© 1996 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Association of Chronic Stress With Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor–1 in Healthy Middle-aged Men
From the Departments of Psychology (K.R., L.K.-J.) and Clinical Chemistry (A.H.), University of Helsinki, and the Wihuri Research Institute (R.L.), Helsinki, Finland.
Correspondence to Dr K. Räikkönen, Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 4, SF-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
Abstract The effect of chronic stress on tissue-type plasminogen activator (TPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor–1 (PAI-1) antigens was studied in 69 healthy middle-aged men. Chronic stress, defined as feelings of fatigue, lack of energy, increased irritability, and demoralization, was positively associated with plasma concentrations of PAI-1 antigen but was unrelated to TPA. The association remained unaltered after controlling for age, smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity but became nonsignificant after further controlling for abdominal obesity, BMI, and serum insulin and triglyceride levels. This attenuated association implies that the relationship between vital exhaustion and PAI-1 may be secondary to the effects of the metabolic variables. Thus, the present study shows that long-term stress affects the fibrinolytic system and suggests that obesity and insulin and triglyceride concentrations, which are closely correlated with the fibrinolytic parameters, may mediate the association. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that chronic stress causes increased synthesis of PAI-1, thus promoting the risk for atherothrombotic disease by decreasing the likelihood of spontaneous fibrinolysis and increasing the likelihood of fibrin deposition.
Key Words: stress • fibrinolysis • PAI-1 • vital exhaustion • psychosocial
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