This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 23/6/1072    most recent 01.ATV.0000074167.01184.48v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Kuhn, H. Articles by Habenicht, A. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Kuhn, H. Articles by Habenicht, A. Related Collections Other Ethics and Policy Endothelium/vascular type/nitric oxide Cardiovascular imaging agents/Techniques Coronary imaging: angiography/ultrasound/Doppler/CC Transplantation

(Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2003;23:1072.)
© 2003 American Heart Association, Inc.

Atherosclerosis and Lipoproteins

Amino Acid Differences in the Deduced 5-Lipoxygenase Sequence of CAST Atherosclerosis-Resistance Mice Confer Impaired Activity When Introduced Into the Human Ortholog

Hartmut Kuhn; Monika Anton; Christa Gerth; Andreas Habenicht

From the Institute of Biochemistry (H.K., M.A., C.G.), Humboldt University Medical School Charité, Berlin and Institute for Vascular Medicine (A.H.), Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Germany.

Correspondence to Dr Hartmut Kuhn, Institute of Biochemistry, University Clinics Charité, Humboldt University, Monbijoustr. 2, 10117 Berlin, F.R. Germany. E-mail hartmut.kuehn{at}charite.de

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Objectives— The mouse strain CON6, which was generated by breeding athero-resistant CAST mice into an athero-susceptible B6 background, exhibits almost complete resistance to atherosclerosis. An athero-resistance gene cluster has been localized at the central region of chromosome 6, and among the candidate genes of this locus, the 5-lipoxygenase has attracted particular attention because of its involvement in the biosynthesis of proinflammatory leukotrienes. Comparison of 5-lipoxygenase genomic sequences of B6 and CON6 mice indicated 2 conserved amino acid exchanges in the CON6 animals, but the functional impact of these mutations has not been defined.

Methods and Results— We analyzed the functionality of these amino acid exchanges relative to essential catalytic properties (specific activity, substrate affinity, and reaction specificity) and found that these mutations confer an impaired lipoxygenase and leukotriene A₄-synthase activity when introduced into the human enzyme. In contrast, substrate affinity, enantiomer selectivity, and positional specificity remained unchanged.

Conclusions— These data are consistent with the possibility that naturally occurring conservative mutations in the coding region of the murine 5-lipoxygenase gene can significantly affect enzyme activity and that this loss of function may be involved in CAST/CON6 athero-resistance.

Key Words: eicosanoids • leukotrienes • inflammation • mutation • atherogenesis

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
The 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) is the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes (LTs), which constitute powerful proinflammatory mediators.^1,2 Expression of the enzyme has been reported in different types of leukocytes,² including in foamy macrophages of atherosclerotic lesions³ and in the aorta of apolipoprotein E–deficient and LDL receptor–deficient mice.⁴ Moreover, the number of transcripts of both 5-LOX and LT-receptors seems to expand during lesion progression,³ suggesting a causal relation between 5-LOX expression and atherogenesis. The genes for human and murine 5-LOX were mapped to syntenic regions of chromosomes 10 and 6, respectively.⁵ To identify genes with potential impact on atherogenesis, athero-resistant CAST mice were crossed with athero-susceptible B6 animals. This crossbreeding yielded the congenic mouse strain CON6, which exhibits a similarly pronounced athero-resistance as the parent CAST strain.⁶ Importantly, CON6 mice retained the athero-resistance gene locus of the CAST animals,⁶ and genotyping of the 2 strains identified the 5-LOX gene immediately underneath the linkage peak.⁴ Moreover, bone marrow transplantation suggested the importance of leukocytes in the athero-resistance of CON6 mice.⁴ Thus, the leukocyte 5-LOX emerged as an attractive candidate gene that could contribute to athero-resistance of CAST and CON6 mice. To address this hypothesis, 5-LOX expression was compared between athero-resistant (CON6) and athero-susceptible (B6) mouse strains, and it was found that CON6 mice exhibited 5-fold lower expression levels of both 5-LOX mRNA and protein than the corresponding B6 control animals.⁴ Moreover, comparison of the genomic 5-LOX sequences indicated 2 nucleotide exchanges in the 5-LOX coding region, which resulted at the protein level in 2 adjacent point mutations: isoleucine 645 of B6 mice was exchanged to valine (I645V) and valine 646¹ was mutated to isoleucine (V646I).⁴ These mutations are rather conservative in nature, and, thus, no major functional consequences were initially expected. However, amino acid alignments of all mammalian 5-LOX species indicated an absolute conservation of these residues, suggesting their functional importance.

To explore whether these amino acid exchanges may be associated with alterations of 5-LOX functionality, we overexpressed the human enzyme as recombinant nonfusion protein in Escherichia coli, mutated the corresponding amino acids, and characterized the resulting LOX species with respect to major enzymatic properties, such as specific activity (LOX and LTA₄-synthase activity), positional specificity, and substrate affinity. We found that each point mutation (I645V and V646I) as well as the double mutant (I645V+V646I) exhibited reduced catalytic activities but retained their positional specificity and substrate affinity. These data suggest that athero-resistant CON6 mice express a catalytically less active 5-LOX, and they also raise the important possibility that similar loss of function mutations may occur in other species. Thus, our findings may encourage experimental approaches to search for functional 5-LOX open reading frame mutations in human populations with a modified risk of cardiovascular disorders.

	Methods

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Chemicals
The chemicals used were from the following sources: (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid (arachidonic acid), (5S,6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-5-hydro(pero)xyeicosa-6,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid [5S-H(p)ETE], CaCl₂, EDTA, ATP, and sodium borohydride from Serva; ampicillin from Gibco; dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, isopropyl-ß-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), and ATP-sepharose from Sigma-Aldrich; and HPLC standards of hydroxy fatty acids and LT A₄ methyl ester from Cayman Chemical (distributed by Alexis GmbH). HPLC solvents were obtained from Merck. Restriction enzymes were purchased from New England Biolabs. Phage T4 ligase, PWO-polymerase, and sequencing kits were bought at Boehringer Mannheim, and the E. coli strain HB 101 was purchased from Invitrogen. Oligonucleotide synthesis was carried out by TiB-Molbiol.

Bacterial Expression, Site-Directed Mutagenesis, and Enzyme Purification
The human 5-LOX was overexpressed as nonfusion protein in E. coli,⁷ and for this purpose its cDNA was subcloned into the bacterial expression plasmid PKK 233-2. First, we introduced an NcoI restriction site at the starting ATG and a HindIII site just behind the stop codon. The NcoI/HindIII restriction fragment was then ligated into the expression vector, and bacteria (HB 101) were transformed with the recombinant plasmid. Then bacteria were cultured at 37°C in 5 mL of LB medium containing 0.1 mg/mL ampicillin to an optical density at 600 nm of approximately 0.5. LOX expression was induced by addition of IPTG (1 mmol/L final concentration). After 12 hours at 30°C, bacteria were spun down, washed with PBS, resuspended in 0.5 mL of 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 1 mmol/L EDTA, and kept on ice for 10 minutes. Then the cells were lysed by sonication with a Labsonic U tip-sonifier, cell debris was removed by centrifugation, and the lysis supernatant was used for activity assay, Western blotting, or additional purification.

Site-directed mutagenesis was carried out using the QuickChange site-directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene). Bacteria were transformed with recombinant wild-type and mutant plasmids and plated for selection. For each mutant, 3 different clones were picked and sequenced. One clone carrying the mutation was selected and replated. To assay the 5-LOX activity, 3 well-separated colonies were picked for each mutant and 5 mL bacterial liquid cultures was grown. When the cultures had reached an optical density at 600 nm of 1.0, expression of the recombinant enzymes was induced by addition of 1 mmol/L isopropyl-ß-D-thiogalactopyranoside. After an additional 12 hours at 30°C, bacteria were spun down, washed with PBS, resuspended in 0.5 mL of 0.1 mol/L Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.4, containing 1 mmol/L EDTA, and kept on ice for 10 minutes. The cells were lysed by sonication with a Labsonic U tip-sonifier (Braun), cell debris was spun down, and the lysis supernatant was used for activity assay (see below). For more detailed investigations of the enzymatic properties, the recombinant enzyme species were purified from large-scale fermentations (500 mL liquid cultures) as described previously.⁸

Activity Assays
The enzymatic activity was assayed by RP-HPLC quantification of the arachidonic acid oxygenation products (sum of 5-HpETE and LTA₄-hydrolysis products).⁷ For this purpose, the bacterial lysate supernatants or the purified enzyme preparations were incubated for 10 minutes in 0.5 mL Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.1 mmol/L arachidonic acid, 0.4 mmol/L CaCl₂, 40 µg/mL dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, and 0.1 mmol/L ATP. The hydroperoxyl compounds formed were reduced with sodium borohydride, the mixture was acidified to pH 3, and 0.5 mL of ice-cold methanol was added. The protein precipitate was spun down, and aliquots of the clear supernatant were injected to HPLC for quantification of the LOX products. HPLC was carried out on a Shimadzu system connected to a Hewlett Packard diode array detector 1040. Reverse-phase HPLC was performed on a Nucleosil C-18 column (Macherey-Nagel, KS-system, 250x4 mm, 5-µm particle size) coupled with an appropriate guard column (30x4 mm, 5-µm particle size). A solvent system of methanol/water/acetic acid (80/20/0.1, by volume) was used at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The chromatographic scale was calibrated (5-point calibration) by injecting known amounts of 15S-HETE (conjugated dienes) and LTB₄ (conjugated trienes). 5(R/S)-HETE enantiomers were separated on a Chiralcel OB column (250x4 mm, 5-µm particle size), and the hydroxy fatty acid methyl esters were eluted with the solvents system n-hexane/2-propanol/acetic acid (100/4/0.1, by volume) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min.

Immunoblotting
For immunoblotting, the bacteria were lysed as described for the activity assay. Aliquots of the lysis supernatants containing similar amounts of total protein were applied to SDS gel electrophoresis. Proteins were transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane by a semidry procedure, and the blots were probed with a polyclonal rabbit antibody raised against the recombinant human 5-LOX. For generation of the antiserum, E. coli–expressed 5-LOX protein was purified by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The electroeluted antigen was then directly injected into lymph nodes of a rabbit with one boost. The immunoreactive bands (see Figure 1) were quantified densitometrically, and a linear calibration curve (0.08 to 0.3 µg) was established using an electrophoretically homogenous human 5-LOX preparation.

View larger version (34K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Quantification of expression of 5-LOX mutants in E. coli. Five-milliliter liquid cultures of E. coli expressing the different 5-LOX mutants were grown, and lysis supernatants were prepared as described in the Methods section. Aliquots of the supernatants representing equal amounts of total lysis proteins were applied to SDS-PAGE, and the Western blot was developed using a polyclonal anti-human 5-LOX antibody. As reference, the purified human 5-LOX was used.

Miscellaneous Methods
Protein concentration was determined with the Roti-Quant detection system (Roth) that is based on the Bradford method. For chiral phase HPLC, the carboxylate group of the free hydroxy fatty acids was methylated with diazomethane in diethylether, and the resulting methyl esters were repurified by RP-HPLC. K_M-values were determined by varying substrate concentrations in the range of 10 to 80 µmol/L, evaluating the data with Lineweaver-Burk plots. A reference mixture of the LTA₄-hydrolysis products was prepared by incubating 5 µg of LTA₄ methyl ester for 2 hours at pH 2 (epoxide ring opening). Then KOH was added to a final concentration of 0.5 mol/L, and the methyl esters of the resulting diol isomers were hydrolyzed to the free acids. After acidification to pH 3, the hydrolysis mixture was directly injected for RP-HPLC and the hydrolysis products were prepared.

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
When we expressed the wild-type (wt) human 5-LOX and the 3 mutants I645V, V646I, and I645V+V646I in E. coli, we observed by immunoblotting variable expression levels of the recombinant enzyme species (9 independent small-scale preparations). When all expression experiments are taken together, the wt enzyme showed always the highest expression level (approximately 100 µg 5-LOX protein/L liquid culture; was set 100%), whereas expression of the mutants varied between 55% and 90% in different fermentation samples. An immunoblot of a representative experiment is shown in Figure 1. Because of the expression variability, the results of the activity assays had to be normalized to 5-LOX protein, as determined by densitometry of 5-LOX immunoblotting. To obtain reliable activity data, 3 clones were randomly selected for wt 5-LOX and for each mutant, and activity assays were carried out. In Figure 2, representative chromatograms obtained for wt human 5-LOX and for the I645V+V646I double mutant are compared. It can be seen that wt LOX produced significantly higher amounts of arachidonic acid oxygenation products, ie, 5-HETE and the LTA₄ hydrolysis products, than the double mutant. In the Table, the normalized 5-LOX activities of lysis supernatants are summarized. These data indicated that the specific activities of the 5-LOX mutants are strongly reduced compared with wt 5-LOX.

View larger version (27K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. RP-HPLC analysis of arachidonic acid oxygenation products formed by recombinant 5-LOX species. Five-milliliter liquid cultures of E. coli expressing wt 5-LOX and its V645I+I646V double mutant were grown, and lysis supernatants were prepared as described in the Methods section. Aliquots of the supernatants (normalized to an equal amount of 5-LOX protein) were incubated with 0.1 mmol/L arachidonic acid. Product preparation and RP-HPLC were performed as described in the Methods section.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 1. Enzymatic Properties of 5-LOX Mutants

These results were clearly surprising, because the mutations carried out were rather conservative in nature. To exclude methodological artifacts, an additional set of experiments determining the normalized arachidonic acid oxygenase was performed. For this purpose, bacteria were retransformed with sequenced recombinant plasmids, and well-separated clones of wt enzyme and of each mutant were randomly selected. In this series of experiments (4 independent measurements using single clones of the wt 5-LOX and of each mutant; mean of the wt activity was set 100%, ± represents SD), the following results were obtained: Wt, 100±12.9%; I645V, 12.9±9.2%; V646I, 5.6±3.5%; and I645V+V646I, 14.7±9.8%. The differences between wt 5-LOX and the mutant enzyme species were significant at P<5x10^-5. By contrast, normalized activities were not significantly different when the various mutants were compared with each other. These data revealed that each single amino acid exchange as well as the double mutation exhibited an impaired 5-LOX activity compared with the wt enzyme.

To explore the possibility of whether the impaired activities of the mutant enzymes are the result of a reduced substrate affinity, basic kinetic parameters were determined. For the wt enzyme, a K_M of 55.6 µmol/L and a V_max of 1.90 µg oxygenation products/µg 5-LOX protein was calculated (Table). This K_M is somewhat higher than the corresponding value determined for the purified native enzyme,⁹ and this may be attributable to the presence of fatty acid–binding proteins in the E. coli lysate supernatant. K_M values for the mutant enzyme species were found to be in the same range. Moreover, the V_max, values for the 5-LOX mutants were strongly reduced (Table), indicating their impaired catalytic activities even under V_max conditions.

In many cases, LOX mutants with low specific activity show a reduced reaction specificity, eg, arachidonic acid is oxygenated to a complex mixture of stereo-random oxygenation products. To examine whether the 5-LOX mutants prepared in this study retained stereochemical control, the enantiomer composition of the major oxygenation product (5-HETE) was analyzed. We found that the S/R ratio determined by chiral phase HPLC was similar for the wt enzyme and the mutants (Table). These data indicated that the high degree of stereo-specificity of the wt enzyme was retained in the mutant 5-LOX species, supporting the conclusion that these mutations did not alter the substrate alignment at the active site.

To exclude that non-LOX proteins in the bacterial lysate may have impacted the activity assay, bacterially expressed enzymes were purified by affinity chromatography on ATP-sepharose.⁹ Comparable amounts of the purified enzyme preparations were used for activity assays, and the activity data were normalized for an equal LOX content. Here again, we observed that the 5-LOX mutants exhibited a strongly impaired enzymatic activity (Table).

The 5-LOX is a multifunctional enzyme that exhibits an arachidonic acid 5-oxygenase activity but also is capable of converting 5(S)-HpETE, its primary oxygenation product, to LT A₄.¹⁰ To find out whether mutations of the I645 and V646 may also impact the LT synthase activity, the enzyme was incubated in our standard assay system, leaving out arachidonic acid but using 50 µmol/L 5(S)-HpETE as substrate instead. It can be seen from Figure 3 that large amounts of LTA₄ hydrolysis products were detected when the wild-type enzyme was used. In contrast, with the mutant enzyme species, much smaller amounts were analyzed. These data suggest that I645V and V646I exchange does not only impair the oxygenase but also LTA₄ synthase activity of the enzyme.

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3. RP-HPLC analysis of LTA4 synthase activity of 5-LOX mutants. Five-milliliter liquid cultures of E. coli overexpressing wt and mutant 5-LOX species were grown, and lysis supernatants were prepared as described in the Methods section. Aliquots of the supernatants were incubated in the standard oxygenase assay. However, arachidonic acid was left out, and 50 µmol/L 5S-HpETE was used as substrate instead. RP-HPLC of the LTA4 hydrolysis products was performed under the same conditions as 5-HETE, and the compounds of interest were identified by comigration with an authentic standard (see Methods section) and by their characteristic uv-spectra. It should be stressed that the peak eluting at 4.5 minutes constitutes a twin peak (5,12-DiHETE diastereomers), which is not resolved under these conditions. In contrast, the 5,6-DiHETE diastereomers (peak doublet eluting at approximately 6 minutes) are partly resolved.

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Because LOXs are lipid-peroxidizing enzymes, they have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in the frame of the LDL oxidation hypothesis.^11,12 During the last decade, research was focused predominantly on the 12/15-LOX family, because these LOXs are capable of oxidizing low-density lipoprotein to an atherogenic form. However, the precise role of these enzymes has not yet been completely understood. In some animal models, 12/15-LOXs seem to exhibit a proatherogenic activity,^13–15 and in others they act antiatherogenic.^16,17 Apart from these unresolved questions concerning 12/15-LOXs, 5-LOX metabolites such as LT have been discussed for more than 10 years as possible mediators in atherogenesis.¹⁸ Today atherosclerosis is well recognized as an inflammatory disorder,^19,20 and, thus, proinflammatory LTs have been suggested to promote the disease.³ Several months ago we reported that 5-LOX and LT receptors³ are abundantly expressed in human atherosclerotic plaques, and similar data were recently obtained in our laboratory for murine lesions. When LDL receptor–deficient mice that lacked just one 5-LOX allele (LDL-R^-/-/5-LOX^+/-) were fed a cholesterol-rich diet for 8 weeks, they developed significantly fewer lesions than their 5-LOX–sufficient counterparts.⁴ These data indicated that a modest decrease in 5-LOX expression might have major antiatherogenic effects in vivo.

CON6 mice that had been generated by crossing the atheroresistant CAST mice onto a B6 background carry an antiatherogenic gene cluster in the central region of chromosome 6 that confers almost complete athero-resistance.⁴ Among the genes located in this region, the 5-LOX was particularly attractive because it is involved in the biosynthesis of proinflammatory mediators.^1,2 Reverse-transcriptase–polymerase reaction, Northern blots, and immunoblotting of CON6 bone marrow cells indicated a 3- to 5-fold lower expression level of 5-LOX mRNA and protein, respectively. Interestingly, bone marrow cells prepared from CON6 mice only produced less than 5% LTB₄ compared with the corresponding B6 cells, suggesting the importance of posttranslational mechanisms. Comparison of the coding sequences of the 5-LOX of CON6 and B6 mice revealed 2 amino acid exchanges (I645V and V646I). These mutations are rather conservative, and, thus, no functional consequences were immediately apparent. Moreover, modeling of the 5-LOX structure based on the X-ray coordinates of rabbit 15-LOX²¹ suggested that I645 and V646 are located in a surface helix with no obvious connection to the active site, casting additional doubt on the functionality of these mutations. On the other hand, I645 and V646 and the entire primary structure region surrounding these residues are absolutely conserved among all mammalian 5-LOXs. Such a high degree of amino acid conservation suggests a functional importance of this structural element. Here we report that even conservative amino acid exchanges, such as I645V and V646I, may lead to mutant enzyme species that exhibited strongly impaired catalytic activities, whereas other important enzyme properties (substrate affinity and positional specificity) remained unaltered. Considering the low expression levels of the 5-LOX in CON6 mice⁴ and the impaired specific activities of the mutant enzyme expressed in these animals (data reported here), a strongly reduced 5-LOX pathway must be postulated for the athero-resistant CON6 mice. This conclusion is consistent with low-level formation of LTB₄ by CON6 bone marrow cells.⁴

It has been reported before that a subpopulation of human asthma patients carrying mutations in the central promoter region of the 5-LOX gene are less susceptible for treatment with drugs impacting LT metabolism.²² Thus, this regulatory polymorphism seems to impact the pathogenesis of an allergic disease. It would be of particular interest to find out whether a structural polymorphism (open reading frame mutations) also exists for the 5-LOX gene and whether such polymorphisms may correlate with the risk for cardiovascular disorders. Identification of such functional mutants and the corresponding correlation studies may help to examine whether 5-LOX is related to the risk of developing inflammatory cardiovascular disorders in humans.

	Acknowledgments

 
This study was supported by grants to A.H. from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Ha 1083/13-1/13-2), the EU (QLG1-CT-2001-01521), and the Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Klinische Forschung Jena (TP4.4; TP4.9).

Received March 5, 2003; accepted April 9, 2003.

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 

1. Samuelsson B, Dahlen SE, Lindgren JA, Rouzer CA, Serhan CN. Leukotrienes and lipoxins: structures, biosynthesis, and biological effects. Science. 1987; 237: 1171–1176.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
2. Funk CD. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes: advances in eicosanoid biology. Science. 2001; 294: 1871–1875.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
3. Spanbroek R, Gräbner R, Lötzer K, Hildner M, Urbach A, Rühling K, Moos MPW, Kaiser B, Cohnert TU, Wahlers T, Zieske A, Plenz G, Robenek H, Salbach P, Kühn H, Radmark O, Samuelsson B, Habenicht AJR. Expanding expression of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway within the arterial wall during human atherogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003; 100: 1238–1243.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
4. Mehrabian M, Allayee H, Wong J, Shih W, Wang XP, Shaposhnik Z, Funk CD, Lusis AJ. Identification of 5-lipoxygenase as a major gene contributing to atherosclerosis susceptibility in mice. Circ Res. 2002; 91: 120–126.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
5. Funk CD, Chen XS, Johnson EN, Zhao L. Lipoxygenase genes and their targeted disruption. Prostaglandins Other Lip Med. 2002; 68–69:303–312.
6. Mehrabian M, Wong J, Wang X, Jiang Z, Shih W, Fogelman A, Lusis AJ. Genetic locus in mice that blocks development of atherosclerosis despite extreme hyperlipidemia. Circ Res. 2001; 89: 125–130.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
7. Schwarz K, Gerth C, Anton M, Kuhn H. Alterations in leukotriene synthase activity of the human 5-lipoxygenase by site-directed mutagenesis affecting its positional specificity. Biochemistry. 2000; 39: 14515–14521.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
8. Denis D, Falgueyret JP, Riendeau D, Abramovitz M. Characterization of the activity of purified recombinant human 5-lipoxygenase in the absence and presence of leukocyte factors. J Biol Chem. 1991; 266: 5072–5079.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
9. Aharony D, Stein RL. Kinetic mechanism of guinea pig neutrophil 5-lipoxygenase. J Biol Chem. 1986; 261: 11512–11519.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
10. Shimizu T, Izumi T, Seyama Y, Tadokoro K, Radmark O, Samuelsson B. Characterization of leukotriene A4 synthase from murine mast cells: evidence for its identity to arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986; 83: 4175–4179.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
11. Steinberg D, Parthasarathy S, Carew TE, Khoo JC, Witztum JL. Beyond cholesterol: modification of low density lipoprotein that increases its atherogenicity. N Engl J Med. 1989; 320: 915–924.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
12. Chisolm GM, Steinberg D. The oxidative modification hypothesis of atherogenesis: an overview. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000; 28: 1815–1826.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
13. Cyrus T, Witztum JL, Rader DJ, Tangirala R, Fazio S, Linton MF, Funk CD. Disruption of the 12/15-lipoxygenase gene diminishes atherosclerosis in apo E-deficient mice. J Clin Invest. 1999; 103: 1597–1604.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
14. George J, Afek A, Shaish A, Levkovitz H, Bloom N, Cyrus T, Zhao L, Funk CD, Sigal E, Harats D. 12/15-lipoxygenase gene disruption attenuates atherogenesis in LDL receptor-deficient mice. Circulation. 2001; 104: 1646–1650.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
15. Harats D, Shaish A, George J, Mulkins M, Kurihara H, Levkovitz H, Sigal E. Overexpression of 15-lipoxygenase in vascular endothelium accelerates early atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000; 20: 2100–2105.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
16. Shen J, Henderick E, Cornhill JF, Zsigmond E, Kim HS, Kuhn H, Guevara NV, Chan L. Macrophage-mediated 15-lipoxygenase expression protects against atherosclerosis development. J Clin Invest. 1996; 98: 2201–2208.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
17. Trebus F, Heydeck D, Schimke I, Gerth C Kühn H. Transient experimental anemia in cholesterol-fed rabbits induces systemic overexpression of the reticulocyte-type 15-lipoxygenase and protects from aortic lipid deposition. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2002; 67: 419–428.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
18. Wissler RW. Update on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Am J Med. 1991; 91: 3S–9S.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
19. Ross R. Atherosclerosis: an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340: 115–126.[Free Full Text]
20. Lusis AJ. Atherosclerosis. Nature. 2000; 407: 233–241.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
21. Gillmor SA, Villasenor A, Fletterick R, Sigal E, Browner MF. The structure of mammalian 15-lipoxygenase reveals similarity to the lipases and the determinants of substrate specificity. Nature Struct Biol. 1997; 4: 1003–1009.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
22. Drazen JM, Yandava CN, Dube L, Szczerback N, Hippensteel R, Pillari A, Israel E, Schork N, Silverman ES, Katz DA, Drajesk J. Pharmacogenetic association between ALOX5 promoter genotype and the response to anti-asthma treatment. Nat Genet. 1999; 22: 168–170.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				M. Mehrabian Response to Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase Variants in Atherosclerosis, Obesity, and Bone Traits Circ. Res., May 12, 2006; 98(9): e68 - e68. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Lyons Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase Variants in Atherosclerosis, Obesity, and Bone Traits Circ. Res., April 28, 2006; 98(8): e66 - e66. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A. Leopold and J. Loscalzo Oxidative Enzymopathies and Vascular Disease Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., July 1, 2005; 25(7): 1332 - 1340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Allayee, A. Ghazalpour, and A. J. Lusis Using Mice to Dissect Genetic Factors in Atherosclerosis Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., September 1, 2003; 23(9): 1501 - 1509. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Lotzer, R. Spanbroek, M. Hildner, A. Urbach, R. Heller, E. Bretschneider, H. Galczenski, J. F. Evans, and A. J.R. Habenicht Differential Leukotriene Receptor Expression and Calcium Responses in Endothelial Cells and Macrophages Indicate 5-Lipoxygenase-Dependent Circuits of Inflammation and Atherogenesis Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., August 1, 2003; 23(8): e32 - 36. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				O. Radmark 5-Lipoxygenase-Derived Leukotrienes: Mediators Also of Atherosclerotic Inflammation Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., June 1, 2003; 23(7): 1140 - 1142. [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 23/6/1072    most recent 01.ATV.0000074167.01184.48v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Kuhn, H. Articles by Habenicht, A. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Kuhn, H. Articles by Habenicht, A. Related Collections Other Ethics and Policy Endothelium/vascular type/nitric oxide Cardiovascular imaging agents/Techniques Coronary imaging: angiography/ultrasound/Doppler/CC Transplantation