Donate Help Contact The AHA Sign In Home
American Heart Association
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
Search: search_blue_button Advanced Search
« Previous Article | Table of Contents | Next Article »
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2004;24:519-525
Published online before print January 15, 2004, doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000117178.94087.ba
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Data Supplement
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
24/3/519    most recent
01.ATV.0000117178.94087.bav1
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Suzuki, S.
Right arrow Articles by Yokoyama, S.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Suzuki, S.
Right arrow Articles by Yokoyama, S.
Related Collections
Right arrow Calcium cycling/excitation-contraction coupling
Right arrow Lipid and lipoprotein metabolism
(Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2004;24:519.)
© 2004 American Heart Association, Inc.

Atherosclerosis and Lipoproteins

Verapamil Increases the Apolipoprotein-Mediated Release of Cellular Cholesterol by Induction of ABCA1 Expression Via Liver X Receptor-Independent Mechanism

Shogo Suzuki; Tomoko Nishimaki-Mogami; Norimasa Tamehiro; Kazuhide Inoue; Reijiro Arakawa; Sumiko Abe-Dohmae; Arowu R. Tanaka; Kazumitsu Ueda; Shinji Yokoyama

From the Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology, and Metabolism (S.S., R.A., S.A.-D., S.Y.), Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan; the Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism (T.N.-M.., N.T., K.I.), National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and the Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry (A.R.T., K.U.), Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.

Correspondence to Shinji Yokoyama, Biochemistry, Cell Biology, and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan. E-mail syokoyam{at}med.nagoya-cu.ac.jp


*    Abstract
up arrowTop
 *Abstract
down arrowIntroduction
 down arrowMethods
 down arrowResults
 down arrowDiscussion
 down arrowReferences
 
Objective— Release of cellular cholesterol and phospholipid mediated by helical apolipoprotein and ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) A1 is a major source of plasma HDL. We investigated the effect of calcium channel blockers on this reaction.

Methods and Results— Expression of ABCA1, apoA-I–mediated cellular lipid release, and HDL production were enhanced in cAMP analogue-treated RAW264 cells by verapamil, and similar effects were also observed with other calcium channel blockers. The verapamil treatment resulted in rapid increase in ABCA1 protein and its mRNA, but not the ABCG1 mRNA, another target gene product of the nuclear receptor liver X receptor (LXR). By using the cells transfected with a mouse ABCA1 promoter–luciferase construct (-1238 to +57bp), verapamil was shown to enhance the transcriptional activity. However, it did not increase transcription of LXR response element-driven luciferase vector.

Conclusions— The data demonstrated that verapamil increases ABCA1 expression through LXR-independent mechanism and thereby increases apoA-I–mediated cellular lipid release and production of HDL.


Key Words: calcium channel blocker • verapamil • ABCA1 • HDL • cholesterol • apolipoprotein • macrophage


*    Introduction
up arrowTop
 up arrowAbstract
 *Introduction
down arrowMethods
 down arrowResults
 down arrowDiscussion
 down arrowReferences
 
It is a well-known fact that the risk of cardiovascular disease inversely correlates with the plasma level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL).1,2 The background hypothesis for this finding is that HDL functions to transport cholesterol from somatic cells to the liver for its conversion to bile acids; therefore, it is believed that HDL also removes cholesterol pathologically accumulated in the cells of arterial walls as an initial stage of atherosclerosis.3 HDL removes cellular cholesterol by two independent mechanisms: bidirectional exchange of cholesterol molecules between cell surface and HDL, in which cholesterol acyl-esterification on HDL creates its net efflux from the cells, and the interaction of helical apolipoproteins, perhaps dissociated from HDL with cellular surface to generate new HDL particles with the cellular lipid.4 The latter reaction, initially described for macrophages5 and then for other types of cells,6 was found defective in the cells from the patients with genetic HDL deficiency, Tangier disease,7,8 and in those treated with HDL-lowering drug probucol.9,10 Therefore, the reaction is assumed as a main source of plasma HDL. Mutations in ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) A1, one of the ABC superfamily members, were identified in Tangier disease and other genetic HDL deficiencies to indicate that this membrane protein is a key for generation of plasma HDL.11–13 Forced expression of ABCA1 led to the increase of apolipoprotein-mediated lipid release from cells,14,15 and its overexpression in mice resulted in a mild elevation of HDL cholesterol,16,17 implicating that expression level of this protein is a rate-limiting factor for production of plasma HDL. Accordingly, the increase of ABCA1 expression has been shown to protect the animals against atherosclerosis in certain limited conditions.18,19

Expression of ABCA1 gene is transcriptionally regulated. Loading of cholesterol in cells increases the ABCA1 expression and facilitates removal of excess cholesterol from cells.20 This reaction is mediated by the oxysterol-activated nuclear receptor, liver X receptor (LXR), which directly enhances ABCA1 gene transcription.21–23 The ABCA1 mRNA level is also increased by differentiation of THP-1 cells by phorbol ester24 or stimulation of RAW264 cells and macrophages by cAMP analogues.25–27 Transforming growth factor-ß28 and bacterial lipopolysaccharide29 reportedly upregulate the ABCA1 mRNA, whereas interferon-gamma downregulates it.30 However, the protein level of ABCA1 in the cells is regulated by modulation of its degradation rate. Apolipoproteins increase the ABCA1 by interfering with its proteolytic degradation,31 and unsaturated fatty acid apparently enhances its decay.32

We previously reported that calmodulin inhibitors increased the apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I)–mediated cellular lipid release,33 indicating that calcium-related signaling plays a role in regulation of the ABCA1-mediated cellular lipid release. Calcium channel blockers are widely used for the treatment of hypertension and other cardiovascular problems. In addition to their anti-hypertensive and anti-arrhythmic effects, these drugs are implicated for independent anti-atherosclerotic effects,34,35 including improved survival rate of patients undergoing cardiac transplantation.36 Mechanisms for such beneficial effects, if any, are not established, but a few reports indicated elevation of plasma HDL in patients using verapamil.37–39 Verapamil reportedly reduced free and esterified cholesterol accumulation in thoracic aorta of cholesterol-fed rabbits.40 On the basis of these implications, we investigated the effect of verapamil on the generation of HDL by the ABCA1–apoA-I pathway. We discovered that verapamil increases apoA-I–mediated lipid release from the cell and thereby produces more HDL, by increasing the levels of ABCA1 mRNA and protein. We demonstrated that ABCA1 mRNA was increased by verapamil by mechanisms distinct from the LXR-dependent system.


*    Methods
up arrowTop
 up arrowAbstract
 up arrowIntroduction
 *Methods
down arrowResults
 down arrowDiscussion
 down arrowReferences
 
Cell Culture and Measurement of Lipid Efflux to Apolipoprotein A-I
RAW264 cells41 were obtained from Riken Gene Bank (Tsukuba, Japan) and maintained in Dulbecco modified Eagle medium (DMEM)/F-12 (1:1) containing 10% fetal calf serum. The lipid efflux measurements were performed as previously described.26,33 The cells were subcultured in 6-well plates and treated with 300 µmol/L dibutyryl cAMP (dBcAMP) in DMEM/F-12 (1:1) containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin for 18 hours, and for additional time in the same medium in the presence or absence of verapamil (Wako Pure Chemicals, Tokyo, Japan), and in d-verapamil and l-verapamil (kind gifts from Knoll AG, Ludwigshafen, Germany), nifedipine, and nicardipine (Wako) for 6 hours. For measurement of lipid release, the cells were incubated in 0.1% bovine serum albumin-DMEM/F-12 (1:1) containing 0 or 10 µg/mL human apoA-I isolated from plasma HDL fraction or 0% to 1.5% 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (Sigma) for 6 hours. Lipid was extracted from the medium and the cells with chloroform/methanol (2:1, volume/volume [v/v]) and hexane/isopropanol (3:2, v/v), respectively; cholesterol and choline-phospholipid were determined by a specific enzymatic method for each lipid, respectively.26,33 The medium was centrifuged at 1.64x105g for 24 hours, and the bottom fraction was analyzed by density gradient ultracentrifugation as previously described.5 The lipid mass and density were determined for each fraction collected from the bottom. Alternatively, THP-1 cells (Riken Gene Bank, Tsukuba, Japan) were maintained in RPMI1640 containing 10% fetal bovine serum in humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 95% air. Differentiation of THP-1 monocytes into macrophages was induced by culturing the cells at the density of 3.0x106 cells/well in a 6-well plate in the presence of 3.2x10-7 M of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (Wako Pure Chemical) for 72 hours.31 The cells were cultured in RPMI1640 and 0.2% bovine serum albumin for 24 hours, and they were used for the cholesterol release experiments by incubating with apoA-I (10 µg/mL) for 24 hours in the presence of verapamil (40 µmol/L).

Immunoblotting of ABCA1
Expression of ABCA1 protein was examined by immunoblotting as previously described.31,42 The cells were suspended and pelleted by centrifugation at 600g for 5 minutes, and re-suspended in cold 5 mmol/L Tris buffer (pH 8.5) containing 1 mmol/L benzamide and 1 mmol/L phenylmethane sulfonyl fluoride. After vortex mixing and centrifugation at 400g for 5 minutes, the supernatant was ultracentrifuged at 100 000g for 1 hour, and the precipitant was re-suspended in 50 mmol/L Tris-buffered saline (pH 7.4) containing the protease inhibitors and was used as a cell membrane fraction. The membrane fraction was treated in 360 mmol/L urea, 0.08% Triton X-100, 0.04% dithiothreitol, and 2% lithium dodecyl sulfate. Proteins were separated by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel containing 0.5% sodium dodecylsulfate, and then electrophoretically transferred to a PVDF membrane (Bio-Rad Laboratory, Hercules, Calif). After being blocked with 5% skim milk in Tris-buffered saline, the membrane was incubated for 2 hours at room temperature with a specific rabbit antiserum and then with an anti-rabbit IgG conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (Biosouce International) for 1 hour. ABCA1 was visualized by using an ECL substrate kit (Amersham Pharmacia).

Measurement of mRNA Levels
The messenger RNA level of ABCA1 was determined by real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The cells were incubated in the medium containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin in the presence or absence of 300 µmol/L dBcAMP for 18 hours. To examine the effect of cellular cholesterol synthesis, 50 µmol/L compactin along with 50 µmol/L mevalonic acid were added to the medium for some samples. The cells were further incubated for 6 hours in the presence or absence of 300 µmol/L dBcAMP, 30 µmol/L verapamil, 50 µmol/L compactin (along with 50 µmol/L mevalonic acid), and 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol (2 µg/mL). Total RNA was extracted from cells by using the Qiagen (Chatsworth, Calif) RNeasy Mini Kit, and DNAase was treated according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Qiagen). The TaqMan one-step RT-PCR Master Mix Reagent Kit was used to determine relative expression levels of mRNA using the ABI Prism 7700 sequence detection system (Applied Biosystems). Primer/probe sequences used were as follows: ABCA1 forward primer, 5'-AGGTTTGGAGATGGTTATACAATAGTTG-3', reverse primer, 5'- CTTTTAGGACACTTCCCGGAAA-3', probe, 5'FAM-ACGAATAGCAGGCTCCAACCCTGACC-TAMRA3'; and ABCG1 forward primer, 5'-TTCATCGTCCTGGGCATCTT-3', reverse primer, 5'-CAGCCCGGATTTTGTATCTGA-3', probe, 5'FAM-ATCTCCCTGCGGCTCATCGCCTATTT-TAMRA3'. Expression data were normalized for 18S rRNA levels and were presented as fold change in the treated cells against the untreated cells.

Construction of Luciferase Reporter Genes
The 5'-flanking region of mouse ABCA1 gene (-1238/+219, relative to the transcription start site) was prepared by PCR using mouse normal ES genomic DNA as a template and a forward primer tailed with SalI (5'-GTCGACTTCTGGTGTTGGCACTCTTC-3') and a reverse primer tailed with BamHI (5'-GGATCCTCTTACCTGTTTTCCACTTTGCTGTTTG-3'). The PCR product was sub-cloned into pCR2.1 (Invitrogen). A fragment (-1238/+57) was excised and inserted into pGL3 Basic vector (Promega) to generate ABCA1 promoter–luciferase reporter construct (pABCA1-Luc). LXR response element (LXRE)-driven luciferase reporter vector (pLXRE-tk-Luc) was constructed by inserting complementary oligonucleotides containing 2 copies of LXREa and 2 copies of LXREb from the sterol response element binding protein-1c promoter43 and overhangs for KpnI and BglII into an upstream of the thymidine kinase (tk) promoter. The mutant reporter vector (pLXREmut-tk-Luc) was constructed with oligonucleotides containing 2 copies of mutant LXREa and LXREb (Figure 5C).



View larger version (37K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Figure 5. Verapamil (ver) does not increase LXRE-dependent transcriptional activity. RAW264 cells were transfected with a luciferase reporter plasmid containing 4 copies of LXREs upstream of the thymidine kinase promoter (LXRE-tk-Luc) or a plasmid-containing mutated LXRE complex (LXREmut-tk-Luc) in the presence of pSV–ß-galactosidase as a reference plasmid. Cells were treated as described in Figure 4. Luciferase activity in dBcAMP-untreated (A) and dBcAMP-treated (B) cells were measured and normalized to the ß-galactosidase activity. The values represent the average±SD relative to untreated cells (taken as 1) from 2 independent transfections performed in triplicate. C, Sequences of 2 LXREs derived from the mouse sterol response element binding protein-1c promoter and mutated LXREs (LXREmut). Mutated bases are underlined and the LXREs are indicated as bold letters.



View larger version (51K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Figure 4. Verapamil induces ABCA1 mRNA but not that of ABCG1 through LXR-independent mechanisms. RAW264 cells were cultured in the presence or absence of dBcAMP (300 µmol/L) and compactin (comp) (50 µmol/L along with 50 µmol/L mevalonic acid) for 18 hours and subsequently treated for 6 hours with or without verapamil (ver) (30 µmol/L), compactin, or 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol (22(R)-HC) (2 µg/mL), as indicated. Total RNA was isolated from the cells and relative mRNA levels of ABCA1 (A) and ABCG1 (B) were measured with TaqMan one-step RT-PCR analysis. Data were normalized to 18S rRNA levels. The values represent the average±SD relative to the untreated cells (taken as 1) from 3 independent experiments performed in duplicate.

Transient Transfections and Reporter Gene Assays
RAW264 cells were co-transfected with 1.3 µg of pABCA1-Luc or empty luciferase vector (pGL3) and 0.1 µg of Renilla luciferase vector (phRL-tk) (Promega) by SuperFect (Qiagen) in 24-well plates. For LXR activation studies, 0.75 µg of pLXRE-tk-Luc or pLXREmut-tk-Luc and 0.75 µg of pSV–ß-galactosidase control vector (Promega) were used. Three hours after transfection, cells were treated with or without 300 µmol/L dBcAMP for 6 to 18 hours, and subsequently with or without 30 µmol/L verapamil and the indicated reagents for 6 to 12 hours. Luciferase and ß-galactosidase activities were determined in cell lysate. The firefly luciferase activity was standardized for either the Renilla luciferase or the ß-galactosidase activity in each sample.


*    Results
up arrowTop
 up arrowAbstract
 up arrowIntroduction
 up arrowMethods
 *Results
down arrowDiscussion
 down arrowReferences
 
Verapamil Increases Lipid Release by ApoA-I
RAW264 cells do not react to apolipoproteins to release cellular lipid, and dBcAMP markedly induces the apoA-I–mediated lipid release.26 When the cAMP-treated cells were further incubated with verapamil for 6 hours, release of cholesterol and choline-phospholipid by apoA-I increased by 4-fold and 2-fold, respectively (Figure 1A). Density gradient centrifugation analysis of the medium showed that this increase was attributed to enhancement of generation of HDL particles (Figure 1B). In contrast, diffusion-mediated cholesterol efflux to 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin was unchanged by the verapamil treatment (Figure 1C). The increase of the apoA-I–mediated cholesterol release was accompanied by a reciprocal decrease in the cellular cholesterol level (Figure 1D). The similar results were observed with human monocytic cell line cells, THP-1, after differentiated to the macrophage-like stage with PMA (Table I, available online at http://atvb.ahajournals.org). The apoA-I–mediated release of cellular cholesterol was increased by a factor of 2 or more. Unlike RAW264, cell cholesterol also increased in this cell line.



View larger version (31K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Figure 1. Verapamil enhances apoA-I–mediated lipid release in cAMP-treated RAW 264 cells. RAW264 cells were treated with dBcAMP (300 µmol/L) for 18 hours and subsequently incubated for 6 hours with 0 to 40 µmol/L verapamil in the presence of the same concentration of dBcAMP. The cells were further incubated with apoA-1 (10 µg/mL) (A, B, D) or 0% to 1.5% 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (C) for 6 hours. A, Effect of verapamil on the apoA-I–mediated release of phospholipid and cholesterol. B, Density gradient analysis of the culture medium obtained from cells treated with or without verapamil (10 µM) in the presence of apoA-I (10 µg/mL). C, Cholesterol efflux to 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin. D, Cellular levels of total cholesterol and free cholesterol in the presence of apoA-I. The data represent the average±SD (n=3) of a typical series of the 5 experiments performed except for density gradient analysis in which each data point represent a single assay point.

Calcium Channel Blockers Increase Lipid Release
The effect of other calcium channel blockers, nicardipine and nifedipine,44 was examined. Figure 2A shows that both compounds increased release of cholesterol and phospholipids mediated by apoA-I. Because the verapamil is a mixture of its stereo isomers, the effect of l-verapamil and d-verapamil was examined separately. As shown in Figure 2B, l-verapamil increased release of cholesterol and phospholipids more efficiently than did d-verapamil at concentrations lower than 10 µmol/L. Because l-verapamil is known as a more potent calcium channel blocker than d-verapamil,44 the effect of verapamil on the cholesterol release is likely to be associated with its activity of blocking calcium channels.



View larger version (31K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Figure 2. Effect of nicardipine, nifedipine (A), d-verapamil, and l-verapamil (B) on apoA-I–mediated lipid release. RAW264 cells were treated with dBcAMP (300 µmol/L) for 18 hours and subsequently incubated for 6 hours with various concentrations of the calcium channel blockers in the presence of dBcAMP. Cholesterol and choline-phospholipids (PL) released into the medium during the additional 6-hour incubation with apoA-I (10 µg/mL) were analyzed. The data represent the average±SD (n=3) of a typical series of the 3 experiments performed.

Verapamil Increases Lipid Release Through Induction of ABCA1
As shown in Figure 3A, increase of lipid release reached maximum after the 6-hour incubation with verapamil. Immunoblotting analysis of the cell membrane at the 6-hour incubation demonstrated that verapamil and nifedipine increased the ABCA1 protein level (Figure 3B). RT-PCR analysis showed the increase of ABCA1 mRNA by the verapamil treatment (Figure 3C).



View larger version (29K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Figure 3. Verapamil rapidly enhances apoA-I–mediated lipid release through an induction of ABCA1. RAW264 cells were treated with dBcAMP (300 µmol/L) for 24 hours. Verapamil (10 µmol/L) was included in the medium during the last 1 to 18 hours. The cells were further incubated with apoA-I (10 µg/mL) for 6 hours, and the lipid released into the medium was analyzed (A). The data represent the average±SD (n=3) of a typical series of three experiments. Immunoblotting analysis of ABCA1 (B) and RT-PCR analysis of ABCA1 mRNA (C) in cells treated with or without verapamil (10 µmol/L) or nifedipine (30 µmol/L) for 6 hours.

Increased ABCA1 Expression by Verapamil Is Independent of LXR
Expression of ABCA1 has been shown to be stimulated by LXR activation.21–23 We investigated whether increased ABCA1 mRNA by verapamil is mediated by LXR. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that verapamil increased ABCA1 mRNA level in cAMP-treated and untreated cells (Figure 4A). In the cAMP-untreated cells, ABCA1 mRNA was increased by an LXR ligand, 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol, and diminished by compactin, which has reportedly depleted endogenous LXR45 (Figure 4A, left). The effect of verapamil was not diminished by compactin, and the combination of verapamil and 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol had an additive effect. Even when cAMP markedly enhanced the expression of ABCA1 mRNA (Figure 4A, right), 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol was still capable of potentiating induction of ABCA1, and the combination of verapamil and 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol had an additive effect.

ABCG1 is also known as LXR-responsive gene.46,47 The level of ABCG1 mRNA was increased by 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol and diminished by compactin regardless of the presence or absence of cAMP (Figure 4B). However, verapamil did not increase but rather slightly decreased the expression of ABCG1 mRNA.

In the parallel experiments, we examined the effect of verapamil on LXRE-dependent transcriptional activity. In cells transfected with an LXRE-driven luciferase-reporter vector (LXRE-tk-Luc), but not in cells with a mutant LXRE-containing reporter vector (LXREmut-tk-Luc), luciferase activity was induced by 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol and decreased by depleting endogenous ligand with compactin (Figure 5). Whereas verapamil slightly induced the reporter gene expression in the cAMP-treated cells, similar extent of induction was observed even when LXRE was mutated (Figure 5B). Thus, the data clearly demonstrated that verapamil did not upregulate the LXR-dependent transcription.

Verapamil Increases Promoter Activity of ABCA1
To determine whether increased ABCA1 mRNA level is resulted from enhanced gene transcription, we examined the effect of verapamil on promoter activity of ABCA1. A mouse ABCA1 promoter–luciferase construct (-1238/+57) was prepared and transfected into RAW264 cells. As expected by the presence of a consensus binding site for LXR/RXR in this promoter region,48 treatment of cells with an LXR ligand, 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol, increased luciferase activity (Figure 6). This promoter region was unresponsive to cAMP stimulation, whereas cAMP greatly increased ABCA1 mRNA level (by 60-fold) (Figure 4A), which is consistent with our previous report.26 Verapamil treatment markedly enhanced luciferase activity (by 3.5-fold) in the presence but not in the absence of cAMP, indicating increased transcription.



View larger version (39K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Figure 6. Verapamil activates mouse ABCA1 promoter (from -1238 to +57 bp). RAW264 cells were transfected with ABCA1 promoter–luciferase construct (pABCA1-Luc) or empty luciferase vector (pGL3) in the presence of a Rennila luciferase plasmid as a reference. Cells were treated with or without dBcAMP (300 µmol/L) for 6 hours and subsequently treated for 12 hours with or without verapamil (30 µmol/L) or 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol (22 (R)-HC) (2 µg/mL), as indicated, in the presence or absence of dBcAMP. Cellular firefly luciferase activity was measured and normalized to Renilla luciferase activity. The values represent the average±SD from 3 independent experiments performed in triplicate.


*    Discussion
up arrowTop
 up arrowAbstract
 up arrowIntroduction
 up arrowMethods
 up arrowResults
 *Discussion
down arrowReferences
 
In the present study, we report that generation of HDL mediated by apoA-I and ABCA1 in RAW 264 cells is enhanced by verapamil, which has been indicated to cause a significant increase in plasma HDL in several previous reports.37–39 Because verapamil did not influence cellular cholesterol efflux by its free diffusion represented by 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin-dependent cholesterol efflux, the ABCA1-mediated pathway was specifically investigated to elucidate the mechanism. We found that the rapid enhancement of lipid release by verapamil was accompanied by elevation of the mRNA level and an increase in ABCA1 protein. Furthermore, a region of ABCA1 promoter (-1238/+57) was shown to respond to verapamil treatment, demonstrating that verapamil upregulated ABCA1 at the transcriptional level.

Induction of ABCA1 mRNA is primarily mediated by the activation of the nuclear receptor LXR.21–23 However, the following findings in this article indicate that LXR is not involved in the ABCA1 induction by verapamil. First, verapamil did not enhance transcription of the LXRE-driven luciferase (Figure 5). Second, upregulation of ABCA1 mRNA by verapamil was additive to 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol–elicited increase and was not diminished by depletion of endogenous LXR ligands by compactin (Figure 4A). Third, expression of another LXR target gene, ABCG1,45,46 was not influenced by verapamil (Figure 4B).

ABCG1 was shown to be capable of mediating active release of cholesterol and phospholipid in macrophages.49 However, in the present study, we provide evidence that two genes, ABCA1 and ABCG1, are differentially regulated. We demonstrated that treatment of RAW264 cells with cAMP markedly increased the ABCA1 mRNA, whereas the ABCG1 mRNA was unchanged. In addition, verapamil enhanced expression of ABCA1 but not ABCG1. These findings were apparently coincidental with the previous report of differential regulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 gene shown in the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated THP-1 cells.29

The effect of cAMP on the ABCA1 activity is by the increase of its gene transcription26 and by altering its specific activity through phosphorylation.50,51 However, a role of cAMP is somewhat puzzling in the present data. Verapamil induced the transcription of the ABCA1 gene in the presence of cAMP, with respect to the increase of the ABCA1 mRNA and the results of the reporter gene assay. However, verapamil increased the mRNA even in the absence of cAMP, whereas it did not enhance the reporter gene transcription in the absence of cAMP. In addition, the reporter gene did not respond to cAMP in the conditions given. However, the reporter gene assay may not always give a consistent result for the effect of cAMP. An earlier study showed limited responsiveness of the conserved region of human ABCA1 promoter to cAMP stimulation,52 but another study reported unresponsiveness of the promoter construct containing the same region.22 Thus, the effect of cAMP requires more studies to understand its underlying mechanisms. Nevertheless, our results with RAW264 cells without cAMP treatment and with the differentiated THP-1 cells indicate that the effect of calcium channel blockers can be independent of cAMP for the endogenous ABCA1 gene.

Verapamil is a well-known, widely used calcium channel blocker. We showed that other calcium channel blockers, nicardipine and nifedipine, also caused enhancement in apoA-I–mediated lipid release, so that this effect is likely to be related to inhibition of calcium channel itself. This view was further supported by the finding that l-verapamil, a more potent calcium channel blocker,44 was more effective in enhancing lipid release than d-verapamil. The results were also consistent with our previous findings that calmodulin inhibitors increased the apoA-I–mediated cellular lipid release from the same cell-line cells.33 Inhibition of the calcium-related signaling pathways was shown to downregulate various genes, but upregulation of a few genes was also reported, including interleukin-653 and the LDL receptor.54 Involvement of protein kinase C was suggested for the latter case. Further investigation is required to clarify exact mechanism by which verapamil and other calcium channel blockers induce ABCA1 expression and potentially increase HDL. This should include obtaining the evidence that the reaction is generally observed in other types of cells and identification of specific sites of the promoter for upregulation of transcription. The findings would open a new path to seek technology to enhance the HDL production and thereby prevent atherogenesis.


*    Acknowledgments
 
Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by grants-in-aid from Ministry of Science, Education, Technology, Culture, and Sports of Japan, by a grant (MF-16) from the Organization for Pharmaceutical Safety and Research, and by a fund from the Japan Health Sciences Foundation.


*    Footnotes
 
Shogo Suzuki and Tomoko Nishimaki-Mogami contributed equally to this work.

The present affiliation of Shogo Suzuki is Chubu National Hospital, Gengo 36-3, Morioka-cho, Ohbu 474-8511, Japan.

Received August 26, 2003; accepted December 15, 2003.


*    References
up arrowTop
 up arrowAbstract
 up arrowIntroduction
 up arrowMethods
 up arrowResults
 up arrowDiscussion
 *References
 

  1. Gordon T, Castelli WP, Hjortland MC, Kannel WB, Dawber TR. High density lipoprotein as a protective factor against coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study. Am J Med. 1977; 62: 707–714.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  2. Gordon DJ, Rifkind BM. High density lipoprotein - The clinical implications of recent studies. N Engl J Med. 1989; 321: 1311–1316.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  3. Fielding CJ, Fielding PE. Molecular physiology of reverse cholesterol transport. J Lipid Res. 1995; 36: 211–228.[Abstract]
  4. Yokoyama S. Release of cellular cholesterol: Molecular mechanism for cholesterol homeostasis in cells and in the body. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000; 1529: 231–244.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  5. Hara H, Yokoyama S. Interaction of free apolipoproteins with macrophages: Formation of high density lipoprotein-like lipoproteins and reduction of cellular cholesterol. J Biol Chem. 1991; 266: 3080–3086.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  6. Komaba A, Li Q, Hara H, Yokoyama S. Resistance of smooth muscle cells to assembly of high density lipoproteins with extracellular free apolipoproteins and to reduction of intracellularly accumulated cholesterol. J Biol Chem. 1992; 267: 17560–17566.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  7. Francis GA, Knopp RH, Oram JF. Defective removal of cellular cholesterol and phospholipids by apolipoprotein A-I in Tangier disease. J Clin Invest. 1995; 96: 78–87.
  8. Remaley AT, Schumacher UK, Stonik JA, Farsi BD, Nazih HB, Brewer HBJ. Decreased reverse cholesterol transport from Tangier disease fibroblasts: Acceptor specificity and effect of brefeldin on lipid efflux. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997; 17: 1813–1821.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  9. Tsujita M, Yokoyama S. Selective inhibition of free apolipoprotein-mediated cellular lipid efflux by probucol. Biochemistry. 1996; 35: 13011–13020.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  10. Tsujita M, Tomimoto S, Okumura-Noji K, Okazaki M, Yokoyama S. Apolipoprotein-mediated cellular cholesterol/phospholipid efflux and plasma high density lipoprotein level in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000; 1485: 199–213.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  11. Bodzioch M, Orso E, Klucken J, Langmann T, Böttcher A, Diederich W, Drobnik W, Barlage S, Büchler C, Porsch-Özcürümez M, Kaminski WE, Hahmann HW, Oette K, Rothe G, Aslanidis C, Lackner KJ, Schmitz G. The gene encoding ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 is mutated in Tangier disease. Nat Genet. 1999; 22: 347–351.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  12. Brooks-Wilson A, Marcil M, Clee SM, Zhang L-H, Roomp K, van Dam M, Yu L, Brewer C, Collins JA, Molhuizen HOF, Loubser O, Ouelette BFF, Fichter K, Ashbourne-Excoffon KJD, Sensen CW, Scherer S, Mott S, Denis M, Martindale D, Frohlich J, Morgan K, Koop B, Pimstone S, Kastelein JJP, Genest J, Jr., Hayden MR. Mutations in ABC 1 in Tangier disease and familial high-density lipoprotein deficiency. Nat Genet. 1999; 22: 336–345.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  13. Rust S, Rosier M, Funke H, Real J, Amoura Z, Piette J-C, Deleuze J-F, Brewer HB, Duverger N, Denefle P, Assmann G. Tangier disease is caused by mutations in the gene encoding ATP binding-cassette transporter 1. Nat Genet. 1999; 22: 352–355.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  14. Wang N, Silver DL, Costet P, Tall AR. Specific binding of apoA-I, enhanced cholesterol efflux and altered plasma membrane morphology in cells expressing ABC1. J Biol Chem. 2000; 275: 33053–33058.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  15. Tanaka AR, Ikeda Y, Abe-Dohmae S, Arakawa R, Sadanami K, Kidera A, Nakagawa S, Nagase T, Aoki R, Kioka N, Amachi T, Yokoyama S, Ueda K. Human ABCA1 contains a large amino-terminal extracellular domain homologous to an epitope of Sjögren’s syndrome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001; 283: 1019–1025.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  16. Singaraja RR, Bocher V, James ER, Clee SM, Zhang L-H, Leavitt BR, Tan B, Brooks-Wilson A, Kwok A, Bissada N, Yang Y-z, Liu G, Tafuri SR, Fievet C, Wellington CL, Staels B, Hayden MR. Human ABCA1 BAC transgenic mice show increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol and apoAI-dependent efflux stimulated by an internal promoter containing liver X receptor response elements in intron 1. J Biol Chem. 2001; 276: 33969–33979.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  17. Vaisman BL, Lambert G, Amar M, Joyce C, Ito T, Shamburek RD, Cain WJ, Fruchart-Najib J, Neufeld ED, Remaley AT, Brewer HB, Jr., Santamarina-Fojo S. ABCA1 overexpression leads to hyperalphalipoproteinemia and increased biliary cholesterol excretion in transgenic mice. J Clin Invest. 2001; 108: 303–309.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  18. Joyce CW, Amar MJ, Lambert G, Vaisman BL, Paigen B, Najib-Fruchart J, Hoyt RF, Jr., Neufeld ED, Remaley AT, Fredrickson DS, Brewer HB, Jr., Santamarina-Fojo S. The ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) modulates the development of aortic atherosclerosis in C57BL/6 and apoE-knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002; 99: 407–412.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  19. Singaraja RR, Fievet C, Castro G, James ER, Hennuyer N, Clee SM, Bissada N, Choy JC, Fruchart JC, McManus BM, Staels B, Hayden MR. Increased ABCA1 activity protects against atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest. 2002; 110: 35–42.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  20. Langmann T, Klucken J, Reil M, Liebisch G, Luciani M-F, Chimini G, Kaminski WE, Schmitz G. Molecular cloning of the human ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 (hABC1): evidence for sterol-dependent regulation in macrophage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999; 257: 29–33.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  21. Costet P, Luo Y, Wang N, Tall AR. Sterol-dependent transactivation of the ABC1 promoter by the liver X receptor/retinoid X receptor. J Biol Chem. 2000; 275: 28240–28245.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  22. Schwartz K, Lawn RM, Wade DP. ABC1 gene expression and ApoA-I-mediated cholesterol efflux are regulated by LXR. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000; 274: 794–802.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  23. Venkateswaran A, Laffitte BA, Joseph SB, Mak PA, Wilpitz DC, Edwards PA, Tontonoz P. Control of cellular cholesterol efflux by the nuclear oxysterol receptor LXR alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000; 97: 12097–12102.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  24. Arakawa R, Abe-Dohmae S, Asai M, Ito J, Yokoyama S. Involvement of caveolin-1 in cholesterol-enrichment of HDL during its assembly by apolipoprotein and THP-1 cells. J Lipid Res. 2000; 41: 1952–1962.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  25. Smith JD, Miyata M, Ginsberg M, Grigaux C, Shmookler E, Plump AS. Cyclic AMP induces apolipoprotein E binding activity and promotes cholesterol efflux from macrophage cell line to apolipoprotein acceptors. J Biol Chem. 1996; 271: 30647–30655.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  26. Abe-Dohmae S, Suzuki S, Wada Y, Aburatani H, Vance DE, Yokoyama S. Characterization of apolipoprotein-mediated HDL generation induced by cAMP in a murine macrophage cell line. Biochemistry. 2000; 39: 11092–11099.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  27. Oram JF, Lawn RM, Garvin MR, Wade DP. ABCA1 is the cAMP-induced apolipoprotein receptor that mediates cholesterol secretion from macrophages. J Biol Chem. 2000; 34508–34511.
  28. Panousis CG, Evans G, Zuckerman SH. TGF-beta increases cholesterol efflux and ABC-1 expression in macrophage-derived foam cells: opposing the effects of IFN-gamma. J Lipid Res. 2001; 42: 856–863.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  29. Kaplan R, Gan X, Menke JG, Wright SD, Cai TQ. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induces expression of ABCA1 but not ABCG1 via an LXR-independent pathway. J Lipid Res. 2002; 43: 952–959.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  30. Panousis CG, Zuckerman SH. Interferon-gamma induces downregulation of Tangier disease gene (ATP-binding-cassette transporter 1) in macrophage-derived foam cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000; 20: 1565–1571.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  31. Arakawa R, Yokoyama S. Helical apolipoproteins stabilize ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 by protecting it from thiol protease-mediated degradation. J Biol Chem. 2002; 277: 22426–22429.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  32. Wang Y, Oram JF. Unsaturated Fatty Acids Inhibit Cholesterol Efflux from Macrophages by Increasing Degradation of ATP-binding Cassette Transporter A1. J Biol Chem. 2002; 277: 5692–5697.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  33. Suzuki S, Abe-Dohmae S, Fukutomi T, Ito S, Itoh M, Yokoyama S. Enhancement of the cAMP-induced apolipoprotein-mediated cellular lipid release by calmodulin inhibitors W7 and W5 from RAW 264 mouse macrophage cell line cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2000; 36: 609–616.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  34. Waters D, Lesperance J. Calcium channel blockers and coronary atherosclerosis: from the rabbit to the real world (Review). Am Heart J. 1994; 128: 1309–1316.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  35. Mancini GB. Antiatherosclerotic effects of calcium channel blockers (Review). Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2002; 45: 1–20.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  36. Schroeder JS, Gao SZ, Alderman EL, Hunt SA, Johnstone I, Boothroyd DB, Wiederhold V, Stinson EB. A preliminary study of diltiazem in the prevention of coronary artery disease in heart-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med. 1993; 328: 164–170.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  37. Walldius G. Effect of verapamil on serum lipoproteins in patients with angina pectoris. Acta Med Scand. 1984; 681: 43–48.
  38. Midtbo KA. Effects of long-term verapamil therapy on serum lipids and other metabolic parameters (Review). Am J Cardiol. 1990; 66: 13I–15I.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  39. Libretti A, Catalano M. Lipid profile during antihypertensive treatment. The SLIP Study Group. Study on Lipids with Isoptin Press. Drugs. 1993; 46: 16–23.
  40. Stender S, Ravn H, Haugegaard M, Kjeldsen K. Effect of verapamil on accumulation of free and esterified cholesterol in the thoracic aorta of cholesterol-fed rabbits. Atherosclerosis. 1986; 61: 15–23.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  41. Ralph P, Nakoinz I. Antibody-dependent killing of erythrocyte and tumor targets by macrophage-related cell lines: enhancement by PPD and LPS. J Immunol. 1977; 119: 950–954.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  42. Kojima K, Abe-Dohmae S, Arakawa R, Murakami I, Suzumori K, Yokoyama S. Progesterone inhibits apolipoprotein-mediated cellular lipid release: A putative mechanism for the decrease of HDL. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001; 1532: 173–184.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  43. Yoshikawa T, Shimano H, Amemiya-Kudo M, Yahagi N, Hasty AH, Matsuzaka T, Okazaki H, Tamura Y, Iizuka Y, Ohashi K, Osuga J, Harada K, Gotoda T, Kimura S, Ishibashi S, Yamada N. Identification of liver X receptor-retinoid X receptor as an activator of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c gene promoter. Mol Cell Biol. 2001; 21: 2991–3000.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  44. Keogh AM, Schroeder JS. The antiatherogenic effects of calcium antagonists (Review). Am J Hypertens. 1991; 4: 512S–518S.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  45. DeBose-Boyd RA, Ou J, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. Expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) mRNA in rat hepatoma cells requires endogenous LXR ligands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001; 98: 1477–1482.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  46. Venkateswaran A, Repa JJ, Lobaccaro JM, Bronson A, Mangelsdorf DJ, Edwards PA. Human white/murine ABC8 mRNA levels are highly induced in lipid-loaded macrophages. A transcriptional role for specific oxysterols. J Biol Chem. 2000; 275: 14700–14707.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  47. Kennedy MA, Venkateswaran A, Tarr PT, Xenarios I, Kudoh J, Shimizu N, Edwards PA. Characterization of the human ABCG1 gene: liver X receptor activates an internal promoter that produces a novel transcript encoding an alternative form of the protein. J Biol Chem. 2001; 276: 39438–39447.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  48. Qiu Y, Cavelier L, Chiu S, Yang X, Rubin E, Cheng JF. Human and mouse ABCA1 comparative sequencing and transgenesis studies revealing novel regulatory sequences. Genomics. 2001; 73: 66–76.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  49. Klucken J, Büchler C, Orsó E, Kaminski WE, Porsch-Özcürümez M, Liebisch G, Kapinsky M, Diederich W, Drobnik W, Dean M, Allikmets R, Schmitz G. ABCG1 (ABC8), the human homolog of the Drosophila white gene, is a regulator of macrophage cholesterol and phospholipid transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000; 97: 817–822.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  50. Haidar B, Denis M, Krimbou L, Marcil M, Genest J, Jr. cAMP induces ABCA1 phosphorylation activity and promotes cholesterol efflux from fibroblasts. J Lipid Res. 2002; 43: 2087–2094.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  51. See RH, Caday-Malcolm RA, Singaraja RR, Zhou S, Silverston A, Huber MT, Moran J, James ER, Janoo R, Savill JM, Rigot V, Zhang LH, Wang M, Chimini G, Wellington CL, Tafuri SR, Hayden MR. Protein kinase A site-specific phosphorylation regulates ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1)-mediated phospholipid efflux. J Biol Chem. 2002; 277: 41835–41842.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  52. Santamarina-Fojo S, Peterson K, Knapper C, Qiu Y, Freeman L, Cheng JF, Osorio J, Remaley A, Yang XP, Haudenschild C, Prades C, Chimini G, Blackmon E, Francois T, Duverger N, Rubin EM, Rosier M, Denefle P, Fredrickson DS, Brewer HB, Jr. Complete genomic sequence of the human ABCA1 gene: analysis of the human and mouse ATP-binding cassette A promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000; 97: 7987–7992.Erratum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002; 99: 1098.[Free Full Text]
  53. Walz G, Zanker B, Barth C, Wieder KJ, Clark SC, Strom TB. Transcriptional modulation of human IL-6 gene expression by verapamil. J Immunol. 1990; 144: 4242–4248.[Abstract]
  54. Block LH, Keul R, Crabos M, Ziesche R, Roth M. Transcriptional activation of low density lipoprotein receptor gene by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and Ca(2+)-channel blockers involves protein kinase C isoforms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993; 90: 4097–4101.[Abstract/Free Full Text]



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J Biomol ScreenHome page
J. Gao, Y. Xu, Y. Yang, Y. Yang, Z. Zheng, W. Jiang, B. Hong, X. Yan, and S. Si
Identification of Upregulators of Human ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter A1 via High-Throughput Screening of a Synthetic and Natural Compound Library
J Biomol Screen, August 1, 2008; 13(7): 648 - 656.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
N. Tamehiro, Y. Shigemoto-Mogami, T. Kakeya, K.-i. Okuhira, K. Suzuki, R. Sato, T. Nagao, and T. Nishimaki-Mogami
Sterol Regulatory Element-binding Protein-2- and Liver X Receptor-driven Dual Promoter Regulation of Hepatic ABC Transporter A1 Gene Expression: MECHANISM UNDERLYING THE UNIQUE RESPONSE TO CELLULAR CHOLESTEROL STATUS
J. Biol. Chem., July 20, 2007; 282(29): 21090 - 21099.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Circ. Res.Home page
A. T. Remaley
Old Drug, New Tricks: The Unexpected Effect of Doxazosin on High-Density Lipoprotein
Circ. Res., July 20, 2007; 101(2): 116 - 118.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Circ. Res.Home page
N. Iwamoto, S. Abe-Dohmae, M. Ayaori, N. Tanaka, M. Kusuhara, F. Ohsuzu, and S. Yokoyama
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter A1 Gene Transcription Is Downregulated by Activator Protein 2{alpha}: Doxazosin Inhibits Activator Protein 2{alpha} and Increases High-Density Lipoprotein Biogenesis Independent of {alpha}1-Adrenoceptor Blockade
Circ. Res., July 20, 2007; 101(2): 156 - 165.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Lipid Res.Home page
W. Le Goff, M. Settle, D. J. Greene, R. E. Morton, and J. D. Smith
Reevaluation of the role of the multidrug-resistant P-glycoprotein in cellular cholesterol homeostasis
J. Lipid Res., January 1, 2006; 47(1): 51 - 58.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
S. Yokoyama
Assembly of High-Density Lipoprotein
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., January 1, 2006; 26(1): 20 - 27.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Physiol. Rev.Home page
J. F. Oram and J. W. Heinecke
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter A1: A Cell Cholesterol Exporter That Protects Against Cardiovascular Disease
Physiol Rev, October 1, 2005; 85(4): 1343 - 1372.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Lipid Res.Home page
M. Hayashi, S. Abe-Dohmae, M. Okazaki, K. Ueda, and S. Yokoyama
Heterogeneity of high density lipoprotein generated by ABCA1 and ABCA7
J. Lipid Res., August 1, 2005; 46(8): 1703 - 1711.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
R. Arakawa, N. Tamehiro, T. Nishimaki-Mogami, K. Ueda, and S. Yokoyama
Fenofibric Acid, an Active Form of Fenofibrate, Increases Apolipoprotein A-I-Mediated High-Density Lipoprotein Biogenesis by Enhancing Transcription of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter A1 Gene in a Liver X Receptor-Dependent Manner
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., June 1, 2005; 25(6): 1193 - 1197.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Vasc MedHome page
S Soumian, C Albrecht, A. Davies, and R. Gibbs
ABCA1 and atherosclerosis
Vascular Medicine, May 1, 2005; 10(2): 109 - 119.
[Abstract] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Data Supplement
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
24/3/519    most recent
01.ATV.0000117178.94087.bav1
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Permissions
Citing Articles