmani Localization of Apoptotic Macrophages at the Site of Plaque Rupture in Sudden Coronary Death Am. J. Pathol., October 1, 2000; 157(4): 1259 - 1268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. DURANTE, L. LIAO, S. V. REYNA, K. J. PEYTON, and A. I. SCHAFER Physiological cyclic stretch directs L-arginine transport and metabolism to collagen synthesis in vascular smooth muscle FASEB J, September 1, 2000; 14(12): 1775 - 1783. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. L. de Korte, G. Pasterkamp, A. F. W. van der Steen, H. A. Woutman, and N. Bom Characterization of Plaque Components With Intravascular Ultrasound Elastography in Human Femoral and Coronary Arteries In Vitro Circulation, August 8, 2000; 102(6): 617 - 623. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. C. McGill Jr, C. A. McMahan, A. W. Zieske, R. E. Tracy, G. T. Malcom, E. E. Herderick, and J. P. Strong Association of Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors With Microscopic Qualities of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Youth Circulation, July 25, 2000; 102(4): 374 - 379. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 U. Schonbeck, G. K. Sukhova, K. Shimizu, F. Mach, and P. Libby Inhibition of CD40 signaling limits evolution of established atherosclerosis in mice PNAS, June 20, 2000; 97(13): 7458 - 7463. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. J. F. Tietge, C. Maugeais, W. Cain, D. Grass, J. M. Glick, F. C. de Beer, and D. J. Rader Overexpression of Secretory Phospholipase A2 Causes Rapid Catabolism and Altered Tissue Uptake of High Density Lipoprotein Cholesteryl Ester and Apolipoprotein A-I J. Biol. Chem., March 31, 2000; 275(14): 10077 - 10084. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Mallat, H. Benamer, B. Hugel, J. Benessiano, P. G. Steg, J.-M. Freyssinet, and A. Tedgui Elevated Levels of Shed Membrane Microparticles With Procoagulant Potential in the Peripheral Circulating Blood of Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes Circulation, February 29, 2000; 101(8): 841 - 843. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. D. Rekhter, G. W. Hicks, D. W. Brammer, H. Hallak, E. Kindt, J. Chen, W. S. Rosebury, M. K. Anderson, P. J. Kuipers, and M. J. Ryan Hypercholesterolemia Causes Mechanical Weakening of Rabbit Atheroma : Local Collagen Loss as a Prerequisite of Plaque Rupture Circ. Res., January 7, 2000; 86(1): 101 - 108. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Feng, J.-H. Yang, H. Huang, S. P. Kennedy, T. G. Turi, J. F. Thompson, P. Libby, and R. T. Lee Transcriptional Profile of Mechanically Induced Genes in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Circ. Res., December 3, 1999; 85(12): 1118 - 1123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Mallat, S. Besnard, M. Duriez, V. Deleuze, F. Emmanuel, M. F. Bureau, F. Soubrier, B. Esposito, H. Duez, C. Fievet, et al. Protective Role of Interleukin-10 in Atherosclerosis Circ. Res., October 15, 1999; 85 (8): e17 - e24. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Gunnett, D. J. Berg, F. M. Faraci, and G. Feuerstein Vascular Effects of Lipopolysaccharide Are Enhanced in Interleukin-10-Deficient Mice • Editorial Comment Stroke, October 1, 1999; 30(10): 2191 - 2196. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. B. Zaltsman, S. J. George, and A. C. Newby Increased Secretion of Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases 1 and 2 From the Aortas of Cholesterol Fed Rabbits Partially Counterbalances Increased Metalloproteinase Activity Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 1999; 19(7): 1700 - 1707. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. R. Coleman, G. A. Braden, M. C. Willingham, and D. C. Sane Vitaxin, a Humanized Monoclonal Antibody to the Vitronectin Receptor ({alpha}vß3), Reduces Neointimal Hyperplasia and Total Vessel Area After Balloon Injury in Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits Circ. Res., June 11, 1999; 84(11): 1268 - 1276. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Y. Craig, M. W. Rawstron, C. A. Rundell, E. Robinson, S. E. Poulin, L. M. Neveux, P. M. Nishina, and L. M. Keilson Relationship Between Lipoprotein- and Oxidation-Related Variables and Atheroma Lipid Composition in Subjects Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 1999; 19(6): 1512 - 1517. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Moss, R. E. Goldstein, V. J. Marder, C. E. Sparks, D. Oakes, H. Greenberg, H. J. Weiss, W. Zareba, M. W. Brown, C.-S. Liang, et al. Thrombogenic Factors and Recurrent Coronary Events Circulation, May 18, 1999; 99(19): 2517 - 2522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Mallat, C. Heymes, J. Ohan, E. Faggin, G. Leseche, and A. Tedgui Expression of Interleukin-10 in Advanced Human Atherosclerotic Plaques : Relation to Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression and Cell Death Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 1999; 19(3): 611 - 616. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. C Newby and A. B Zaltsman Fibrous cap formation or destruction -- the critical importance of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration and matrix formation Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 1999; 41(2): 345 - 360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. D. Rekhter Collagen synthesis in atherosclerosis: too much and not enough Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 1999; 41(2): 376 - 384. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Braun, P. Pietsch, K. Schror, G. Baumann, and S. B. Felix Cellular adhesion molecules on vascular smooth muscle cells Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 1999; 41(2): 395 - 401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Rabbani and E. J. Topol Strategies to achieve coronary arterial plaque stabilization Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 1999; 41(2): 402 - 417. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Lutgens, E. D. de Muinck, P. J.E.H.M. Kitslaar, J. H.M. Tordoir, H. J.J. Wellens, and M. J.A.P. Daemen Biphasic pattern of cell turnover characterizes the progression from fatty streaks to ruptured human atherosclerotic plaques Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 1999; 41(2): 473 - 479. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Ross Atherosclerosis -- An Inflammatory Disease N. Engl. J. Med., January 14, 1999; 340(2): 115 - 126. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Pasterkamp, A. H. Schoneveld, A. C. van der Wal, D.-J. Hijnen, W. J. A. van Wolveren, S. Plomp, H. L. J. M. Teepen, and C. Borst Inflammation of the Atherosclerotic Cap and Shoulder of the Plaque Is a Common and Locally Observed Feature in Unruptured Plaques of Femoral and Coronary Arteries Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 1999; 19(1): 54 - 58. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. D. Rekhter, G. W. Hicks, D. W. Brammer, C. W. Work, J.-S. Kim, D. Gordon, J. A. Keiser, and M. J. Ryan Animal Model That Mimics Atherosclerotic Plaque Rupture Circ. Res., October 5, 1998; 83(7): 705 - 713. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Kume, T. Murase, H. Moriwaki, T. Aoyama, T. Sawamura, T. Masaki, and T. Kita Inducible Expression of Lectin-like Oxidized LDL Receptor-1 in Vascular Endothelial Cells Circ. Res., August 10, 1998; 83(3): 322 - 327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|