This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 25/6/1193    most recent 01.ATV.0000163844.07815.c4v1 Submit a response Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Arakawa, R. Articles by Yokoyama, S. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Arakawa, R. Articles by Yokoyama, S. Related Collections Lipids Cardiovascular Pharmacology Primary prevention Secondary prevention Lipid and lipoprotein metabolism Related Article

(Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2005;25:1193.)
© 2005 American Heart Association, Inc.

Atherosclerosis and Lipoproteins

Fenofibric Acid, an Active Form of Fenofibrate, Increases Apolipoprotein A-I–Mediated High-Density Lipoprotein Biogenesis by Enhancing Transcription of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter A1 Gene in a Liver X Receptor–Dependent Manner

Reijiro Arakawa; Norimasa Tamehiro; Tomoko Nishimaki-Mogami; Kazumitsu Ueda; Shinji Yokoyama

From the Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology, and Metabolism (R.A., S.Y.), Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan; Research and Development Institute (R.A.), Grelan Pharmaceutical Co., Tokyo, Japan; Division of Biosignaling (N.T., T.N.-M.), National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; and Division of Applied Life Sciences (K.U.), Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan.

Correspondence to Shinji Yokoyama, Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology, and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan. E-mail syokoyam{at}med.nagoya-cu.ac.jp

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Objective— Fibrates are widely used drugs to reduce plasma triglyceride and increase high-density lipoprotein. Their active forms, fibric acids, are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- activators, but no direct evidence has been demonstrated for their activation of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) in relation to clinically used fibrates. We investigated the reaction of fenofibric acid in this regard.

Methods and Results— Fenofibric acid was examined for the effect of increase of ABCA1 activity. It enhanced ABCA1 gene transcription and its protein level in macrophage cell line cells and fibroblasts and increased apolipoprotein A-I–mediated cellular lipid release, all in a dose-dependent manner. Enhancement of the gene transcription was examined by using a reporter assay system for liver X receptor responsive element (LXRE) and its inactive mutant. The results demonstrated that the effect of fenofibric acid is dependent on active LXRE.

Conclusions— Fenofibric acid increased transcription of ABCA1 gene in a liver X receptor–dependent manner.

Fibrates are widely used drugs to reduce plasma triglyceride and increase high-density lipoprotein. Their active forms, fibric acids, are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- activators, but no direct evidence has been demonstrated for their activation of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) in relation to clinically used fibrates. We investigated the reaction of fenofibric acid in this regard, finding that fenofibric acid increased transcription of ABCA1 gene in n liver X receptor–dependent manner.

Key Words: fenofibrate • fibrates • PPAR • ABCA1 • HDL • cholesterol • atherosclerosis

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is a negative risk factor in coronary atherogenesis,¹ and raising HDL is expected to protect us against atherosclerosis. Such an effect was demonstrated in experimental animals by specific gene expression² or inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP).³ Although no specific drug is available in clinical use for this purpose, a bile acid–sequestering resin and statins were shown to raise HDL by an unknown mechanism, besides lowering low-density lipoprotein, and subanalysis of these results indicated its independent effect of reducing the atherosclerosis risk.^4–6 Fibric acids, active forms of fibrate drugs and activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- (PPAR),^7,8 are also known for an HDL-raising effect. This group of drugs has been widely used for a long time for the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia, especially types IIb, III, and VI. Fibric acids enhance fatty acid catabolism and accordingly reduce plasma lipid level, predominantly triglyceride (TG). Increase of TG-rich lipoprotein results in increase of TG transfer to HDL in exchange with its cholesteryl ester by CETP, and therefore leads to production of small cholesterol-poor HDL as TG is hydrolyzed.^9,10 Consequently, reduction of TG-rich lipoprotein by fibrates leads to the increase of HDL cholesterol by reversing this mechanism.^11,12 Fibric acids were also shown to enhance transcription of the gene of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) in the liver.^13–15 A PPAR activator, Wy14643, was shown to upregulate the gene of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1)¹⁶ that mediates and rate-limits biogenesis of HDL by the interaction of helical apolipoprotein and cells.^17–20 ABCA1 expression is enhanced by loading cholesterol to cells via the liver X receptor (LXR),^21,22 presumably because of the increase of oxysterol. The effect of Wy14643 was interpreted by the activation of the LXR pathway as it increased LXR.¹⁶ However, there has been no direct demonstration of the ABCA1 upregulation by fibric acids derived from fibrate drugs clinically used. In mouse atherosclerosis models, PPAR agonists did not appear to enhance ABCA1 expression in atherosclerotic lesion despite their effect of the regression.^23,24 Here we report in vitro observation that fenofibric acid increases the expression of ABCA1 and apoA-I–mediated HDL production. The effect on ABCA1 expression was through the enhancement of the transcription of the ABCA1 gene being dependent on LXR.

See page 1095

	Materials and Methods

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Cell Culture
RAW264 cells were maintained in Dulbecco modified Eagle medium (DMEM)/F-12 (1:1) medium (IWAKI Glass) containing 2% TCM serum replacement (purchased from KN) at 37°C in 5% CO₂.²⁵ Cells in 6-well plates at the concentration of 1.5x10⁶ cells per well were incubated 24 hours before the experiments.²⁵ THP-1 cells (4.0x10⁶ cells per well) were differentiated with 3.2x10^–7 M phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; Wako) in 10% FBS (PAA Laboratories)-RPMI 1640 medium (IWAKI Glass) for 72 hours.²⁶ BALB/3T3 clone A31²⁷ (obtained from RIKEN Cell Bank) was incubated in Eagle’s minimum essential medium (MEM) with 10% FCS. All cell lines were incubated at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂. PPAR activators, fenofibric acid, or Wy14643 (Calbiochem-Novabiochem) were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and added to the culture medium containing 0.2% BSA (Sigma).

Cellular Lipid Release
RAW264 cells were washed with PBS and cultured an additional 48 hours in the presence of fenofibric acid or Wy14643 in DMEM/F-12 (1:1) medium containing 2% TCM and 0.2% BSA. During the last 24 hours of the drug treatment, 300 µmol/L of dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP; Wako) and apoA-I (10 µg/mL) were added to the medium.²⁵ THP-1 cells and BALB/3T3 cells were also treated with the PPAR activators and apoA-I in 0.2% BSA-RPMI 1640 medium and 0.1% BSA-MEM, respectively. Cholesterol and choline-phospholipid released into the medium by apoA-I were determined enzymatically.²⁵ Adherent cells were dissolved in 0.1 N NaOH for protein determination by bicinchoninic acid protein assay system (Pierce).

Reporter Gene Assay
The constructs of luciferase reporter genes were prepared as described previously.²⁸ The 5'-flanking region of mouse ABCA1 gene (–1238/+57) was inserted into pGL3 vector (Promega) to generate ABCA1 promotor-luciferase reporter construct (pABCA1-Luc). The reporter plasmid with mutated and inactivated LXR-responsive element (LXRE) (mutant LXRE) was generated by using QuikChange Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene). Mutations introduced were identical to those reported previously.²¹ Cells cultured in 24-well plates (3.0x10³ cells per well) were washed once with PBS or pABCA1-Luc vector or pABCA1-mutant LXRE-Luc vector were cotransfected with phRL-tk vector (Promega) by Superfect transfection reagent (Qiagen). Three hours after the transfection, cells were washed with PBS and cultured in the presence of fenofibric acid or Wy14643 for 24 hours. Cellular luciferase activity was measured by Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega). Results were standardized by the Renilla luciferase activity derived from phRL-tk vector.

Immunoblotting of ABCA1
Cells incubated with fenofibrate or Wy14643 for 48 hours were harvested in cold PBS and pelleted by centrifugation. The cell pellet was suspended in 5 mmol/L Tris-HCl, pH 8.5, containing 1% protease inhibitor cocktails (Sigma) and placed on ice for 30 minutes. The cell suspension was centrifuged at 650g for 5 minutes, and the supernatant was centrifuged at 105 000g for 30 minutes to prepare the membrane fraction as a pellet. Immunoblotting of ABCA1 was performed according to the previous method.²⁶

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Expression of ABCA1
The effects of fenofibric acid and Wy14643 on expression of ABCA1 are shown in Figures 1 and 2. The message of ABCA1 increased by fenofibric acid and Wy14643 in all types of cells examined: RAW264 cells treated with dbcAMP, PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells, and BALB/3T3 cells. ABCA1 protein also increased by the PPAR agonists being demonstrated by its immunoblotting analysis in all these cells (Figures 1 and 2).

View larger version (55K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Effects of PPAR agonists fenofibric acid and Wy14643 on expression of ABCA1 in RAW264 cells pretreated with dbcAMP and THP-1 cells differentiated with PMA and BALB/3T3 fibroblasts. Messages of ABCA1 and GAPDH were detected by RT-PCR, and protein level of ABCA1 was determined by immunoblotting, as described in the text in each type of cell in the presence of the agonists (µmol/L) and 9-cis-retinoic acid (RA).

View larger version (61K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Effects of PPAR agonists fenofibric acid (FFB; µmol/L) and Wy14643 (Wy; µmol/L) on expression of ABCA1. The results of RT-PCR and Western blotting from the same experiments shown in Figure 1 were semiquantified by digital scanning in an Epson GT9500. Message of ABCA1 was standardized for that of GAPDH. Data points represent mean±SE of 3 independent experiments. Significance of the increase from the controls was examined by Student’s t test and indicated as *P<0.05 and **P<0.01.

ApoA-I–Mediated Cellular Lipid Release
ApoA-I induced release of cellular cholesterol and phospholipids into the medium from the cells examined. PPAR agonists fenofibric acid and Wy14643 increased the apoA-I–mediated release of cholesterol and phospholipids in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 3). The increment of lipids released by the drugs was more prominent in cholesterol than phospholipid in RAW264 cells pretreated by dbcAMP. The maximum effect (102% increase in cholesterol release) was observed when the cells were treated with 25 µmol/L of fenofibric acid.

View larger version (45K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3. Lipid release by apoA-I from the cells examined in the presence of PPAR agonists fenofibric acid (FFB; µmol/L) and Wy14643 (Wy; µmol/L). Releases of cholesterol and phospholipid are expressed as percentage of the control for RAW264 cells (cholesterol 2.39 µg/mg cell protein and phospholipid 5.89 µg/mg cell protein), and for THP-1 cells (cholesterol 2.45 µg/mg cell protein and phospholipid 4.26 µg/mg cell protein). Data points in A and B represent mean±SE of triplicate measurement, and those in C represent the average of duplicate measurement. Significance of the increase from the controls was examined using Student’s t test and indicated as *P<0.05 and **P<0.01.

Reporter Gene Assay
Transcription of the ABCA1 gene was examined by using the reporter genes (pABCA1-Luc) in the dbcAMP-treated RAW264 cells (Figure 4). Fenofibric acid and Wy14642 enhanced transcription of the ABCA1 reporter gene in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 4A and 4B). These effects were cancelled by substitute transfection of the mutant LXRE-containing reporter vector (pABCA1-mutant LXRE-Luc) to inactivate LXRE (Figure 4A and 4B), whereas 9-cis-retionic acid, a ligand for retinoid X receptor (RXR), and 22-oxysterol, a ligand for LXR, failed to increase the transcription of the mutant ABCA1 gene (Figure 4C).

View larger version (31K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 4. Luciferase reporter gene assay of ABCA1. The reporter genes for the ABCA1 promoter were constructed as described in the text. Wt-LXRE and Mut-LXRE indicate the genes without and with introduction of mutation in LXRE to inactivate the responsive element. The effects of fenofibric acid (FFB; µmol/L) and Wy14643 (Wy; µmol/L) were examined, as well as those of 9-cis-retionic acid (RA) and 22-oxysterol (220HC). Data points represent mean±SE of triplicate measurement. Significance of the increase was examined using Student’s t test and indicated as *P<0.05 from the blanks (no compound), **P<0.05 from the controls (mutant LXRE), and ***P<0.05 from both.

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
PPARs belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily group and act as ligand-activated transcription factors regulating the expression of certain target genes.²⁹ The PPAR family contains 3 different subtypes, designated PPAR, PPARß/, and PPAR. PPAR subtypes display distinct expression patterns, different ligand specificities, and distinct biological functions.^30–32 PPARs are activated by fatty acids and its metabolites and accordingly exert various effects in lipid homeostasis.³³ Several subtype-specific synthetic compounds have been developed for clinical use, including fibric acids (PPAR agonist) and glitazones (PPAR agonist).³⁴ Fibrates are widely used drugs for hyperlipidemic patients because they significantly improve plasma lipid profiles by reducing TG-rich lipoprotein and raising HDL.^35,36 The primary effects of fibric acids, active forms of fibrates, on plasma lipids have been attributed to their PPAR-mediated expression of the genes of various enzymes that regulate lipid metabolism.^7,8 For HDL metabolism, the effects are partly explained by reduction of plasma TG itself and CETP reaction^9,10 and by increased expression of the apoA-I gene.^13–15 In addition, Wy14643, a nonclinical PPAR activator, was shown to enhance ABCA1 gene expression.¹⁶ Because LXR was also activated in the condition used in that work,¹⁶ and ABCA1 is known to be regulated by the LXR/RXR pathway, it was hypothesized that Wy14643 increases the transcription of ABCA1 gene via the LXR pathway.

We demonstrated the increase of ABCA1 by fenofibric acid, an active form of clinically used fibrate drug fenofibrate, in macrophage cell line cells and in mouse fibroblasts. These effects were also reproduced by a positive control Wy14643. To examine the mechanism, the reporter gene assay was used via a promoter of the ABCA1 gene by introducing a mutation in LXR response element. Inactivation of this element was verified by abolishment of its response to 9-cis retinoic acid and 22-oxysterol, and fenofibrate failed to enhance transcription of the mutant reporter gene. Therefore, PPAR in fact activates the ABCA1 gene by the LXR-dependent pathway. The results were inconsistent with the finding that PPARs form a heterodimeric complex with the RXR (not LXR) and bind to specific PPAR-response elements in the promoter region of target gene.^37,38 However, a direct ligand of RXR, 9-cis retinoic acid, failed to activate the mutant gene, consistent with the established finding that dimerization of RXR with LXR is essential for enhancing ABCA1 gene transcription.²¹

Fenofibrate and Wy14643 reportedly have different affinity and distinct specificity to murine and human PPARs. However, both compounds showed equivalent capability in transactivation of the ABCA1 gene. Wy14643 activates not only PPAR but also PPAR and PPAR in cell-based transactivation assays³⁹ at the concentration >30 µmol/L. Activation of PPAR was suggested to affect the ABCA1-mediated HDL biogenesis on the basis that an agonist of PPAR induced HDL synthesis in culture cells and in monkeys.⁴⁰ Therefore, the effects of Wy14643 may include combined activation of various PPARs. In contrast, fenofibric acid is highly specific for activation of PPAR, at least up to 100 µmol/L.³⁹ Because C_max of fenofibrae is 30 µmol/L when it is orally administrated to human, it is most likely that the effect of this drug on the HDL biogenesis is based on the enhancement of ABCA1 expression by the mechanism shown in this article.

Fenofibrate has been shown to retard progression of coronary atherosclerosis,⁴¹ consistent with the findings of reducing a risk of coronary heart disease by other fibrate drugs.^42,43 The clinical effects of these drugs are attributed to improvement of plasma lipoprotein profile by reducing TG and raising HDL. Although decrease of TG and increase of HDL are linked in human by the action of CETP,¹⁰ the increase of ABCA1 activity may more directly contribute to raising HDL and prevention of lipid accumulation in vascular cells.

	Acknowledgments

 
This study was supported in part by the Program for Promotion of Fundamental Studies in Health Science of the Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Agency (PMDA).

Received January 7, 2005; accepted February 16, 2005.

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
1. Gordon DJ, Rifkind BM. High-density lipoprotein—the clinical implications of recent studies. New Eng J Med. 1989; 321: 1311–1316.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

2. Rubin EM, Krauss RM, Spangler EA, Verstuyft JG, Clift SM. Inhibition of early atherogenesis in transgenic mice by human apolipoprotein AI. Nature. 1991; 353: 265–267.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

3. Okamoto H, Yonemori F, Wakitani K, Minowa T, Maeda K, Shinkai H. A cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor attenuates atherosclerosis in rabbits. Nature. 2000; 406: 203–207.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

4. Gordon DJ, Knoke J, Probstfield JL, Superko R, Tyroler HA. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary heart disease in hypercholesterolemic men: the Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. Circulation. 1986; 74: 1217–1225.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

5. Vrecer M, Turk S, Drinovec J, Mrhar A. Use of statins in primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke. Meta-analysis of randomized trials. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003; 41: 567–577.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

6. Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Papageorgiou AA, Symeonidis AN, Mercouris BR, Pehlivanidis A, Bouloukos VI, Elisaf M, Group GC; GREASE Collaborative Group. Effect of atorvastatin on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and its relationship with coronary events: a subgroup analysis of the GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary-heart-disease Evaluation (GREACE) Study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004; 20: 627–637.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

7. Issemann I, Green S. Activation of a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily by peroxisome proliferators. Nature. 1990; 347: 645–650.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

8. Yadetie F, Laegreid A, Bakke I, Kusnierczyk W, Komorowski J, Waldum HL, Sandvik AK. Liver gene expression in rats in response to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonist ciprofibrate. Physiol Genomics. 2003; 15: 9–19.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

9. Ko KW, Ohnishi T, Yokoyama S. Triglyceride transfer is required for net cholesteryl ester transfer between lipoproteins in plasma by lipid transfer protein. Evidence for a hetero-exchange transfer mechanism demonstrated by using novel monoclonal antibodies. J Biol Chem. 1994; 269: 28206–28213.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

10. Foger B, Ritsch A, Doblinger A, Wessels H, Patsch JR. Relationship of plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein to HDL cholesterol. Studies in normotriglyceridemia and moderate hypertriglyceridemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1996; 16: 1430–1436.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

11. Despres JP. Increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: an update on fenofibrate. Am J Cardiol. 2001; 88: 30N–36N.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

12. Pauciullo P, Marotta G, Rubba P, Cortese C, Caruso MG, Gnasso A, Fischetti A, Motti C, Mancini M. Serum lipoproteins, apolipoproteins and very low density lipoprotein subfractions during 6-month fibrate treatment in primary hypertriglyceridemia. J Intern Med. 1990; 228: 425–430.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

13. Berthou L, Duverger N, Emmanuel F, Langouet S, Auwerx J, Guillouzo A, Fruchart JC, Rubin E, Denefle P, Staels B, Branellec D. Opposite regulation of human versus mouse apolipoprotein A-I by fibrates in human apolipoprotein A-I transgenic mice. J Clin Invest. 1996; 97: 2408–2416.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

14. Krause BR, Newton RS. Gemfibrozil increases both apo A-I and apo E concentrations. Comparison to other lipid regulators in cholesterol-fed rats. Atherosclerosis. 1986; 59: 95–98.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

15. Staels B, Dallongeville J, Auwerx J, Schoonjans K, Leitersdorf E, Fruchart JC. Mechanism of action of fibrates on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Circulation. 1998; 98: 2088–2093.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

16. Chinetti G, Lestavel S, Bocher V, Remaley AT, Neve B, Torra IP, Teissier E, Minnich A, Jaye M, Duverger N, Brewer HB, Fruchart JC, Clavey V, Staels B. PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma activators induce cholesterol removal from human macrophage foam cells through stimulation of the ABCA1 pathway. Nat Med. 2001; 7: 53–58.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

17. Hara H, Yokoyama S. Interaction of free apolipoproteins with macrophages: Formation of high-density lipoprotein-like lipoproteins and reduction of cellular cholesterol. J Biol Chem. 1991; 266: 3080–3086.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

18. Bodzioch M, Orso E, Klucken J, Langmann T, Bottcher A, Diederich W, Drobnik W, Barlage S, Buchler C, Porsch-Ozcurumez M, Kaminski WE, Hahmann HW, Oette K, Rothe G, Aslanidis C, Lackner KJ, Schmitz G. The gene encoding ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 is mutated in Tangier disease. Nat Genet. 1999; 22: 347–351.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

19. Brooks-Wilson A, Marcil M, Clee SM, Zhang L-H, Roomp K, van Dam M, Yu L, Brewer C, Collins JA, Molhuizen HOF, Loubser O, Ouelette BFF, Fichter K, Ashbourne-Excoffon KJD, Sensen CW, Scherer S, Mott S, Denis M, Martindale D, Frohlich J, Morgan K, Koop B, Pimstone S, Kastelein JJP, Genest J Jr, Hayden MR. Mutations in ABC 1 in Tangier disease and familial high-density lipoprotein deficiency. Nat Genet. 1999; 22: 336–345.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

20. Rust S, Rosier M, Funke H, Real J, Amoura Z, Piette J-C, Deleuze J-F, Brewer HB, Duverger N, Denefle P, Assmann G. Tangier disease is caused by mutations in the gene encoding ATP binding-cassette transporter 1. Nat Genet. 1999; 22: 352–355.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

21. Costet P, Luo Y, Wang N, Tall AR. Sterol-dependent transactivation of the ABC1 promoter by the liver X receptor/retinoid X receptor. J Biol Chem. 2000; 275: 28240–28245.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

22. Schwartz K, Lawn RM, Wade DP. ABC1 gene expression and ApoA-I–mediated cholesterol efflux are regulated by LXR. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000; 274: 794–802.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

23. Duez H, Chao Y-S, Hernandez M, Torpier G, Poulain P, Mundt S, Mallat Z, Teissier E, Burton CA, Tedgui A, Fruchart J-C, Fievet C, Wright SD, Staels B. Reduction of atherosclerosis by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist fenofibrate in mice. J Biol Chem. 2002; 277: 48051–48057.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

24. Li AC, Binder CJ, Gutierrez A, Brown KK, Plotkin CR, Pattison JW, Valledor AF, Davis RA, Willson TM, Witztum JL, Palinski W, Glass CK. Differential inhibition of macrophage foam-cell formation and atherosclerosis in mice by PPAR, ß/, and . J Clin Invest. 2004; 114: 1564–1576.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

25. Abe-Dohmae S, Suzuki S, Wada Y, Aburatani H, Vance DE, Yokoyama S. Characterization of apolipoprotein-mediated HDL generation induced by cAMP in a murine macrophage cell line. Biochemistry. 2000; 39: 11092–11099.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

26. Arakawa R, Abe-Dohmae S, Asai M, Ito J, Yokoyama S. Involvement of caveolin-1 in cholesterol-enrichment of HDL during its assembly by apolipoprotein and THP-1 cells. J Lipid Res. 2000; 41: 1952–1962.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

27. Kakunaga T. A quantitative system for assay of malignant transformation by chemical carcinogens using a clone derived from BALB-3T3. Int J Cancer. 1973; 12: 463–473.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

28. Suzuki S, Nishimaki-Mogami T, Tamehiro N, Inoue K, Arakawa R, Abe-Dohmae S, Tanaka AR, Ueda K, Yokoyama S. Verapamil increases the apolipoprotein-mediated release of cellular cholesterol by induction of ABCA1 expression via liver X receptor-independent mechanism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004; 24: 519–525.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

29. Torra IP, Chinetti G, Duval C, Fruchart J-C, Staels B. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: from transcriptional control to clinical practice. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2001; 12: 245–254.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

30. Kliewer SA, Umesono K, Noonan DJ, Heyman RA, Evans RM. Convergence of 9-cis retinoic acid and peroxisome proliferator signaling pathways through heterodimer formation of their receptors. Nature. 1992; 358: 771–774.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

31. Kliewer SA, Forman BM, Blumberg B, Ong ES, Borgmeyer U, Mangelsdorf DJ, Umesono K, Evans RM. Differential expression and activation of a family of murine peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994; 91: 7355–7359.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

32. Braissant O, Foufelle F, Scotto C, Dauca M, Wahli W. Differential expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs): tissue distribution of PPAR-, -ß, and - in the adult rat. Endocrinology. 1996; 137: 354–366.[Abstract]

33. Keller H, Dreyer C, Medin J, Mahfoudi A, Ozato K, Wahli W. Fatty acids and retinoids control lipid metabolism through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-retinoid X receptor heterodimers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993; 90: 2160–2164.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

34. Chakrabarti R, Vikramadithyan RK, Misra P, Hiriyan J, Raichur S, Damarla RK, Gershome C, Suresh J, Rajagopalan R. Ragaglitazar: a novel PPAR alpha PPAR gamma agonist with potent lipid-lowering and insulin-sensitizing efficacy in animal models. Br J Pharmacol. 2003; 140: 527–537.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

35. Hunninghake DB, Peters JR. Effect of fibric acid derivatives on blood lipid and lipoprotein levels. Am J Med. 1987; 83: 44–49.

36. Malmendier CL, Delcroix C. Effects of fenofibrate on high and low-density lipoprotein metabolism in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis. 1985; 55: 161–169.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

37. Miyata KS, McCaw SE, Marcus SL, Rachubinski RA, Capone JP. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor interacts with the retinoid X receptor in vivo. Gene. 1994; 148: 327–330.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

38. Bardot O, Aldridge TC, Latruffe N, Green S. PPAR-RXR heterodimer activates a peroxisome proliferator response element upstream of the bifunctional enzyme gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993; 192: 37–45.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

39. Fruchart JC, Staels B, Duriez P. The role of fibric acids in atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2001; 3: 83–92.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

40. Oliver WR Jr, Shenk JL, Snaith MR, Russell CS, Plunket KD, Bodkin NL, Lewis MC, Winegar DA, Sznaidman ML, Lambert MH, Xu HE, Sternbach DD, Kliewer SA, Hansen BC, Willson TM. A selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonist promotes reverse cholesterol transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001; 98: 5306–5311.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

41. Effect of fenofibrate on progression of coronary-artery disease in type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study, a randomised study. Lancet. 2001; 357: 905–910.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

42. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, Fye CL, Anderson JW, Elam MB, Faas FH, Linares E, Schaefer EJ, Schectman G, Wilt TJ, Wittes J. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341: 410–418.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

43. Secondary prevention by raising HDL cholesterol and reducing triglycerides in patients with coronary artery disease: the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) study. Circulation. 2000; 102: 21–27.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Related Article:

Antiatherogenic Properties of Fibrates

P.J. Barter
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005 25: 1095-1096. [Extract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				R. Simo and C. Hernandez Advances in the Medical Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Diabetes Care, August 1, 2009; 32(8): 1556 - 1562. [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Lu, R. Arakawa, C. Ito-Osumi, N. Iwamoto, and S. Yokoyama ApoA-I Facilitates ABCA1 Recycle/Accumulation to Cell Surface by Inhibiting Its Intracellular Degradation and Increases HDL Generation Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2008; 28(10): 1820 - 1824. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. T. Remaley Old Drug, New Tricks: The Unexpected Effect of Doxazosin on High-Density Lipoprotein Circ. Res., July 20, 2007; 101(2): 116 - 118. [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Iwamoto, S. Abe-Dohmae, M. Ayaori, N. Tanaka, M. Kusuhara, F. Ohsuzu, and S. Yokoyama ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter A1 Gene Transcription Is Downregulated by Activator Protein 2{alpha}: Doxazosin Inhibits Activator Protein 2{alpha} and Increases High-Density Lipoprotein Biogenesis Independent of {alpha}1-Adrenoceptor Blockade Circ. Res., July 20, 2007; 101(2): 156 - 165. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				2nd International Symposium on Triglycerides and HDL: Lipid abnormalities and their treatment Diabetes Care, November 1, 2005; 28(11): 2795 - 2802. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Hayashi, S. Abe-Dohmae, M. Okazaki, K. Ueda, and S. Yokoyama Heterogeneity of high density lipoprotein generated by ABCA1 and ABCA7 J. Lipid Res., August 1, 2005; 46(8): 1703 - 1711. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P.J. Barter Antiatherogenic Properties of Fibrates Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2005; 25(6): 1095 - 1096. [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 25/6/1193    most recent 01.ATV.0000163844.07815.c4v1 Submit a response Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Arakawa, R. Articles by Yokoyama, S. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Arakawa, R. Articles by Yokoyama, S. Related Collections Lipids Cardiovascular Pharmacology Primary prevention Secondary prevention Lipid and lipoprotein metabolism Related Article