Published online before print August 9, 2007, doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.142505
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
© 2007 American Heart Association, Inc.
Vascular Biology |
Ubiquitin Carboxyl-Terminal Hydrolase L1, a Novel Deubiquitinating Enzyme in the Vasculature, Attenuates NF-
B Activation
From the Department of Geriatric Medicine (Y.T., T.K., Y.B., O.Y., H.R., T.O.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; the Division of Gene Therapy Science (Y.T., H.N., Y.S., H.H., Y.K., T.N., Y.K.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; the Division of Clinical Gene Therapy (R.M.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; and Cardiovascular Medicine (T.-X.C., T.I.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor.
Correspondence to Hironori Nakagami, MD, PhD, Department of Gene Therapy Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan. E-mail nakagami{at}gts.med.osaka-u.ac.jp
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Objective— We identified a ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) gene, which encodes a deubiquitinating enzyme and is expressed in the vasculature, by functional screening of a human endothelial cell (EC) cDNA library. UCHL1 is expressed in neurons, and abnormalities in UCHL1 are responsible for inherited Parkinson’s disease via its effects on the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Therefore, the goal of present study was to clarify the role of the UCHL1 gene in vascular remodeling by evaluating nuclear factor-
B (NF-B) inactivation in ECs and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs).
Methods and Results— From Northern blot and immunohistochemical analysis, the UCHL1 gene was endogenously expressed in vascular ECs, VSMCs, and brain tissue. Expression of UCHL1 was markedly increased in the neointima of the balloon-injured carotid artery and was also present in atherosclerotic lesions from human carotid arteries. Overexpression of the UCHL1 gene significantly attenuated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-
–induced NF-B activity in vascular cells and increased inhibitor of kappa B- (IB-), possibly through the attenuation of IB- ubiquitination, leading to decreased neointima in the balloon-injured artery. In contrast, knockdown of UCHL1 by small interfering RNA resulted in increased NF-B activity in VSMCs.
Conclusions— These data suggest that UCHL1 may partially attenuate vascular remodeling through inhibition of NF-B activity.
The ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) gene encodes for a deubiquitinating enzyme and is associated with Parkinson disease. UCHL1 gene expression was characterized in the neointima of the balloon-injured artery and in human atherosclerotic lesions. In vascular cells, UCHL1 attenuated TNF-–induced NF-B activity, possibly through the attenuation of IB- ubiquitination.
Key Words: UCHL1 • NF-B • deubiquitinating enzyme • atherosclerosis
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
The vasculature is capable of sensing changes within its milieu, integrating these signals by intercellular communication, and changing itself through the local production of mediators that influence structure as well as function (eg, "vascular remodeling").1 In the process of vascular remodeling, nuclear factor-
B (NF-B) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of coordinated transactivation of genes involved in the expression of interleukins, intercellular adhesion molecules, vascular cell adhesion molecules, and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecules.2 NF-B activity is regulated in the cytoplasm through its association with IB- which is regulated by ubiquitin-proteasome system. Because phosphorylation of IB- is forwarded to be ubiquitinated by ubiquitinating enzymes and degraded by proteasomes,3 the ubiquitin-proteasome system is a critical mediator of NF-B activity.
Ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including signal transduction, cell differentiation, and stress response.4 By contrast, the deubiquitination system prevents protein degradation by reversing the ubiquitination process via the disassembly of the poly-ubiquitin chain, recycling active ubiquitin by the removal of ubiquitin from its covalently linked protein, and generating monomeric ubiquitin from its precursor fusion protein.5 Ubiquitinated IB- is also able to escape from degradation by deubiquitination. Regardless, regulation of transcription factor NF-B remains the most important link between the ubiquitin-proteasome system and inflammation. Even though the proteasome inhibitor MG132 effectively reduces neointima formation, which corresponds to strong antiproliferative, antiinflammatory, and proapoptotic effects,6 it remains unclear whether deubiquitinating enzyme is involved in vascular remodeling.
We recently used a functional gene screening system with the HVJ-E vector7 to identify ubiquitin C-terminal hydroxylase L1 (UCHL1) as an antiremodeling factor that is expressed in human endothelial cells. UCHL1 is a causative gene in Parkinson disease (PD), which is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome system.8 The goal of the present study was to clarify the role of the UCHL1 gene in vascular remodeling by evaluating nuclear factor-B (NF-B) inactivation in endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs).
|
Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Functional Screening Using Hemagglutinating Virus of Japan Envelope (HVJ-E)
Several kinds of cells were maintained as previously described.9 Functional screening of a cDNA library using HVJ-E vector was performed as previously described7,10 using human umbilical venous endothelial cell (HUVEC) cDNA Library11 (a kind gift from Prof Hiroshi Nojima, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan).
Plasmid DNA Construction
Gateway cloning technology (Invitrogen) was used to construct expression vectors in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, human UCHL1 and bovine eNOS were subcloned into D-TOPO to construct entry vectors and were then transferred into the mammalian expression vector, pcDNA3.1 or pCAGGS,12 through a LR-recombination reaction, creating pcDNA3.1-UCHL1, pCAGGS-FLAG-UCHL1, and pCAGGS-eNOS.
Northern and Western Blotting and Immunoprecipitation
Northern and Western blotting was performed as previously described.13,14 Cells were subjected to immunoprecipitation and immunoblot analysis as previously described.15 Of the 200 µL of cell lysates (50 µg), 10 µL was used for analysis of the relative expression levels of IB- and internal control proteins, and the remainder of the cell lysates was used for immunoprecipitation experiments with 0.5 mg anti-IB- (1:1000, sc-371, Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc) and after immunoblotting with anti-ubiquitin (Ub) (1:2500, sc-8017, Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc).
Immunochemical Staining
Rat balloon-injured carotid artery was prepared as previously described.16 At least 3 individual sections (4 µm) from the middle of the injured arterial segments were fixed in 4% PFA for 15 minutes and then immunostained as previously described.17 All experimental protocols were approved by the Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Standing Committee on Animals. The tissue specimens were obtained from symptomatic patients who underwent carotid endartectomy for high-grade carotid stenosis. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients, and all protocols were approved by the Ethics Committee of Osaka University.
In Vivo Gene Transfer Into Rat Balloon-Injured Carotid Artery
The HVJ-liposome method was used for transfection of plasmid DNA in rat carotid artery as previously described.16,18 Briefly, a cannula was introduced into the common carotid artery through the external carotid artery. Then, 200 µL of HVJ-liposome complex was infused into the segment and incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature.
Statistical Analysis
All values are expressed as mean±SD. Data were compared using the ANOVA followed by Dunnett test for pair-wise comparisons against "control" and by Tukey test for multiple comparisons. All statistical analysis was performed using Stat-View 5.0 software (SAS. Institute Inc). Values of P<0.05 were considered to represent statistical significance.
Detailed information is contained in the supplemental methods.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Functional Screening of Antivascular Remodeling Factor
Screening of a HUVEC cDNA library for genes that inhibit PDGF-stimulated cell growth and that inhibit NF-
B activity resulted in isolation of several candidate genes, including UCHL1. As we have previously demonstrated the importance of NF-B in vascular cells to attenuate vascular remodeling,19,20 we further examined the effect of UCHL1 on NF-B activity in vascular cells. Overexpression of UCHL1 significantly attenuated NF-B activity in endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells (supplemental Figure IA through ID). Gel shift mobility assay demonstrated that overexpression of the UCHL1 also attenuated binding of NF-B to the consensus sequence in endothelial cells (supplemental Figure IE).
Expression of UCHL1 in Vascular Cells
Immunostaining demonstrated UCHL1 protein in the cytoplasm and nucleus in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) in 5% FBS (supplemental Figure IIA). Northern blot analysis demonstrated mRNA expression of UCHL1 in HAECs (Figure 1A) and HASMCs (supplemental Figure IIB). Treatment of HAECs and HASMCs with several growth factors or cytokines (ie, human recombinant epidermal growth factor [EGF: 10 ng/mL], fibroblast growth factor-2 [FGF2: 10 ng/mL], vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF: 10 ng/mL], TNF- [TNF-: 10 ng/mL], and lipopolysaccharide [LPS: 30 ng/mL], angiotensin II [AngII: 1 µmol/L], hydrogen peroxide [H2O2; 100 µmol/L]) for 24 hours did not significantly alter UCHL1 mRNA levels (Figure 1A and supplemental Figure IIB). Treatment of cultured VSMCs with TNF- (10 ng/mL) for 24 and 48 hours did not significantly alter UCHL1 mRNA levels, whereas long term treatment (96 hours) with TNF- (10 ng/mL) significantly increased UCHL1 mRNA levels (3.63±0.25-fold; P<0.01; Figure 1B).
|
Role of UCHL1 in Cultured Vascular Endothelial Cells
Treatment of BAECs or HAECs with TNF- (10 ng/mL) resulted in a significant increase in NF-B activity, whereas overexpression of UCHL1 significantly attenuated both basal and TNF-–induced NF-B activity (56% inhibition in BAECs and 85% inhibition in HAECs; P<0.05, compared with control under TNF- treatment). In fact, the inhibitory effect of UCHL1 was similar to that of eNOS (Figure 2A and supplemental Figure IIIA). In HAECs, immunofluorescent staining with anti-p65 antibody showed that p65, NF-B subunit, was rapidly translocated into nucleus after the treatment of TNF- for 30 minutes, whereas in UCHL1-trasnfected ECs, p65 remained to be located in the cytoplasm after the same treatment (supplemental Figure IVA). Although the treatment of TNF- is known to decrease eNOS expression through NF-B activation,21 overexpression of UCHL1 attenuated TNF-–induced decreases in eNOS expression (supplemental Figure VA). Similarly, treatment of ECs with 2 different type of proteasome inhibitors, aspirin or MG132 attenuated TNF-–induced eNOS downregulation (supplemental Figure VA).
|
As for the expression of NF-B–driven gene, overexpression of UCHL1 in ECs attenuated TNF-–induced expression of inducible NOS (iNOS; 54% inhibition), Manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD; 35% inhibition), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1; 46% inhibition), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1; 74% inhibition), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1; 57% inhibition), and E-selectin (37% inhibition), respectively (P<0.05 compared with control), as assessed by quantitative real-time–polymerase chain reaction (PCR; supplemental Figure VB).
We further examined how UCHL1 induced the NF-B inactivation. IB- was phosphorylated and downregulated at 5 minutes after treatment with human recombinant TNF- (10 ng/mL) in BAECs (data not shown). Five minutes after treatment with TNF-, IB- expression was relatively high in UCHL1-overexpressed BAECs despite the fact that phospho–IB- expression was similar with or without overexpressed UCHL1 (Figure 2B and supplemental Figure IVB). Overexpression of UCHL1 resulted in decreased basal ubiquitination of IB- and higher protein levels of IB- (Figure 2C and supplemental Figure IVB).
Role of UCHL1 in Cultured Smooth Muscle Cells
Treatment of A7r5 (embryonic rat aortic smooth muscle cells) or HASMCs with TNF- (10 ng/mL) for 12 hours significantly upregulated NF-B activity, whereas overexpression of the UCHL1 gene significantly attenuated NF-B activity, particularly in TNF-–stimulated samples (46% inhibition in A7r5 and 63% inhibition in HASMCs; P<0.05, compared with control under TNF- treatment) as shown in Figure 3A and supplemental Figure IIIB. In fact, the inhibitory effect of UCHL1 was almost similar to that of eNOS.
|
Suppression of UCHL1 expression in A7r5 using siRNA was confirmed by real-time RT-PCR (73% inhibition, relative expression to GAPDH: control, 1.00±0.63; siRNA, 0.27±0.12). Indeed, the transfection of siRNA in A7r5 cells resulted in an increase in NF-B activity regardless of TNF- (10 ng/mL) stimulation for 12 hours (supplemental Figure VIA). In the gel shift mobility assay, overexpression of UCHL1 gene also attenuated the binding of NF-B to DNA consensus sequence, and suppression of UCHL1 increased the binding of NF-B (Figure 3B). They were consistent with the results obtained in experiments with the luciferase gene driven by the NF-B binding site. Overexpressed UCHL1 attenuated TNF-–induced cytokine expression (66% inhibition in TNF-, 54% inhibition in interleukin [IL]-6, and 57% inhibition in matrix metalloprotease [MMP]-9); P<0.05 compared with control), as quantified by real-time PCR (supplemental Figure VIB).
Expression of UCHL1 in Intact and Injured Arteries
Northern blot analysis demonstrated mRNA expression of human UCHL1 in aorta (supplemental Figure VIIA). Immunostaining analysis showed that UCHL1 was expressed in whole brain, brain microvessels, rat common carotid artery, and rat abdominal artery (supplemental Figures VIIB, VIIIA, and VIIIB).
UCHL1 expression was high in the neointimal smooth muscle cells of balloon-injured carotid artery, as confirmed by coimmunostaining with the VSMC specific marker, anti–-smooth muscle (SM) actin (Figure 4A). The mRNA levels of UCHL1 were increased 25-fold compared with sham-operated common carotid artery quantified by real-time PCR (P<0.05). UCHL1 was also expressed in ECs and VSMCs in atherosclerotic lesions from human carotid arteries (Figure 4B).
|
Functional Analysis of UCHL1 In Vivo
Expression of transfected UCHL1 gene was confirmed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry in carotid arteries 3 days after balloon injury (data not shown). As shown in Figure 5A, overexpression of UCHL1 plasmid resulted in significant inhibition of neointimal formation, as quantified by measurement of neointimal and medial area and by calculation of the ratio of neointimal-to-medial area at 2 weeks after balloon injury (supplemental Figure IX, P<0.01). Accompanied with an inhibition of neointimal formation by transfection of UCHL1 plasmid DNA, the inhibition of NF-B activation was examined assessed by immunostaining at 1 week after transfection. These anti-p50 and anti-p65 (NF-B subunits) antibodies recognize the epitopes overlapping the nuclear location signal of the subunit of NF-B heterodimer, and fairly selectively bind to the activated form of NF-B. Thus, these results suggest that overexpressed UCHL1 attenuates NF-B activation in vivo (Figure 5B and supplemental Figure X).
|
Furthermore, the expression of NF-B regulatory proteins, ICAM-1, and MMP-9, were suppressed in the neointima of the overexpressed UCHL1 group, as assessed by immunostaining at 1 week after transfection (Figure 5B and supplemental Figure X).
These results in vitro and in vivo suggest that UCHL1 may deubiquitinate IB-, thereby resulting in NF-B inactivation (Figure 6).
|
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
The present study revealed that UCHL1 was expressed in atherosclerotic lesion and that UCHL1 may participate in vascular remodeling via inhibition of NF-
B activity. Specifically, UCHL1 attenuated TNF-–induced NF-B activity and increased eNOS expression, which may directly attenuate atherosclerosis leading to the reduction of ischemic vascular disease.23 Indeed, overexpressed UCHL1 reduced neointima formation in balloon-injured artery. The present study provides the first evidence that a deubiquitinating enzyme can modulate vascular remodeling.
UCHL1 (also known as pGp9.5) is predominantly expressed in central and peripheral neurons. Mutations in the UCHL1 gene have been identified in a single German PD family with a reduced penetrance inheritance pattern.24 Further, a polymorphism in exon 3 of the UCHL1 gene (G18 years) is associated with a reduced susceptibility to PD in some populations25,26 and may be related to onset of Huntington’s disease.27 UCHL1 hydrolyzes small C-terminal adducts of ubiquitin to generate the ubiquitin monomer, making it an important component of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Further, the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway has an important role in vascular remodeling6 and cardiac fibrosis,28 as demonstrated by the observation that treatment of cardiovascular cells with proteasome inhibitors results in strong antiproliferative, antiinflammatory, and proapoptotic effects.6 In this study, although overexpressed UCHL1 attenuated the TNF-–induced inflammatory action, endogenous UCHL1 may not affect the first action of TNF-–induced inflammation because the induction of UCHL1 expression by TNF- was delayed. This suggests that UCHL1 cannot be directly targeted, but is chronically upregulated by several stimulants in vascular remodeling. This is consistent with recent studies that have demonstrated that full-length UCHL1 is a major target of oxidative damage and that UCHL1 is downregulated in the brain of patients with Alzheimer or Parkinson disease.29 Thus, deubiquitinating enzymes, such as UCHL1, may act as suppressors during the activation of ubiquitin-proteasome system in atherosclerosis lesions.
Recent evidence has shown that UCHL1 is also highly expressed in carcinomas of various tissue origins, including those from brain, lung, breast, kidney, colon, prostate, pancreas, and mesenchymal tissues.30 Indeed, in 1 lung cancer cell line, UCHL1 interacts with the Jun activation domain binding protein, JAB1, and a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor, p27 (Kip1).31 Further, UCHL1 exerts an antiproliferative response, and its expression may be induced as a response to tumor growth.32 This is consistent with observations from the present study that overexpressed UCHL1 attenuated neointimal formation in balloon-injured artery. Interestingly, aspirin and statins, 2 of the most successful drugs in the attenuation of cardiovascular events, both exert an inhibitory effect on the proteosome.22,33 From the perspective of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, the pleiotropic effect of aspirin was reported in the upregulation of eNOS expression.22 In combination with the observation that aspirin upregulated IB- protein through inhibition of ubiquitin-proteasome system,22 the present study may provide a new understanding of the mechanisms by which pharmacological agents may prevent atherosclerosis. Further study to determine the mechanisms by which UCHL1 or another deubiquitinating enzyme contributes to the process of cardiovascular diseases would be of benefit.
In conclusion, this study demonstrated expression of UCHL1 in vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells and the antiinflammatory action of UCHL1 in the process of vascular remodeling. The UCHL1 gene may represent a novel therapeutic target for the attenuation of atherosclerosis and the prevention of cardiovascular events.
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
We thank all members of the Gene Therapy Science laboratory for critical discussion during the course of this work. We also thank Prof Nojima in Osaka University for providing the cDNA library.
Sources of Funding
This work was supported by the Northern Osaka (Saito) Biomedical Knowledge-Based Cluster Creation Project, Mitsubishi Pharma Research Foundation (to H.H), American Diabetes Association (to T.C, JFA 7-05-JF-12), the Salt Science Research Foundation (to T.O.), Takeda Science Foundation (to T.O.), and the Japan Heart Foundation (to T.K.), Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (15220401, 17090101) from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, and Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (17650203, 16659224) from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan.
Disclosures
None.
|
Footnotes |
|---|
Original received February 20, 2007; final version accepted July 23, 2007.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
- Gibbons GH, Dzau VJ. Molecular therapies for vascular diseases. Science. 1996; 272: 689–693.[Abstract]
- Lenardo MJ, Baltimore D. NF-B: a pleiotropic mediator of inducible and tissue-specific gene control. Cell. 1989; 58: 227–229.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Chen ZJ. Ubiquitin signalling in the NF-B pathway. Nat Cell Biol. 2005; 7: 758–765.[CrossRef][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Hershko A, Ciechanover A. The ubiquitin system. Annu Rev Biochem. 1998; 67: 425–479.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- D’Andrea A, Pellman D. Deubiquitinating enzymes: A new class of biological regulators. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 1998; 33: 337–352.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Meiners S, Laule M, Rother W, Guenther C, Prauka I, Muschick P, Baumann G, Kloetzel PM, Stangl K. Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway as a new target for the prevention of restenosis. Circulation. 2002; 105: 483–489.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Nishikawa T, Nakagami H, Matsuki A, Maeda A, Yo CY, Harada T, Morishita R, Tamai K, Kaneda Y. Development of high-throughput functional screening of therapeutic genes, using a hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope vector. Hum Gene Ther. 2006; 17: 470–475.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Wilkinson KD, Lee KM, Deshpande S, Duerksen-Hughes P, Boss JM, Pohl J. The neuron-specific protein pGp 9.5 is a ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase. Science. 1989; 246: 670–673.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Nakagami H, Morishita R, Yamamoto K, Taniyama Y, Aoki M, Matsumoto K, Nakamura T, Kaneda Y, Horiuchi M, Ogihara T. Mitogenic and antiapoptotic actions of hepatocyte growth factor through ERK, STAT3, and AKT in endothelial cells. Hypertension. 2001; 37: 581–586.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Kaneda Y, Nakajima T, Nishikawa T, Yamamoto S, Ikegami H, Suzuki N, Nakamura H, Morishita R, Kotani H. Hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ) envelope vector as a versatile gene delivery system. Mol Ther. 2002; 6: 219–226.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Yoshisue H, Suzuki K, Kawabata A, Ohya T, Zhao H, Sakurada K, Taba Y, Sasaguri T, Sakai N, Yamashita S, Matsuzawa Y, Nojima H. Large scale isolation of non-uniform shear stress-responsive genes from cultured human endothelial cells through the preparation of a subtracted cDNA library. Atherosclerosis. 2002; 162: 323–334.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Niwa H, Yamamura K, Miyazaki J. Efficient selection for high-expression transfectants with a novel eukaryotic vector. Gene. 1991; 108: 193–199.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Takemoto M, Sun J, Hiroki J, Shimokawa H, Liao JK. Rho-kinase mediates hypoxia-induced downregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation. 2002; 106: 57–62.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Nakagami H, Morishita R, Yamamoto K, Yoshimura SI, Taniyama Y, Aoki M, Matsubara H, Kim S, Kaneda Y, Ogihara T. Phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase downstream of bax-caspase-3 pathway leads to cell death induced by high D-glucose in human endothelial cells. Diabetes. 2001; 50: 1472–1481.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Cui TX, Nakagami H, Nahmias C, Shiuchi T, Takeda-Matsubara Y, Li JM, Wu L, Iwai M, Horiuchi M. Angiotensin ii subtype 2 receptor activation inhibits insulin-induced phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Akt and induces apoptosis in PC12w cells. Mol Endocrinol. 2002; 16: 2113–2123.[Abstract]
- Morishita R, Gibbons GH, Ellison KE, Nakajima M, Zhang L, Kaneda Y, Ogihara T, Dzau VJ. Single intraluminal delivery of antisense cdc2 kinase and proliferating-cell nuclear antigen oligonucleotides results in chronic inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993; 90: 8474–8478.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Matsushita H, Morishita R, Aoki M, Tomita N, Taniyama Y, Nakagami H, Shimozato T, Higaki J, Kaneda Y, Ogihara T. Transfection of antisense p53 tumor suppressor gene oligodeoxynucleotides into rat carotid artery results in abnormal growth of vascular smooth muscle cells. Circulation. 2000; 101: 1447–1452.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Kaneda Y, Iwai K, Uchida T. Increased expression of DNA cointroduced with nuclear protein in adult rat liver. Science. 1989; 243: 375–378.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Matsushita H, Morishita R, Nata T, Aoki M, Nakagami H, Taniyama Y, Yamamoto K, Higaki J, Yasufumi K, Ogihara T. Hypoxia-induced endothelial apoptosis through nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-B)-mediated bcl-2 suppression: In vivo evidence of the importance of NF-B in endothelial cell regulation. Circ Res. 2000; 86: 974–981.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Yoshimura S, Morishita R, Hayashi K, Yamamoto K, Nakagami H, Kaneda Y, Sakai N, Ogihara T. Inhibition of intimal hyperplasia after balloon injury in rat carotid artery model using cis-element ‘decoy’ of nuclear factor-kappaB binding site as a novel molecular strategy. Gene Ther. 2001; 8: 1635–1642.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Anderson HD, Rahmutula D, Gardner DG. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibits endothelial nitric-oxide synthase gene promoter activity in bovine aortic endothelial cells. J Biol Chem. 2004; 9: 963–969.
- Dikshit P, Chatterjee M, Goswami A, Mishra A, Jana NR. Aspirin induces apoptosis through the inhibition of proteasome function. J Biol Chem. 2006; 281: 29228–29235.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - De Caterina R, Libby P, Peng HB, Thannickal VJ, Rajavashisth TB, Gimbrone MA Jr, Shin WS, Liao JK. Nitric oxide decreases cytokine-induced endothelial activation. Nitric oxide selectively reduces endothelial expression of adhesion molecules and proinflammatory cytokines. J Clin Invest. 1995; 96: 60–68.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Leroy E, Boyer R, Auburger G, Leube B, Ulm G, Mezey E, Harta G, Brownstein MJ, Jonnalagada S, Chernova T, Dehejia A, Lavedan C, Gasser T, Steinbach PJ, Wilkinson KD, Polymeropoulos MH. The ubiquitin pathway in Parkinson’s disease. Nature. 1998; 395: 451–452.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Maraganore DM, de Andrade M, Lesnick TG, Farrer MJ, Bower JH, Hardy JA, Rocca WA. Complex interactions in Parkinson’s disease: A two-phased approach. Mov Disord. 2003; 18: 631–636.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Momose Y, Murata M, Kobayashi K, Tachikawa M, Nakabayashi Y, Kanazawa I, Toda T. Association studies of multiple candidate genes for Parkinson’s disease using single nucleotide polymorphisms. Ann Neurol. 2002; 51: 133–136.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Ciechanover A, Brundin P. The ubiquitin proteasome system in neurodegenerative diseases: Sometimes the chicken, sometimes the egg. Neuron. 2003; 40: 427–446.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Meiners S, Hocher B, Weller A, Laule M, Stangl V, Guenther C, Godes M, Mrozikiewicz A, Baumann G, Stangl K. Downregulation of matrix metalloproteinases and collagens and suppression of cardiac fibrosis by inhibition of the proteasome. Hypertension. 2004; 44: 471–477.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Choi J, Levey AI, Weintraub ST, Rees HD, Gearing M, Chin LS, Li L. Oxidative modifications and down-regulation of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase l1 associated with idiopathic Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. J Biol Chem. 2004; 279: 13256–13264.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Campbell LK, Thomas JR, Lamps LW, Smoller BR, Folpe AL. Protein gene product 9.5 (pGp 9.5) is not a specific marker of neural and nerve sheath tumors: An immunohistochemical study of 95 mesenchymal neoplasms. Mod Pathol. 2003; 16: 963–969.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Caballero OL, Resto V, Patturajan M, Meerzaman D, Guo MZ, Engles J, Yochem R, Ratovitski E, Sidransky D, Jen J. Interaction and colocalization of pGp9.5 with JAB1 and p27(Kip1). Oncogene. 2002; 21: 3003–3010.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Liu Y, Lashuel HA, Choi S, Xing X, Case A, Ni J, Yeh LA, Cuny GD, Stein RL, Lansbury PT Jr. Discovery of inhibitors that elucidate the role of UCH-L1 activity in the H1299 lung cancer cell line. Chem Biol. 2003; 10: 837–846.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Wojcik C, Bury M, Stoklosa T, Giermasz A, Feleszko W, Mlynarczuk I, Pleban E, Basak G, Omura S, Jakobisiak M. Lovastatin and simvastatin are modulators of the proteasome, Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2000; 32: 957–965.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||