on December 7, 2006
Published online before print December 7, 2006, doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000254677.12861.b8
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Submitted on March 1, 2006
Accepted on November 7, 2006
Antiproliferative Agents Alter Vascular Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Expression. A Potential Prothrombotic Mechanism of Drug-Eluting Stents
James A.S. Muldowney III ;
From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.A.S.M., J.R.S., L.A.G., M.E., R.N.P., D.E.V.), the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (S.E.L.), and the Department of Pharmacology (D.E.V.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: doug.vaughan{at}vanderbilt.edu.
Objectives--Drug eluting stents (DES) reduce the incidence of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Enthusiasm has been tempered by a possible increased risk of in-stent thrombosis. We examined the effects of paclitaxel and rapamycin on the endothelial transcriptome to identify alterations in gene expression associated with thrombosis.
Methods and Results--Gene expression profiling was performed on human coronary artery endothelial cells treated with rapamycin or paclitaxel. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) was the most consistently induced transcript in rapamycin-treated human coronary artery endothelial cells. RT-PCR and ELISA were performed to confirm positive findings. Transgenic mice engineered to express enhanced green fluorescent protein under control of the human PAI-1 promoter were also treated. Rapamycin and paclitaxel treated endothelial cells produced dose-dependent increases in PAI-1. There was a variable effect on endothelial tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) expression. Enhanced expression of PAI-1 and enhanced green fluorescent protein were detected in coronary arteries, the aorta, and kidney of the mice.
Conclusion--Antiproliferative agents stimulate the expression of prothrombotic genes. PAI-1 expression may also play a role in the prevention of restenosis through an antimigratory mechanism. The effects of antiproliferatives on vascular gene expression deserve further scrutiny in view of the increasing utilization of drug-eluting stents.
Key words: antiproliferative • plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 • rapamycin paclitaxel gene array • endothelial cells • gene expression
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Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007 27: 261-262.[Extract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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