© 1996 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Effects of Diet and Exercise on Qualitative and Quantitative Measures of LDL and Its Susceptibility to Oxidation
From the Department of Physiological Science, University of California, Los Angeles (C.M.B., R.J.B.); The Medlantic Research Institute, Washington, DC (D.C.R.); and the Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Mass (J.M.O., E.J.S.).
Correspondence to R. James Barnard, PhD, Dept. of Physiological Science, University of California, Los Angeles, PO Box 951527, Los Angeles, CA 90095. E-mail jbarnard@physci.ucla.edu.
Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the
effects of an intensive diet and exercise program on the quantity and
quality of LDL as well as its susceptibility to in vitro oxidation. The
diet was low in fat (<10% kcal) and cholesterol (<100
mg/d), while high in complex, unrefined carbohydrates (>70% kcal) and
fiber (35 g/1000 kcal). The study was composed of 80 participants in a
3-week residential program where food was provided ad libitum and there
was daily aerobic exercise, primarily walking. In each subject,
preparticipation and postparticipation fasting blood samples were drawn
and LDL was isolated via density gradient
ultracentrifugation. LDL particle diameter was
determined by gradient gel electrophoresis of serum (n=23). Isolated
LDL was either separated into 6 subfractions by saline gradient
equilibrium ultracentrifugation (n=26) or subjected
to in vitro copper oxidation (n=32). Significant reductions
(P<.01) in serum levels of cholesterol (20%),
LDL-cholesterol (20%), HDL-cholesterol
(17%), triglycerides (26%), and glucose (16%) as well as
in body weight (4%) were noted for the total population. The mean
particle diameter of the LDL increased (24.2±0.2 to 25.1±0.14
nm,
P<.01) and was correlated with the reduction in serum
triglycerides (r=.58, P<.01). Six of
22 subjects changed in LDL phenotype from B (
25.5 nm) to A
(>25.5 nm). The percentage of LDL-cholesterol carried in
the more dense subfractions fell significantly, while that carried by
the less dense fractions increased. Initial oxidation levels fell
(21%), while the lag time before copper-induced oxidation
increased (13%). Reductions were observed in both the rate of
oxidation (16%) and peak oxidation (20%). All of these changes should
result in a dramatic reduction in the risk for
atherosclerosis and its clinical sequelae.
Key Words: LDL phenotype • antioxidants • LDL density • LDL subfractions
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