Published online before print May 3, 2007, doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.106.139089
© 2007 American Heart Association, Inc.
Vascular Biology |
Histamine Upregulates the Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Human Intimal Smooth Muscle Cells via Histamine H1 Receptor and NF-
B Signaling Pathway
From the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (A.T., K.-Y.W., S.K., Y.S.), the Second Department of Internal Medicine (S.N.), and the Department of Pharmacology (M.T.), School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, and Kyurin Omtest Laboratory (Y.M., M.N.), Kyurin Corporation, Kitakyushu, Japan.
Correspondence to Akihide Tanimoto, MD, PhD, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan. E-mail aki{at}med.uoeh-u.ac.jp
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Abstract |
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Objective— Histamine increases endothelial nitric oxide (NO) production as an endothelium-dependent vasodilator, which acts as a vasoconstrictor in atherosclerotic coronary arteries. To investigate the relation between histamine and NO production in intimal smooth muscle cells (SMCs), we studied the effect of histamine on inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression in the SMCs.
Methods and Results— In cultured human intimal SMCs, histamine increased NO production, iNOS expression, and NF-
B nuclear translocation, which were inhibited by histamine H1 blocker and NF-B inhibitor. Luciferase assay using –8.3 kb upstream of human iNOS promoter region and electrophoretic mobility shift assay suggested that a NF-B motif located at –3922 to –3914 would be necessary for histamine-inducible promoter activity. In addition, H1 blocker, NF-B inhibitor, and dominant negative IB
or IB kinase ß downregulated the histamine-induced iNOS promoter activity. In the human aorta, histamine content was estimated to be 310±66 pmol/mg protein in the atherosclerotic intima, while that was to be 43±22 pmol/mg protein in the media (P<0.001).
Conclusions— Histamine stimulates intimal SMCs to increase iNOS expression via H1 receptors and NF-B signaling pathway. Histamine could be one of NO-regulating factors, by inducing iNOS expression in intimal SMCs, and may be related to atherogenesis.
Histamine increases endothelial nitric oxide (NO) production as an endothelium-dependent vasodilator, which acts as a vasoconstrictor in atherosclerotic coronary arteries. To investigate the relation between histamine and NO production in intimal smooth muscle cells (SMCs), we studied the effect of histamine on inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression in the SMCs.
Key Words: histamine • NO • inducible NOS • vascular smooth muscle cell • athereosclerosis
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Histamine is a classical inflammatory mediator mainly produced from mast cell and exerts acute responses including hypersensitivity, vasodilation, and vasoconstriction. With regards to coronary artery, especially in atherosclerotic artery accompanying endothelial dysfunction, histamine is a potent vasoconstrictor, and accumulation of activated mast cells in adventitia and ruptured plaques in the cases of acute coronary syndrome has been reported.1–3 On the other hand, monocytes/macrophages are present in all stage of atherosclerosis and also express a rate-limiting histamine-producing enzyme: histidine decarboxylase (HDC).4 Besides mast cells, monocytes/macrophages are potential sources of histamine in the atherosclerotic lesions and histamine from these cells would chronically participate in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by regulating atherosclerosis-related gene expression.5,6
Histamine effects are mediated through its specific receptors, which are classified into H1 to H4 types.7 Histamine receptors are expressed in the atherosclerotic intima, and H1 receptors are predominantly expressed in the intimal smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of human atheromatous plaques.8 In relation to atherogenesis, histamine stimulates intimal SMCs to proliferate and to express matrix metalloproteinse-1 (MMP-1).9 Moreover, monocytic expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is regulated by histamine through histamine H1 (HH1R) or H2 receptor (HH2R).5,10,11 These findings indicate that locally produced histamine in the intima might participate in regulation of atherosclerosis-related gene expression in monocytes and SMCs, and in proliferation of SMCs.6
In contrast, nitric oxide (NO) is a powerful vasodilator and inhibits the proliferation of SMCs.12 The expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is induced by inflammatory cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-
, TNF-, and interleukin (IL)-1ß and by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) through NF-B activation.13,14 In turn, NO inhibits NF-B by inducing IB.15 Because histamine is one of the major inflammatory mediators and known to activate NF-B pathway through HH1R stimulation,16 we speculated that histamine would upregulate the iNOS expression in the intimal SMCs. In addition, a recent report has demonstrated an induction of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) expression by histamine mediated through HH1R in human umbilical vein endothelial cells,17 suggesting a presence of functional linkage of histamine, NO, and NF-B in the vascular microenvironment.
In this study we have reported a molecular mechanism by which histamine induces the iNOS gene expression in cultured human intimal SMCs. Histamine upregulated the iNOS but not eNOS expression through activation of HH1R and NF-B signaling pathway. Also, we examined histamine content in the neointima, media, and adventitia of the human atherosclerotic aortas from adults and neonates.
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Materials and Methods |
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Chemicals
Histamine was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical (Tokyo, Japan). Histamine blocker (H1 blocker, pyrilamine and chlorphenilamine; H2 blocker, cimetidine and famotidine), NF-
B inhibitor (pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate [PDTC]), and iNOS inhibitor (aminoguanidine [AG]), nNOS inhibitor (7-nitroindazole [7-Ni]), and non-specific NOS inhibitor (N
-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester [L-NAME]) were purchased from Sigma. IL-1ß and IFN- were obtained from PeproTech.
Cell Culture
Immortalized ISS10 cells derived from human aortic intimal SMCs were maintained in Dulbecco modified eagle medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) at 37°C.18 Each experiment was performed after 24-hour starvation in DMEM with 0.5% FCS. The cell viability was monitored by viable cell count using trypan blue exclusion test and by apoptotic cell count using annexin V detection (Annexin V fluorescein isothiocyanate [FITC] kit, Immunotech). No increased cell death was observed after histamine treatment (data not shown).
NO Production
The cells were cultured on a slide glass and incubated with DMEM containing 10µmol/L 4-amino-5-methylamino-2', 7'-difluorofluorescein diacetate (DAF-DA; Molecular Probe), and each NOS inhibitor for 1 hour. Then the cells were stimulated with histamine for 5 minutes. For longer histamine stimulation, the cells were first incubated with histamine for 24 hours, and then DAF-DA and each NOS inhibitor were loaded to the cells. Nitrite content in the culture supernatant was measured by a fluorometric assay kit according to the manufacturer’s instruction (Cayman Chemical).
Nuclear Localization of NF-B
The cells cultured on a slide glass were fixed in ice-cold 95% acetone for 2 minutes and air-dried. The slide glasses were incubated with mouse monoclonal anti–NF-B (anti-p65 subunit; Chemicon) antibody, followed by FITC-conjugated anti-mouse IgG antibody (Zymed Laboratories).
Western Blotting
Protein extracts (50 µg/lane) prepared from SMCs and rabbit polyclonal anti-human iNOS antibody (Signal Transduction Laboratory) were used for Western blot analysis as described previously.6
Northern Blotting
Northern blot analysis was performed as described previously.6,11 32P-labeled probe including 435-bp fragment of human iNOS cDNA was generated by RT-PCR with the following primer pairs: 5'-TGGAATTCACTCAGCTGTGC/5'-CCATGATGGTCACATT-CTGC.
Plasmid Construction
The luciferase reporter plasmid, including 8.5-kp fragment of the promoter region of human iNOS (hiNOS) gene, was provided by Dr Joel Moss (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Md).19 The 5'-serial deletion constructs were generated by appropriate restriction enzyme digestion. Mutation of the NF-B motif (kB4 located at –3922to –3914) was generated from the NcoI construct (see the motif map in Figure 3) by a substitution of CC to AA (–3915 and –3914). Expression vectors for dominant negative IB and IKKß were provided by Dr Anning Linn (Chicago University, Chicago, Ill).20
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Luciferase Assay
The SMCs cultured in 12-well plates were transfected with the plasmids (1.6 µg/well) by lipofectamine (Invitrogen) for 4 hours, and then incubated with histamine, histamine H1 and H2 blocker, and PDTC for 16 hours. The plasmids expressing dominant negative IB or IB kinase ß (IKKß) was used for cotransfection (0.4 µg each/well). The luciferase activity was normalized by ß-galactosidase activity obtained by cotransfection of 0.1 µg of ß-gal–expressing plasmid.
Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
Nuclear extracts were prepared as previously described.21 The NcoI construct includes 4 potential NF-B motifs (named kB1 to kB4 located at –4663 to –4654, –4366 to –4357, –4310 to –4299, and –3922to –3914, respectively). Thus 4 double-stranded oligonucleotide probes including the NF-B sites were used (kB1, 5'-CAACCCCAGGTAATCCTCAGCTCCTA-3'; kB2, 5'-TAAT-AAATGGAAAGCCCAGGGCCTGG-3'; kB3, 5'-TGCAAGC-TGGGACTCCAGGGTTGTAG-3'; and kB4; 5'-GAGGAGGGC-ATTTCTCCACAGCAGCC-3'; see the motif map in Figure 3). These probes were biotin-labeled at their 3'-end by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (Pierce). Nuclear extract (5 µg) and labeled probe (20 fmol) were incubated and applied to electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) according to the manufacturer’s instruction (Lightshift Chmiluminescent EMSA Kit, Pierce). For antibody supershift experiments, 2 µg of rabbit polyclonal antibodies specific for NF-B (p65 subunit; Upstate Biotechnology) were incubated with the nuclear extract at 4°C for 1 hour before incubation with the labeled probes.
Measurement of Histamine Content in Human Aortic Tissues
The human aortic tissues obtained from autopsy cases were separated into the intima, media, and adventitia and the histamine content was measured by an ELISA kit according to the manufacturer’s instruction (Immunotech). Protein concentration of the extracts was determined by a Bio-Rad protein assay (Bio-Rad). A written consent for the autopsy and research use of the materials was obtained according to the guideline of Japanese Society of Pathology and approved by the Kenwakai Ohtemaci Hospital, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Japan, where the autopsy was performed.
Statistical Analysis
Data are presented as mean±SD at least obtained from triplicate studies. ANOVA was applied and differences at P<0.05 were considered significant.
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Results |
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NO Production From SMCs
Because histamine stimulates the SMCs to activate HH1R and Ca2+ signaling pathway,9,10 enhancement of NOS enzymatic activity and NO production were measured by DAF-DA method. Histamine treatment (5 minutes) increased NO production, which was partially inhibited by nNOS inhibitor 7-Ni and completely by nonspecific NOS inhibitor L-NAME, but not by iNOS inhibitor AG (Figure 1A, upper row). On the other hand, NO production after 24-hour stimulation with histamine was inhibited by AG (Figure 1A, lower row). This suggested that histamine increased NO production mediated through the induction of iNOS expression after the longer histamine treatment. The production of NO measured by the concentration of nitrite in the medium reached maximum at 24 to 36 hours after histamine stimulation (Figure 1B). During 24-hour incubation, histamine increased nitrite production in a dose dependent manner. The histamine-induced nitrite production was inhibited by NF-
B inhibitor PDTC or AG (Figure 1C).
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NF-B Nuclear Translocation by Histamine
When the SMCs were stimulated with histamine, NF-B was translocated into the nuclei. This nuclear localization was inhibited by histamine H1 blocker pyrilamine and PDTC, but not by H2 blocker cimetidine (Figure 1D).
iNOS Expression by Histamine
As well as cytokine mixture (CM; 0.5 ng/mL of IL-1ß and 5 ng/mL of IFN-) induced the iNOS expression, the iNOS protein and mRNA expression were induced by histamine in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 2A). Furthermore, the histamine-induced iNOS mRNA expression was downregulated by pyrilamine and PDTC but not by cimetidine (Figure 2B). Endothelial NOS mRNA was constitutively expressed and showed no histamine response (data not shown).
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Luciferase Assay by Using Human iNOS Promoter Constructs
The luciferase constructs harboring hiNOS promoter region were subjected to luciferase assay by using 5'-deltion constructs (Figure 3). The XmaI and Eco47III constructs showed no upregulation of the promoter activities by histamine. When the hiNOS promoter construct was deleted up to NcoI site (–4.8kbp), the activity was enhanced by histamine (dashed bar). Further deletion up to EcoRV site (–1.3kbp) resulted in low basal activity and no more response to histamine. In contrast, CM induced the hiNOS promoter activities (closed bar) in XmaI, Eco47III, and EcoRV constructs. The NcoI construct, which was only histamine responsive construct, showed no increased promoter activity by CM.
The promoter activity from the NcoI construct showed a dose dependent upregulation by histamine. This histamine-induced promoter activity was decreased by histamine H1 blocker pyrilamine and chlorphenilamine, and PDTC but not by H2 blocker cimetidine and famotidine (Figure 4A). Cotransfection of dominant negative IB or IKKß, which inhibits NF-B signaling pathway by interfering the dissociation of NF-B/IB complexes, downregulated the histamine-induced hiNOS promoter activity from the NcoI constructs (Figure 4B).
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Involvement of kB4 Site for Histamine-Induced iNOS Gene Regulation
Because the luciferase assay indicated that histamine regulates the iNOS gene transcription through NF-B sites, EMSA and mutation assay were performed to determine the NF-B site necessary for the iNOS gene regulation. In the EMSA, the kB4 probe, but not kB1, kB2, and kB3 probes (data not shown), detected a specific DNA–protein complex (Figure 5A). Nonstimulated control extract showed a DNA–protein complex (lane 3, arrow), which were increased after histamine stimulation (lane 4). When cold competitor was coincubated in 50x excess, the complex was abolished (lane 8). The specific complex was supershifted by a coincubation with anti-p65 subunit antibody (arrowhead in lane 7) and decreased after the SMCs were incubated with PDTC and pyrilamine (lane 4 and 6, respectively), but not cimetidine (lane 5). Therefore, these results indicate that the histamine-induced NF-B (kB4 located at –3922 to –3914) binding activity included p65 subunit of NF-B and was mediated through histamine HH1R.
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The kB4 mutation, which disrupts the NF-B binding, introduced in the NcoI construct of the luciferase reporter plasmid, resulted in decreased histamine-induced promoter activity (Figure 5B). Therefore, the NF-B motif located at –3922 to –3914 (kB4) would be necessary for maintenance of histamine-inducible promoter activity.
Histamine Content in Human Aortic Tissues
To address whether histamine is accumulated in the human aortic tissues, histamine content in each part of the aortic wall was measured. The histamine content in the adventitia from adult aortas was nearly 1000 pmol/mg protein (Figure 6). The histamine content in the adult intimal tissues with fatty streaks was higher than that from the adult media (P=0.0008) and neonatal aortic media (P=0.025). These suggested that histamine content increases in the intimae and adventitial tissues during atherogenesis or development.
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Discussion |
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Most recently histamine has been implicated in smooth muscle proliferation in the lesions of stent restenosis in pig coronary artery and the histamine content in the restenotic neointima was determined to be 30 to 140 µmol/L.22 In the present study, we showed that the human atherosclerotic intima included 310 pmol/mg protein (estimated as 16µmol/L) of histamine, which was significantly higher than that in the adult and neonatal media. Therefore, the histamine concentration (10 to 100 µmol/L) used in the present and previous9 studies was considered to be reasonable range for the in vitro study.
Cytokine regulation of iNOS gene expression has been well studied in various types of cells, including macrophages, SMCs, and other cells.23 LPS and inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1ß, IFN-, and TNF- stimulate the cells to upregulate iNOS expression in NF-B–dependent manner. Most of these studies were, however, performed using non-SMCs19,24–28 or using non-human vascular SMCs.23,29 Thus, the control of iNOS gene regulation by histamine in human intimal SMCs is particular interest of this study. The results obtained from the luciferase reporter assay showed that –4.8 to –1.3kbp 5'-flanking region is required for both basal and histamine-induced promoter activity and that the NF-B inhibitor and dominant negative IB or IKKß downregulated the histamine-induced promoter activity. Furthermore, the results from EMSA and mutational analysis showed that the most downstream NF-B (kB4 located at –3922 to –3914) is potentially the responsible site for histamine-induced promoter activity. These results indicated that NF-B pathway is involved in the HH1R-mediated iNOS regulation in the human SMCs.
Requirement of NF-B elements for the regulation of cytokine induced iNOS expression was well established by 2 other groups using hiNOS promoter construct and human lung adenocarcinoma cell line.26–28 They have pointed out the importance of NF-B sites located at –5.8kbp24 and –8.3kbp/–115bp27 for cytokine (mixture of TNF-, IL-1ß, and INF-) induction of iNOS. According to their reports, cytokine mixture did not enhance the promoter activity of the constructs including proximal sequence from NcoI site26 or <3.7kbp27 of the iNOS promoter, which include the sequence (–4.8 to –1.3kbp) required for histamine induction of iNOS promoter. On the other hand, a negative regulatory element (NRE), which is an active silencer for NF-B–dependent gene expression such as IFN-ß30 and IL-8,31 is present in the hiNOS promoter at –6.7kb upstream. Unlike IFN-ß and IL-8, the NRE site does not overlap the NF-B sites in the hiNOS but the NRE-dependent mechanism represses the basal activity of the hiNOS promoter.28 In the present study, however, the basal promoter activity was not affected by the NRE and deletion up to NcoI (–4.8kbp) site was necessary for the histamine-induced activity. These results indicate that an inhibitory element(s) between –8.5 to –4.8kbp would repress the histamine-induced promoter activity independently on the NRE. Although we could not explain the molecular mechanism of the histamine-specific repression, the inhibitory element(s) and NF-B sites necessary for iNOS transcriptional regulation might be quite different depending on cell type and stimulation.28
Histamine and NO have a contradictory effect on the proliferation of vascular SMCs; histamine is proliferative9 whereas NO is antiproliferative.23 However, in the present study, proliferation and cell death of the intimal SMCs was not affected by the inhibition of NO production during 96-hour histamine stimulation (data not shown). This situation is very similar to that reported in cultured rat aortic intimal SMCs.32 In comparison with the medial SMCs, higher production of NO by the intimal SMCs is attributable to higher transcriptional activity and overexpression of iNOS when the cells are stimulated by inflammatory cytokines (INF- and TNF-). The proliferation inhibiting effect of NO is, however, much less pronounced in the intimal than medial SMCs.32 As primary human intimal SMCs are highly reactive to platelet-derived growth factor to proliferate than medial SMCs,33 the intimal SMCs may have higher capacity to proliferate even in the environment including iNOS-inducing cytokines and histamine. Major targets of intima-derived NO are not the intimal SMCs.32
Our previous studies demonstrated that histamine regulates the gene expression of monocytic TNF-, MCP-1, and LOX-1 expression as well as MMP-1 expression in the intimal SMCs.5,9–11 Here, we demonstrated that iNOS gene regulation is potentially another target of histamine in the atherosclerotic neointima. In addition, we previously showed that histamine-producing enzyme, HDC, is expressed in the macrophages of human atherosclerotic lesions as a source of histamine in the neointima6 and that HDC-knockout mice showed less pronounced arteriosclerosis.34 Taken together, these suggest an involvement of histamine metabolism, histamine production, and response in the atherosclerotic vascular wall.
In conclusion, the present study demonstrated histamine induction of iNOS gene in intimal SMCs mediated through HH1R and NF-B activation. Histamine would be one of NO-regulating factors in histamine-rich atherosclerotic environment and related to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Acknowledgments |
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Sources of Funding
This work was supported in part by a grant from the Smoking Research Foundation (to A.T.), Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research (to A.T.), and from the national wide efforts to standardize diagnostic and therapeutic definition of vascular disease of DVD Research Group, Tokyo Japan (to Y.S. and A.T.).
Disclosures
This study was partly done in the Department of Pathology, Toranomon Hospital and Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku 105-8470, Tokyo, Japan by A.T.
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Footnotes |
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Original received February 2, 2005; final version accepted April 17, 2007.
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References |
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