© 1996 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Interindividual and Intraindividual Variability in Plasma Fibrinogen, TPA Antigen, PAI Activity, and CRP in Healthy, Young Volunteers and Patients With Angina Pectoris
the Gaubius Laboratory, TNO-PG, Leiden (M.P.M. de M., A.C.W. de B., B.C.H., P.M., A.C.H., C.K.), and the Departments of Internal Medicine II (M.P.M. de M.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (P.G.H.M.), Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Correspondence to M.P.M. de Maat, Gaubius Laboratory, TNO-PG, PO Box 2215, 2301 CE Leiden, Netherlands. E-mail M.deMaat@pg.tno.nl.
We compared intraindividual and interindividual variability in the plasma levels of fibrinogen, tissue-type plasminogen activator (TPA) antigen, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) activity, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in 20 healthy, young individuals and 26 patients with stable angina pectoris (AP) who were at higher risk for cardiovascular disease. For each of the four parameters, the contribution of the intraindividual variation to the total variance (13% and 9% for fibrinogen, 3% and 5% for TPA antigen, 4% and 20% for ln[PAI activity], and 14% and 9% for ln[CRP] for the healthy volunteers and AP patients, respectively) was smaller than the contribution from the interindividual variation. These results indicate that single sampling is sufficient to assess an individual level for TPA antigen and PAI activity, whereas duplicate sampling for fibrinogen and triplicate sampling for CRP are recommended. In an epidemiological study the sample sizes, based on the variances found in the transverse part of the study, needed to detect a 15% difference between the two groups (with 
=.01 and a statistical power=.90) are 31 and 40 for fibrinogen, 568 and 146 for TPA antigen, 603 and 119 for PAI activity, and 1490 and 2263 for CRP in healthy volunteers and patients with AP, respectively. Additionally, we studied the contribution of genetic polymorphisms of the Bß-fibrinogen (Bcl I and G
A-455) and PAI activity (HindIII and CA-repeat) genes to intraindividual and interindividual variation. Fibrinogen genotypes were associated with plasma fibrinogen levels in the volunteers but not in the AP patients. No effects of fibrinogen or PAI polymorphisms on intraindividual variation were observed in either healthy individuals or AP patients. In this study intraindividual variation in plasma levels of the cardiovascular risk indicators fibrinogen, TPA antigen, PAI activity, and CRP was small when compared with the interindividual variation in healthy, young volunteers and patients with stable AP.
Key Words: fibrinogen • tissue-type plasminogen activator • plasminogen activator inhibitor • C-reactive protein • DNA polymorphism
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  K. S Kornman Interleukin 1 genetics, inflammatory mechanisms, and nutrigenetic opportunities to modulate diseases of aging Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2006; 83(2): 475S - 483S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A. Kholeif C-Reactive Protein for Cardiovascular Risk Assessment Diabetes Care, July 1, 2005; 28(7): 1833 - 1834. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Bogaty, J. M. Brophy, L. Boyer, S. Simard, L. Joseph, F. Bertrand, and G. R. Dagenais Fluctuating Inflammatory Markers in Patients With Stable Ischemic Heart Disease Arch Intern Med, January 24, 2005; 165(2): 221 - 226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. P.M. de Maat, E. M. Bladbjerg, J. von Bornemann Hjelmborg, L. Bathum, J. Jespersen, and K. Christensen Genetic Influence on Inflammation Variables in the Elderly Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2004; 24(11): 2168 - 2173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Kleemann, L. Verschuren, B.-J. de Rooij, J. Lindeman, M. M. de Maat, A. J. Szalai, H. M. G. Princen, and T. Kooistra Evidence for anti-inflammatory activity of statins and PPAR{alpha} activators in human C-reactive protein transgenic mice in vivo and in cultured human hepatocytes in vitro Blood, June 1, 2004; 103(11): 4188 - 4194. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. J. Hukshorn, J. H. N. Lindeman, K. H. Toet, W. H. M. Saris, P. H. C. Eilers, M. S. Westerterp-Plantenga, and T. Kooistra Leptin and the Proinflammatory State Associated with Human Obesity J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2004; 89(4): 1773 - 1778. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Tsirpanlis, P. Bagos, D. Ioannou, A. Bleta, I. Marinou, A. Lagouranis, S. Chatzipanagiotou, and C. Nicolaou The variability and accurate assessment of microinflammation in haemodialysis patients Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., January 1, 2004; 19(1): 150 - 157. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Hoekstra, J. M. Geleijnse, C. Kluft, E. J. Giltay, F. J. Kok, and E. G. Schouten 4G/4G Genotype of PAI-1 Gene Is Associated With Reduced Risk of Stroke in Elderly Stroke, December 1, 2003; 34(12): 2822 - 2828. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Koenig, M. Sund, M. Frohlich, H. Lowel, W. L. Hutchinson, and M. B. Pepys Refinement of the Association of Serum C-reactive Protein Concentration and Coronary Heart Disease Risk by Correction for Within-Subject Variation over Time: The MONICA Augsburg Studies, 1984 and 1987 Am. J. Epidemiol., August 15, 2003; 158(4): 357 - 364. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. M. R. Broekmans, I. A. A. Klopping-Ketelaars, J. A. Weststrate, L. B. M. Tijburg, G. van Poppel, A. A. Vink, T. T.J.M Berendschot, M. L. Bots, W. A. M. Castenmiller, and A. F. M. Kardinaal Decreased Carotenoid Concentrations Due to Dietary Sucrose Polyesters Do Not Affect Possible Markers of Disease Risk in Humans J. Nutr., March 1, 2003; 133(3): 720 - 726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Kleemann, P. P. Gervois, L. Verschuren, B. Staels, H. M. G. Princen, and T. Kooistra Fibrates down-regulate IL-1-stimulated C-reactive protein gene expression in hepatocytes by reducing nuclear p50-NFkappa B-C/EBP-beta complex formation Blood, January 15, 2003; 101(2): 545 - 551. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. M. van der Meer, M. P.M. de Maat, M. L. Bots, M. M.B. Breteler, J. Meijer, A. J. Kiliaan, A. Hofman, and J. C.M. Witteman Inflammatory Mediators and Cell Adhesion Molecules as Indicators of Severity of Atherosclerosis: The Rotterdam Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2002; 22(5): 838 - 842. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. S. Ockene, C. E. Matthews, N. Rifai, P. M. Ridker, G. Reed, and E. Stanek Variability and Classification Accuracy of Serial High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Measurements in Healthy Adults Clin. Chem., March 1, 2001; 47(3): 444 - 450. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.C. Kaski, X. Garcia-Moll, W. K. Lagrand, C. A. Visser, H. W. M. Niessen, C. E. Hack, W. T. Hermens, F. W. A. Verheugt, G.-J. Wolbink, and C. E. Hack C-Reactive Protein as a Clinical Marker of Risk Response Circulation, August 29, 2000; 102 (9): e63 - e64. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. S. Ford and W. H. Giles Serum C-Reactive Protein and Self-Reported Stroke : Findings From the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2000; 20(4): 1052 - 1056. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. K. Lagrand, C. A. Visser, W. T. Hermens, H. W. M. Niessen, F. W. A. Verheugt, G.-J. Wolbink, and C. E. Hack C-Reactive Protein as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor : More Than an Epiphenomenon? Circulation, July 6, 1999; 100(1): 96 - 102. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. P. M. de Maat, J. J. P. Kastelein, J. W. Jukema, A. H. Zwinderman, H. Jansen, B. Groenemeier, A. V. G. Bruschke, and C. Kluft -455G/A Polymorphism of the ß-Fibrinogen Gene is Associated With the Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Symptomatic Men : Proposed Role for an Acute-Phase Reaction Pattern of Fibrinogen Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 1998; 18(2): 265 - 271. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|