on August 25, 2005
Published online before print August 25, 2005, doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000183744.38509.de
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Submitted on July 9, 2005
Accepted on August 10, 2005
Impact of Treatment With Protease Inhibitors on Aortic Stiffness in Adult Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Giuseppe Schillaci *;
From the Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology, and Arteriosclerosis (G. Schillaci, M.P., G. Savarese, M.M., E.M.) and the Unit of Infectious Diseases (G.V.L.D.S., F.B., G. Stagni), University of Perugia, Italy.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: skill{at}unipg.it.
Background--The role of antiretroviral therapy in acceleration of atherosclerosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is controversial. We hypothesized that aortic stiffness, an early marker of arteriosclerosis, may be increased in HIV patients treated with protease inhibitors.
Methods and Results--In 32 HIV-infected patients treated with protease inhibitors and 32 age-, sex-, and blood pressure-matched HIV-uninfected control subjects, we obtained aortic pulse wave velocity and central aortic pressure waveform, from which aortic augmentation was calculated. HIV patients had a higher aortic pulse wave velocity (7.6±1.1 versus 6.8±1.2 mxs-1, P=0.015) and aortic augmentation (6.8±5 versus 4.6±4 mm Hg, P=0.037) than control subjects. Age and HIV infection (both P<0.05) independently predicted aortic pulse wave velocity when a consistent number of cardiovascular risk factors was simultaneously controlled for. The cumulative duration of treatment was a predictor of aortic pulse wave velocity, each 5 years of treatment duration being independently related to a 1.35 mxs-1 increase in pulse wave velocity.
Conclusions--Aortic stiffness is increased in HIV-positive individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy including a protease inhibitor. Pulse wave velocity increases with longer exposure to protease inhibitors. We hypothesize that arteriosclerosis is a side effect of antiretroviral treatment including a protease inhibitor.
Key words: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome • HIV • aortic stiffness • arteriosclerosis • protease inhibitors • cardiovascular diseases
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