doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.146894
© 2007 American Heart Association, Inc.
Editorials |
A No-No for NonO and JNK in Extracellular Matrix Homeostasis and Vascular Stability
From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Genome Research Institute, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio.
Correspondence to David Y. Hui, PhD, Department of Pathology and Genome Research Institute (ML 0507), University of Cincinnati, 2120 E. Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237-0507. E-mail huidy{at}email.uc.edu
The pivotal role of chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysm is now firmly established.1 Atherosclerotic lesions usually develop at branch points in arteries with abnormal shear stress. Risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and cigarette smoke, among others, promote injury to the vascular endothelium, resulting in the infiltration of leukocytes to initiate an inflammatory response. Monocytes infiltrating the lesion area accumulate lipids and become foam cells. Meanwhile, T lymphocytes populating the intimal area of the lesion secrete inflammatory cytokines such as 
-interferon (INF) and tumor necrosis factors (TNF) that further stimulate macrophages and activate vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Chronic inflammation of the vessel wall attributable to repetitive endothelial injury advances lesion development with the deposition of extracellular matrix in forming a fibrous cap.
See page 1760
The coordinated regulation of extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation is essential for the maintenance of vascular homeostasis and plaque stability. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade extracellular matrix promote atherosclerotic lesion formation by increasing smooth muscle cell migration and angiogenesis. Lesions with thin fibrous cap covering a necrotic core of dead cells are prone to fissures and rupture resulting in myocardial infarction. Likewise, the increase in MMP activities in the abdominal aorta also leads to the development of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and rupture.2,3 Stimuli that have been linked to inflammation and atherosclerosis are also observed in AAA, suggesting that these 2 vascular disease processes may have similar etiology and progression.
In the past 2 years, several studies have reported the participation of the stress responsive c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling cascade in atherosclerosis and AAA. First, JNK activity was shown to be elevated in atherosclerotic lesion areas4,5 and that JNK2 gene inactivation significantly decreased atherosclerosis in mice.4 Second, JNK2 was activated when macrophages were exposed to oxidized LDL.6 Importantly, JNK blockade inhibited both scavenger receptor A- and CD36-mediated modified LDL uptake, foam cell formation, and atherogenesis in mice.4,6 These latter studies suggested that JNK inhibition may be a potential target to reduce atherosclerosis, at least during the early stages of lesion development.
Studies have also implicated a role of JNK in extracellular matrix homeostasis in the vasculature. In an elegant study reported by Yoshimura toward the end of 2005,7 phosphorylated JNK2 was found to be expressed in abundance in human AAA walls and colocalized with MMP. These investigators further demonstrated in 2 mouse models that suppression of JNK activity can lead to AAA regression. Using primary rat aortic smooth muscle cells in culture, these investigators showed that JNK activation induces a proinflammatory signaling cascade. Genes important for extracellular matrix degradation such as MMP-9 and the MMP-9 activator lipocalin-2 are also highly expressed on JNK activation. In contrast, genes that participate in matrix biosynthesis, including lysyl hydroxylase, lysyl oxidase, and prolyl 4-hydroxylase are suppressed by JNK activation.7 The mechanism by which JNK activation modulates the expression of genes regulating extracellular matrix biosynthesis and degradation has not been defined.
In the current issue of Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, Zhang et al studying TNF-
suppression of prolyl-4-hydroxylase expression have identified a novel mechanism by which JNK inhibits extracellular matrix synthesis.8 They identified a TNF- responsive suppressor element in the promoter region of the human prolyl-4-hydroxylase I (P4H1) gene. The search for transcription factor interacting with this suppressor element sequence revealed several proteins, including the 55-kDa transcription factor NonO. Significantly, the binding of NonO to the suppressor element sequence was much higher when nuclear extracts from TNF-–treated cells were included in the assay, indicating that NonO may participate with other TNF- induced nuclear proteins in a complex in suppressing P4H1 expression. The pivotal role of NonO was confirmed by experiments showing the silencing of NonO expression with siRNA also dramatically reduced TNF- suppression of P4H1 gene expression. Based on data showing that JNK-specific inhibitor and the ASK-1 specific inhibitor thioredoxin also blocks TNF-–mediated P4H1 suppression in smooth muscle cells, these authors concluded that NonO participates in this pathway and that TNF- activation of the ASK1-JNK-NonO pathway directly suppresses P4H1 expression. A schematic model showing TNF- suppression of P4H1 synthesis via ASK1, JNK, and NonO is shown in the Figure.
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The observation that TNF- effectively inhibits P4H1 expression, and thus collagen synthesis, in smooth muscle cells is an important finding with therapeutic implications. As TNF- has dual effects on extracellular matrix homeostasis, including the induction of metalloproteinases responsible for matrix degradation and the suppression of synthesis of matrix proteins, TNF- contributes directly to the pathology of atherosclerotic plaque rupture and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Therefore, the inhibition of these TNF-–mediated changes in vascular structure may be beneficial in preventing catastrophic outcome associated with these events. However, basal TNF- activity may also be necessary for normal tissue repair, thus global inhibition of TNF- activity may not be entirely desirable. Identifying a TNF-–responsive element in the promoter region of the P4H1 gene, and uncovering the importance of ASK1-JNK-NonO pathway in mediating the TNF- effects, offer a unique opportunity to modulate inflammation-induced alterations of extracellular matrix homeostasis in the vasculature without changing basal TNF- activity. Novel therapeutics aimed at inhibiting ASK1-JNK-NonO activation in the vessel wall, particularly through NonO inhibition, may increase plaque stability and reduce incidence of fatal cardiovascular events. Although it remains uncertain whether such an approach can specifically improve cardiovascular outcome without any undesirable side effects, the Zhang study provided another novel target that is worthwhile of additional pursue.
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Acknowledgments |
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Disclosures
None.
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Related Article:
Suppresses Prolyl-4-Hydroxylase 1 Expression via the ASK1–JNK–NonO Pathway
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2007 27: 1760-1767.
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