Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1996;16:1074-1079
© 1996 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Effect of Immunization With Homologous LDL and Oxidized LDL on Early Atherosclerosis in Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits
the Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology and Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif (S.A., F.C., J.Y., B.C., P.K.S.); the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet (A.H.-N.); and King Gustaf Vth Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Hospital (J.R., J.N.), Stockholm, Sweden.
Correspondence to Jan Nilsson, King Gustaf Vth Research Institute, Karolinska Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
Abstract
Although the existence of an immune response against modified lipoproteins in atherosclerosis has been observed in experimental animals as well as in humans, the precise pathophysiological relevance of these findings remains unclear. In this study we determined the effect of an immunization with homologous LDL and copper-oxidized LDL on the formation of atherosclerotic plaque in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Immunizations were performed at the start of a cholesterol-rich diet and 3 weeks later. After 16 weeks, antibodies against oxidized LDL had developed in rabbits given hypercholesterolemic diet alone, but the titers were increased by twofold in rabbits immunized with oxidized LDL as well as in rabbits immunized with LDL, suggesting that the LDL had also become oxidized during the preparation and/or immunization procedure. Immunization with LDL and oxidized LDL reduced atherosclerotic lesions in the proximal aorta by 74% (P<.05) and 48% (P=NS), respectively. The cellular composition of the lesions was not affected by the immunizations. These results support the hypothesis that an immune response against modified LDL has a protective effect against the development of early atherosclerotic lesions.
Key Words: atherosclerosis • autoimmunity • lipoproteins • oxidation
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  J. Carvalho, R. Pereira, and Y. Shoenfeld Vaccination, atherosclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus Lupus, November 1, 2009; 18(13): 1209 - 1212. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J. Lewis, T. H. Malik, M. R. Ehrenstein, J. J. Boyle, M. Botto, and D. O. Haskard Immunoglobulin M Is Required for Protection Against Atherosclerosis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Deficient Mice Circulation, August 4, 2009; 120(5): 417 - 426. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Sampi, O. Ukkola, M. Paivansalo, Y. A. Kesaniemi, C. J. Binder, and S. Horkko Plasma Interleukin-5 Levels Are Related to Antibodies Binding to Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein and to Decreased Subclinical Atherosclerosis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 21, 2008; 52(17): 1370 - 1378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Sjogren, G. N. Fredrikson, A. Samnegard, C.-G. Ericsson, J. Ohrvik, R. M. Fisher, J. Nilsson, and A. Hamsten High plasma concentrations of autoantibodies against native peptide 210 of apoB-100 are related to less coronary atherosclerosis and lower risk of myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J., September 2, 2008; 29(18): 2218 - 2226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Pappalardo, S. Musumeci, and S. Motta Modeling immune system control of atherogenesis Bioinformatics, August 1, 2008; 24(15): 1715 - 1721. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. E. Hettema, H. Bootsma, and C. G. M. Kallenberg Macrovascular disease and atherosclerosis in SSc Rheumatology, May 1, 2008; 47(5): 578 - 583. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C Belizna, A Lartigue, J Favre, D Gilbert, F Tron, H Levesque, C Thuillez, and V Richard Antiphospholipid antibodies induce vascular functional changes in mice: a mechanism of vascular lesions in antiphospholipid syndrome? Lupus, March 1, 2008; 17(3): 185 - 194. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Schiopu, B. Frendeus, B. Jansson, I. Soderberg, I. Ljungcrantz, Z. Araya, P. K. Shah, R. Carlsson, J. Nilsson, and G. N. Fredrikson Recombinant Antibodies to an Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Epitope Induce Rapid Regression of Atherosclerosis in Apobec-1 / /Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor / Mice J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 11, 2007; 50(24): 2313 - 2318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J. Binder, K. Hartvigsen, and J. L. Witztum Promise of Immune Modulation to Inhibit Atherogenesis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 7, 2007; 50(6): 547 - 550. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K.-Y. Chyu and P. K. Shah Choking off Plaque Neovascularity: A Promising Atheroprotective Strategy or A Double-Edged Sword? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2007; 27(5): 993 - 995. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bro, C. J. Binder, J. L. Witztum, K. Olgaard, and L. B. Nielsen Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System Abolishes the Proatherogenic Effect of Uremia in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2007; 27(5): 1080 - 1086. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. N. Fredrikson, B. Hedblad, G. Berglund, R. Alm, J.-A. Nilsson, A. Schiopu, P. K. Shah, and J. Nilsson Association Between IgM Against an Aldehyde-Modified Peptide in Apolipoprotein B-100 and Progression of Carotid Disease Stroke, May 1, 2007; 38(5): 1495 - 1500. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. C. Dimayuga, X. Zhao, J. Yano, and K.-Y. Chyu Changes in immune responses to oxidized LDL epitopes during aging in hypercholesterolemic apoE(-/-) mice Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, December 1, 2006; 291(6): R1644 - R1650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M McMahon, J Grossman, W Chen, and B H Hahn Inflammation and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus Lupus, November 1, 2006; 15(11_suppl): 59 - 69. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Yamashita, S. Freigang, C. Eberle, J. Pattison, S. Gupta, C. Napoli, and W. Palinski Maternal Immunization Programs Postnatal Immune Responses and Reduces Atherosclerosis in Offspring Circ. Res., September 29, 2006; 99(7): E51 - E64. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. F. Saad, G. Virella, C. Chassereau, R. J. Boackle, and M. F. Lopes-Virella OxLDL immune complexes activate complement and induce cytokine production by MonoMac 6 cells and human macrophages J. Lipid Res., September 1, 2006; 47(9): 1975 - 1983. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Stoll and M. Bendszus Inflammation and Atherosclerosis: Novel Insights Into Plaque Formation and Destabilization Stroke, July 1, 2006; 37(7): 1923 - 1932. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Tedgui and Z. Mallat Cytokines in Atherosclerosis: Pathogenic and Regulatory Pathways Physiol Rev, April 1, 2006; 86(2): 515 - 581. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Zhou, A.-K. L. Robertson, C. Hjerpe, and G. K. Hansson Adoptive Transfer of CD4+ T Cells Reactive to Modified Low-Density Lipoprotein Aggravates Atherosclerosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2006; 26(4): 864 - 870. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E Toubi and Y Shoenfeld Predictive and protective autoimmunity in cardiovascular diseases: is vaccination therapy a reality? Lupus, September 1, 2005; 14(9): 665 - 669. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Meisinger, J. Baumert, N. Khuseyinova, H. Loewel, and W. Koenig Plasma Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein, a Strong Predictor for Acute Coronary Heart Disease Events in Apparently Healthy, Middle-Aged Men From the General Population Circulation, August 2, 2005; 112(5): 651 - 657. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J. Binder, P. X. Shaw, M.-K. Chang, A. Boullier, K. Hartvigsen, S. Horkko, Y. I. Miller, D. A. Woelkers, M. Corr, and J. L. Witztum Thematic review series: The Immune System and Atherogenesis. The role of natural antibodies in atherogenesis J. Lipid Res., July 1, 2005; 46(7): 1353 - 1363. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Goncalves, M.-L. M. Gronholdt, I. Soderberg, M. P.S. Ares, B. G. Nordestgaard, J. F. Bentzon, G. N. Fredrikson, and J. Nilsson Humoral Immune Response Against Defined Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Antigens Reflects Structure and Disease Activity of Carotid Plaques Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2005; 25(6): 1250 - 1255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Nilsson Regulating Protective Immunity in Atherosclerosis Circ. Res., March 4, 2005; 96(4): 395 - 397. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Zhou, A.-K. L. Robertson, M. Rudling, P. Parini, and G. K. Hansson Lesion Development and Response to Immunization Reveal a Complex Role for CD4 in Atherosclerosis Circ. Res., March 4, 2005; 96(4): 427 - 434. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. J. Tinahones, J. M. Gomez-Zumaquero, L. Garrido-Sanchez, E. Garcia-Fuentes, G. Rojo-Martinez, I. Esteva, M. S. R. de Adana, F. Cardona, and F. Soriguer Influence of age and sex on levels of anti-oxidized LDL antibodies and anti-LDL immune complexes in the general population J. Lipid Res., March 1, 2005; 46(3): 452 - 457. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Nilsson, G. K. Hansson, and P. K. Shah Immunomodulation of Atherosclerosis: Implications for Vaccine Development Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2005; 25(1): 18 - 28. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. S. Michelsen, T. M. Doherty, P. K. Shah, and M. Arditi TLR Signaling: An Emerging Bridge from Innate Immunity to Atherogenesis J. Immunol., November 15, 2004; 173(10): 5901 - 5907. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Schiopu, J. Bengtsson, I. Soderberg, S. Janciauskiene, S. Lindgren, M. P.S. Ares, P. K. Shah, R. Carlsson, J. Nilsson, and G. N. Fredrikson Recombinant Human Antibodies Against Aldehyde-Modified Apolipoprotein B-100 Peptide Sequences Inhibit Atherosclerosis Circulation, October 5, 2004; 110(14): 2047 - 2052. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Reardon, E. R. Miller, L. Blachowicz, J. Lukens, C. J. Binder, J. L. Witztum, and G. S. Getz Autoantibodies to OxLDL fail to alter the clearance of injected OxLDL in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice J. Lipid Res., July 1, 2004; 45(7): 1347 - 1354. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Karvonen, M. Paivansalo, Y. A. Kesaniemi, and S. Horkko Immunoglobulin M Type of Autoantibodies to Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Has an Inverse Relation to Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis Circulation, October 28, 2003; 108(17): 2107 - 2112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. N. Fredrikson, B. Hedblad, G. Berglund, R. Alm, M. Ares, B. Cercek, K.-Y. Chyu, P. K. Shah, and J. Nilsson Identification of Immune Responses Against Aldehyde-Modified Peptide Sequences in ApoB Associated With Cardiovascular Disease Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2003; 23(5): 872 - 878. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. N. Fredrikson, I. Soderberg, M. Lindholm, P. Dimayuga, K.-Y. Chyu, P. K. Shah, and J. Nilsson Inhibition of Atherosclerosis in ApoE-Null Mice by Immunization with ApoB-100 Peptide Sequences Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2003; 23(5): 879 - 884. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. K. Hansson Vaccination Against Atherosclerosis: Science or Fiction? Circulation, September 24, 2002; 106(13): 1599 - 1601. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. K. Hansson, P. Libby, U. Schonbeck, and Z.-Q. Yan Innate and Adaptive Immunity in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis Circ. Res., August 23, 2002; 91(4): 281 - 291. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Dimayuga, B. Cercek, S. Oguchi, G. N. Fredrikson, J. Yano, P. K. Shah, S. Jovinge, and J. Nilsson Inhibitory Effect on Arterial Injury-Induced Neointimal Formation by Adoptive B-Cell Transfer in Rag-1 Knockout Mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2002; 22(4): 644 - 649. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y Sherer and Y Shoenfeld Atherosclerosis Ann Rheum Dis, February 1, 2002; 61(2): 97 - 99. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. K. Hansson Immune Mechanisms in Atherosclerosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2001; 21(12): 1876 - 1890. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Monaco, F. Crea, G. Niccoli, F. Summaria, D. Cianflone, R. Bordone, G. Bellomo, and A. Maseri Autoantibodies against oxidized low density lipoproteins in patients with stable angina, unstable angina or peripheral vascular disease; pathophysiological implications Eur. Heart J., September 1, 2001; 22(17): 1572 - 1577. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Stemme Plaque T-Cell Activity : Not So Specific? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 2001; 21(7): 1099 - 1101. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Hulthe, O. Wiklund, E. Hurt-Camejo, and G. Bondjers Antibodies to Oxidized LDL in Relation to Carotid Atherosclerosis, Cell Adhesion Molecules, and Phospholipase A2 Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2001; 21(2): 269 - 274. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Hulthe, L. Bokemark, and B. Fagerberg Antibodies to Oxidized LDL in Relation to Intima-Media Thickness in Carotid and Femoral Arteries in 58-Year-Old Subjectively Clinically Healthy Men Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2001; 21(1): 101 - 107. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Zhou, G. Caligiuri, A. Hamsten, A. K. Lefvert, and G. K. Hansson LDL Immunization Induces T-Cell-Dependent Antibody Formation and Protection Against Atherosclerosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2001; 21(1): 108 - 114. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Wu, C. Lemne, U. de Faire, and J. Frostegard Antibodies to Lysophosphatidylcholine Are Decreased in Borderline Hypertension Hypertension, January 1, 2001; 37(1): 154 - 159. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. G. de Oliveira, C. L. Rossi, M. G. de Oliveira, M. J.A. Saad, and L. A. Velloso Effect of vitamin E supplementation on antibody levels against malondialdehyde modified LDL in hyperlipidemic hamsters Cardiovasc Res, August 18, 2000; 47(3): 567 - 573. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M. Morganelli, S. M. Kennedy, and T. I. Mitchell Differential effects of interferon-{gamma} on metabolism of lipoprotein immune complexes mediated by specific human macrophage Fc{gamma} receptors J. Lipid Res., March 1, 2000; 41(3): 405 - 415. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Fukumoto, T. Shoji, M. Emoto, T. Kawagishi, Y. Okuno, and Y. Nishizawa Antibodies Against Oxidized LDL and Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness in a Healthy Population Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2000; 20(3): 703 - 707. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Ahmed, J. Trifunovic, B. Stegmayr, G. Hallmans, and A. K. Lefvert Autoantibodies Against Oxidatively Modified LDL Do Not Constitute a Risk Factor for Stroke : A Nested Case-Control Study Stroke, December 1, 1999; 30(12): 2541 - 2546. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Metzler, M. Mayr, H. Dietrich, M. Singh, E. Wiebe, Q. Xu, and G. Wick Inhibition of Arteriosclerosis by T-Cell Depletion in Normocholesterolemic Rabbits Immunized With Heat Shock Protein 65 Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 1999; 19(8): 1905 - 1911. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Shaish, J. George, B. Gilburd, P. Keren, H. Levkovitz, and D. Harats Dietary ß-Carotene and {alpha}-Tocopherol Combination Does Not Inhibit Atherogenesis in an ApoE–Deficient Mouse Model Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 1999; 19(6): 1470 - 1475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Leitinger, A. D. Watson, S. Y. Hama, B. Ivandic, J.-H. Qiao, J. Huber, K. F. Faull, D. S. Grass, M. Navab, A. M. Fogelman, et al. Role of Group II Secretory Phospholipase A2 in Atherosclerosis : 2. Potential Involvement of Biologically Active Oxidized Phospholipids Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 1999; 19(5): 1291 - 1298. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J George, D Harats, B Gilburd, Y Levy, P Langevitz, and Y Shoenfeld Atherosclerosis-related markers in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: The role of humoral immunity in enhanced atherogenesis Lupus, March 1, 1999; 8(3): 220 - 226. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. George, Y. Shoenfeld, A. Afek, B. Gilburd, P. Keren, A. Shaish, J. Kopolovic, G. Wick, and D. Harats Enhanced Fatty Streak Formation in C57BL/6J Mice by Immunization With Heat Shock Protein-65 Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 1999; 19(3): 505 - 510. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. C Newby and A. B Zaltsman Fibrous cap formation or destruction -- the critical importance of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration and matrix formation Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 1999; 41(2): 345 - 360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Wu, U. de Faire, C. Lemne, J. L. Witztum, and J. Frostegard Autoantibodies to OxLDL Are Decreased in Individuals With Borderline Hypertension Hypertension, January 1, 1999; 33(1): 53 - 59. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Freigang, S. Horkko, E. Miller, J. L. Witztum, and W. Palinski Immunization of LDL Receptor–Deficient Mice With Homologous Malondialdehyde-Modified and Native LDL Reduces Progression of Atherosclerosis by Mechanisms Other Than Induction of High Titers of Antibodies to Oxidative Neoepitopes Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 1998; 18(12): 1972 - 1982. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. George, A. Afek, B. Gilburd, M. Blank, Y. Levy, A. Aron-Maor, H. Levkovitz, A. Shaish, I. Goldberg, J. Kopolovic, et al. Induction of Early Atherosclerosis in LDL-Receptor–Deficient Mice Immunized With ß2-Glycoprotein I Circulation, September 15, 1998; 98(11): 1108 - 1115. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Hulthe, J. Wikstrand, A. Lidell, I. Wendelhag, G. K. Hansson, and O. Wiklund Antibody Titers Against Oxidized LDL Are Not Elevated in Patients With Familial Hypercholesterolemia Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 1998; 18(8): 1203 - 1211. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. E Matthys, C. E Van Hove, M. M Kockx, L. J Andries, N. Van Osselaer, A. G Herman, and H. Bult Exposure to oxidized low-density lipoprotein in vivo enhances intimal thickening and selectively impairs endothelium-dependent dilation in the rabbit Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 1998; 37(1): 239 - 246. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. E. Matthys, C. E. Van Hove, M. M. Kockx, L. J. Andries, N. Van Osselaer, A. G. Herman, and H. Bult Local Application of LDL Promotes Intimal Thickening in the Collared Carotid Artery of the Rabbit Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 1997; 17(11): 2423 - 2429. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. D. Watson, N. Leitinger, M. Navab, K. F. Faull, S. Horkko, J. L. Witztum, W. Palinski, D. Schwenke, R. G. Salomon, W. Sha, et al. Structural Identification by Mass Spectrometry of Oxidized Phospholipids in Minimally Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein That Induce Monocyte/Endothelial Interactions and Evidence for Their Presence in Vivo J. Biol. Chem., May 23, 1997; 272(21): 13597 - 13607. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. M. Dansky, S. A. Charlton, M. M. Harper, and J. D. Smith T and B lymphocytes play a minor role in atherosclerotic plaque formation in the apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse PNAS, April 29, 1997; 94(9): 4642 - 4646. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Dimayuga, B. Cercek, S. Oguchi, G. N. Fredrikson, J. Yano, P. K. Shah, S. Jovinge, and J. Nilsson Inhibitory Effect on Arterial Injury-Induced Neointimal Formation by Adoptive B-Cell Transfer in Rag-1 Knockout Mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2002; 22(4): 644 - 649. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|