Published online before print December 26, 2002, doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000054198.68894.88
© 2003 American Heart Association, Inc.
Vascular Biology |
Involvement of RhoA/Rho Kinase Signaling in VEGF-Induced Endothelial Cell Migration and Angiogenesis In Vitro
From the Laboratory for Physiology (G.P.v.N.A., V.W.M.v.H.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, and the Gaubius Laboratory TNO-PG (P.K., A.V., V.W.M.v.H.), Leiden, the Netherlands.
Correspondence to Prof Dr V.W.M. van Hinsbergh, Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. E-mail hinsbergh{at}physiol.med.vu.nl
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Objective— Growth factor-induced angiogenesis involves migration of endothelial cells (ECs) into perivascular areas and requires active remodeling of the endothelial F-actin cytoskeleton. The small GTPase RhoA previously has been implicated in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced signaling pathways, but its role has not been clarified.
Methods and Results— VEGF induced the activation of RhoA and recruited RhoA to the cell membrane of human ECs. This increase in RhoA activity is necessary for the VEGF-induced reorganization of the F-actin cytoskeleton, as demonstrated by adenoviral transfection of dominant-negative RhoA. Rho kinase mediated this effect of RhoA, as was demonstrated by the use of Y-27632, a specific inhibitor of Rho kinase. Inhibition of Rho kinase prevented the VEGF-enhanced EC migration in response to mechanical wounding but had no effect on basal EC migration. Furthermore, in an in vitro model for angiogenesis, inhibition of either RhoA or Rho kinase attenuated the VEGF-mediated ingrowth of ECs in a 3-dimensional fibrin matrix.
Conclusions— VEGF-induced cytoskeletal changes in ECs require RhoA and Rho kinase, and activation of RhoA/Rho kinase signaling is involved in the VEGF-induced in vitro EC migration and angiogenesis.
Key Words: endothelial cells • migration • angiogenesis • cytoskeleton • stress fibers
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from existing ones, is involved in tissue repair and a variety of diseases, including tumor development, diabetic retinopathy, and rheumatoid arthritis.1–3 Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) is a major angiogenic factor. VEGF induces endothelial permeability,4 migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis5 by multiple mechanisms, including alteration of the F-actin cytoskeleton6 and induction of gene expression.2,3
Reorganization of the F-actin cytoskeleton and cell-matrix adhesion play crucial roles in endothelial cell (EC) migration in angiogenesis and the repair of injuries along the endothelium. For cells to migrate, they must form new lamellipodia, adhere to the substratum at the front of the cell, detach from the substratum at the tail of the cell, and retract their tail.7 Formation of adhesive structures and cellular contraction are essential in this process. ECs contain cytoskeletal "cables" of F-actin and nonmuscle myosin filaments that can contract and exert tension.8,9 A prominent group of these F-actin cables are the stress fibers (SFs), which are linked to the cell membrane at focal adhesions (FAs). VEGF is known to induce the formation of SFs and FAs in vitro.6 In vivo, SFs occur mainly in ECs of large arteries10 and, to a lesser extent, in those of the entire microvasculature,11 but they are largely absent from the venous system.10,12 Many studies have shown that SFs develop during EC adaptation to unfavorable or pathological situations, including wound healing, atherosclerosis, and hypertension.12,13
It has become well established that the formation of SFs and FAs is induced by Ras-related GTPases of the Rho family.14 Indeed, it was found that Rho-like small GTPases regulate cell motility15 in a variety of cell types. Using C3 transferase, a specific inhibitor of the small GTPase RhoA, Aepfelbacher et al16 showed that Rho is involved in wound-induced formation of SFs and endothelial migration in an in vitro wound-healing assay.
Numerous effectors have been identified for RhoA. The best-characterized effector is Rho kinase.17 Rho kinase was shown to be involved in the formation of SFs and FA complexes18 and to increase myosin light-chain phosphorylation.19 Uehata et al20 and Ishizaki et al21 reported a synthetic pyridine analogue that inhibits Rho kinase with high specificity compared with myosin light-chain kinase. This cell-permeant inhibitor, Y-27632, was able to prevent RhoA-mediated SF formation in smooth muscle cells.
RhoA is coupled to G
13 via p115RhoGEF, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that activates RhoA.22 Mice lacking G13 failed to develop an organized vascular system at E8.5, even though ECs had been differentiated in these embryos.23 These results indicate that G13 is required for angiogenesis. Angiogenesis depends on cell migration. Cell migration may be defective in these mice, because fibroblasts generated from these embryos do not migrate in response to G13-coupled receptor agonists such as thrombin.23 These results suggested that Rho signaling might play a role in angiogenesis. Indeed, Hla and coworkers (Lee et al24) found evidence for the role of RhoA in sphingosine-1-phosphate-induced in vitro angiogenesis, which was completely blocked by inhibition of RhoA by C3 transferase. Spontaneous angiogenesis in vitro (Matrigel assay) and in vivo (chick chorioallantoic membrane [CAM] assay) was also dependent on RhoA.25 Other studies pointed to a more prominent role for the related small GTPase Rac.26–28 Recent interest in the proangiogenic and antiangiogenic effects of the widely used group of cholesterol-lowering drugs called statins suggested that inactivation of RhoA accounts for the antiangiogenic effects of statins.29,30
In the present study, we investigated whether RhoA/Rho kinase signaling is involved in VEGF-induced in vitro EC migration and angiogenesis and whether RhoA/Rho kinase signaling might play a role in the accompanying cytoskeletal changes.
|
Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Materials
Medium 199 supplemented with 20 mmol/L HEPES, L-glutamine, and penicillin/streptomycin were obtained from BioWhittaker; newborn calf serum was obtained from Gibco. Tissue-culture plastic ware was from Costar. A crude preparation of EC growth factor was prepared from bovine brain. Human serum was obtained from a local blood bank and was prepared from 10 to 20 healthy donors, pooled, and stored at 4°C. Human serum albumin (HSA) was from Sanguin CLB (Amsterdam, the Netherlands). Trypsin was purchased from Gibco, heparin and thrombin were from Leo Pharmaceutical Products, and human fibrinogen was from Chromogenix. Factor XIII was generously provided by Drs H. Boeder and P. Kappus (Centeon Pharma, Marburg, Germany). Human recombinant tumor necrosis factor (TNF-
) was a gift from Dr J. Travernier (Biogent, Gent, Belgium). VEGF was a gift from Dr H.A. Weich (Braunschweig, Germany). C3 transferase and Ad-N19RhoA were kind gifts from Dr A.J. Ridley (Ludwig Cancer Institute, London, UK).31 Rhodamine phalloidin was from Molecular Probes. Y-27632 was supplied by Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical Industries (Saitama, Japan).
Cell Culture and Adenoviral Transfection
Human foreskin microvascular endothelial cells (hMVECs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were isolated, cultured, and characterized as previously described.32,33 ECs were cultured on fibronectin-coated dishes in medium 199 supplemented with 20 mmol/L HEPES (pH 7.3), 10% heat-inactivated human serum, 10% heat-inactivated newborn calf serum, 150 mg/mL crude EC growth factor, 2 mmol/L L-glutamine, 5 U/mL heparin, 100 IU/mL penicillin, and 100 mg/mL streptomycin at 37°C under a 5% CO2/95% air atmosphere. Twenty-four hours before the experiments were started, growth factor was withdrawn from hMVEC cultures. Adenoviral transfection was performed as described.31
Assay of RhoA Activity and Membrane-Bound RhoA
Rhotekin-binding assays were performed essentially as described.34,35 In brief, 30-cm2 confluent HUVECs were preincubated for 1 hour in medium 199 plus 1% HSA. Cells were stimulated and lysed. Lysates were cleared by centrifugation and incubated with bacterially produced GST-RBD (where RBD stands for the Rho-binding domain of Rhotekin and GST for gluthathione-S-transferase) immobilized on glutathione-coupled Sepharose beads for 30 minutes at 4°C. Beads were washed, eluted in Laemmli sample buffer, and analyzed by Western blotting with a rabbit polyclonal anti-RhoA antibody. Membrane-bound RhoA was separated from cytosolic RhoA as before.36
Migration Assay
Three- to 5-day postconfluent hMVECs with the typical cobblestone morphology were used. Wounds with a constant diameter were made with a sterile pipette tip. Before being wounded, EC monolayers were pretreated for 30 minutes with 10 µmol/L Y-27632, and Y-27632 remained present for the next 24 hours. Immediately after wounding and at the end of the experiment (after 24 hours), wounds were photographed and semiquantitative measurements were made of control and treated wounds. A mean wound width was determined, and an average percent wound closure was calculated.
In Vitro Angiogenesis Model
In vitro angiogenesis assays were performed in 3-dimensional fibrin matrixes as described previously.33 The formation of tubular structures of ECs in the 3-dimensional fibrin matrix was analyzed by phase-contrast microscopy, and the mean length of tubelike structures of 6 randomly chosen microscopic fields (7.3 mm2/field) was measured with an Olympus CK2 microscope equipped with a monochrome CCD camera (MX5) connected to a computer with Optimas image analysis software and expressed as a percentage of control.
F-Actin Staining
The presence of F-actin was visualized by direct staining with rhodamine-phalloidin (1:100) in ECs grown on glass coverslips.37 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) was present in the mounting medium (Vectashield from Vector) as a nuclear counterstain.
Statistical Analysis
Data are reported as mean±SD. Comparisons between >2 groups were made by 1-way ANOVA, followed by a Bonferroni-adjusted 
2 test. Differences were considered significant at the P<0.05 level.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
VEGF-Induced Changes in the EC Cytoskeleton Require Activation of RhoA and Rho essentially
To study the effects of VEGF on the endothelial cytoskeleton, hMVECs were stained for F-actin with rhodamine-phalloidin. Nonstimulated EC monolayers appeared as tightly connected cells with a characteristic peripheral rim of F-actin (Figure 1). Stimulation of the cells with 10 ng/mL VEGF caused an increase in cytoplasmic F-actin staining visible after 10 minutes (Figure 1), accompanied by the loss of peripheral F-actin. Many SFs were formed, which remained present for at least 3 hours. Occasionally, VEGF also induced the formation of small gaps between neighboring cells (indicated with an arrow in Figure 1).
|
To evaluate whether VEGF induces RhoA activity, we used a pulldown assay with the fusion protein GST-RBD, which recognizes only RhoA-GTP, the active form of RhoA. Thrombin induced a robust increase in RhoA-GTP, thus providing a positive control.35 A modest but consistent increase in RhoA-GTP was observed in cells treated for 1 minute with VEGF (Figure 2A); it returned to basal levels after 30 minutes. The increase in RhoA activity was accompanied by a more sustained recruitment of RhoA to the cell membrane (Figure 2B).
|
To assess the role of RhoA in regulating VEGF-induced changes in the F-actin cytoskeleton, confluent HUVECs were infected with recombinant adenoviruses that express the dominant-negative mutant N19RhoA.31 Infection with Ad-LacZ slightly increased cortical F-actin in control cells but had no effect on VEGF-induced SF formation. Infection with Ad-N19RhoA prevented VEGF-mediated increases in SFs to a large extent (Figure 3A). Similarly, preincubation for 24 hours with 5 µg/mL of the RhoA inhibitor C3 transferase abolished the VEGF-induced cytoskeletal reorganization (not shown). In cells pretreated with the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632, F-actin was strictly located at the peripheral rim (Figure 3B). Cells developed a wrinkled appearance but remained tightly connected. VEGF was no longer able to induce SFs in these cells. Taken together, these data indicate that VEGF-induced changes in the endothelial F-actin cytoskeleton require activation of RhoA and Rho kinase.
|
Inhibition of Rho Kinase Reduces VEGF-Induced Cell Migration
To investigate whether Rho kinase is involved in the VEGF-enhanced endothelial migration, confluent and quiescent monolayers of hMVECs were wounded. Recovery of these monolayers depends on migration only, because proliferation of ECs in response to wounding does not start before 24 hours.38 Twenty-four hours after wounding, the percentage of wound closure under nonstimulated conditions was 52±9%, so that both stimulation and inhibition of EC migration could be determined (Figure 4B).
|
Treatment with 10 ng/mL VEGF enhanced endothelial migration significantly (Figure 4B). In the presence of 10 µmol/L Y-27632, basal EC migration was slightly but not statistically significantly inhibited when compared with control conditions. However, coincubation of VEGF with Y-27632 abolished the VEGF-enhanced migration completely (Figure 4B). These data indicate that inhibition of Rho kinase does not alter basal EC migration but prevents the VEGF-induced EC migration.
Role of Rho Kinase in the Formation of Tubular Structures by hMVECs in a Fibrin Matrix
Stimulation with a combination of VEGF and TNF- induced the formation of tubular structures that invaded a fibrin matrix when hMVECs were cultured on top of the fibrin matrix (Figure 5A and 5B and Koolwijk et al33). The confluent monolayer remained unaltered in the absence of either growth factor or cytokine (cf Figure 5A, a).
|
Simultaneous incubation of the VEGF/TNF--stimulated monolayers for 7 days with the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 did not alter the morphology of the EC monolayers on top of the fibrin matrix or the attachment of cells to the fibrin matrix, indicating that Y-27632 had no toxic effects on the ECs (Figure 5A, c and d). Treatment with Y-27632 reduced the mean tube length of the capillary-like tubular structures formed in response to VEGF/TNF- in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 5B). However, at a maximally inhibiting concentration of 10 µmol/L Y-27632, the number of onsets of tubelike structures that started to form in response to VEGF/TNF- increased (Figure 5A and 5B). In hMVECs treated with 5 µg/mL C3 transferase (renewed every other day), mean tube length was reduced by 40.2±13.6% (mean±SD, 8 determinations, P=0.01). Similarly, transfection of Ad-N19RhoA reduced mean tube length by 48.5±17.6% (mean±SD, 10 determinations, P=0.001) compared with Ad-LacZ-transfected cells. Thus, RhoA and Rho kinase activity are necessary for the proper ingrowth of ECs in a fibrin matrix.
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
The major finding of this study is that inhibition of either RhoA or Rho kinase reduced VEGF-induced endothelial migration and angiogenesis in vitro and abolished the accompanying growth factor-induced changes in the endothelial cytoskeleton. Furthermore, we show that VEGF induces a modest RhoA activation.
Stimulation of endothelial monolayers with VEGF induced the formation of SFs in accordance with other reports.6,39 These SFs were formed rapidly and were maintained for at least 3 hours. They probably exist much longer. Cohen et al40 reported the expression of SFs in ECs 45 hours after VEGF treatment. In Swiss 3T3 cells, transfection of constitutive active Rho kinase results in the formation of SFs and is prevented by inhibition of Rho kinase.20,41 In the present study, we show that Rho kinase is also involved in VEGF-induced cytoskeletal changes in ECs.
Our study provides evidence that VEGF induces RhoA activity. This enhanced RhoA activation is accompanied by recruitment of RhoA to the cell membrane. The mechanisms by which VEGF activates RhoA in ECs remain unclear. Recently, some evidence was provided that VEGFR-2, Gq/11, and phospholipase C are involved in the signaling pathway.42 Gingras et al43 have shown involvement of RhoA in tyrosine phosphorylation of VEGF-activated signaling intermediates, including FAK, paxillin, and phospholipase C-
. Interestingly, activation of RhoA resulted in an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of the primary VEGF receptor VEGFR-2 and its kinase activity, thus providing a potential mechanism for the role of RhoA in VEGF-induced angiogenesis.
A marked difference in the level of RhoA activation by VEGF and thrombin was observed. Interestingly, Jo et al44 observed similar differences in the level of RhoA activation by urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA; modest)- and lysophosphatidic acid (robust)-stimulated cells. They proposed a model in which the Ras-extracellular-related kinase (ERK) and RhoA/Rho kinase pathways cooperate to promote uPA-induced cell migration. Neutralizing either pathway was sufficient to block the uPA response, indicating an important contribution of the modest RhoA activation to the uPA response. The different levels in RhoA activation between thrombin- and VEGF-stimulated cells that we observed are likely to underlie functional differences between these 2 mediators. Thrombin stimulates a generalized contraction of ECs mediated by RhoA.35 F-actin staining did not reveal such an effect in VEGF-stimulated cells. However, we observed that in VEGF-stimulated cells, RhoA signaling is necessary for migration. Under those conditions, RhoA is likely to mediate retraction of the trailing edge of migrating cells, analogous to its role in leukocyte (trans)migration.45 Migration is crucial for the repair of injured blood vessels, angiogenesis, and atherogenesis and is accompanied by the formation of SFs in vivo.46 Conflicting results have been reported with regard to the role of RhoA and Rho kinase in cell migration. Aepfelbacher et al16 found that inhibition of RhoA with a high concentration of C3 transferase attenuated HUVEC migration. Nobes and Hall47 showed that treatment of fibroblast monolayers with C3 transferase had no effect on wound closure, and Y-27632 even slightly enhanced wound closure. Here, we show that these apparently contradictory data probably result from differences in the type of stimulus for migration. In our experience, Y-27632 did not significantly affect basal cell migration, in accordance with the data of Nobes and Hall. However, VEGF-induced endothelial migration was completely blocked by Y-27632. This fits with the data from Aepfelbacher et al, as their evidence for a role of RhoA in migration was derived from experiments performed in the presence of an endothelial growth supplement.
Inhibition of Rho kinase did not prevent onset of the in vitro angiogenesis process. At a maximal effective concentration of 10 µmol/L, treatment with Y27632 even increased the number of capillary-like tubes. This means that the initial cell movement is not affected by Y-27632 but that the ingrowth in the fibrin matrix is inhibited. This is likely to be the result of the disturbed migratory capability of the ECs. The increase in tube number probably reflects a lower adhesive capability that allows endothelial remodeling, because treatment with Y-27632 resulted in the loss of FAs (vinculin staining; data not shown), the anchoring structures of the cytoskeleton to the matrix.
The cholesterol-lowering statins interfere with RhoA activation in ECs.36,48 Thus, the involvement of Rho proteins in angiogenesis described in this study may be 1 of the factors that contribute to the overall effect of statins on angiogenesis. Both proangiogenic49,50 and angiostatic29 effects of statins have recently been reported. Those opposite effects of statins might be partly explained by distinct mechanisms of angiogenesis associated with cancer, tissue ischemia, or inflammation.51 Other investigators reported proangiogenic effects of statins at low- and angiostatic effects at high-dose statin treatment52,53: the former via stimulation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathway53 and the latter via inhibition of protein geranylation, most likely geranylation of RhoA.29,52 This latter inhibition may become more important in conditions in which the activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT pathway is compromised. Finally, statins might promote reendothelialization of injured areas in the vasculature.54 No clinical evidence is currently available demonstrating that statins increase morbidity as a consequence of increased tumor vascularization.
The process of angiogenesis in vivo is, already in its initial phase, accompanied by an increase in endothelial permeability. This increase in permeability results in the formation of a fibrinous exudate and the deposition of a provisional matrix, providing an excellent situation for the ingrowth of ECs. We and other investigators have previously shown that an increase in endothelial permeability, such as can be induced by thrombin, is mediated by activation of RhoA and Rho kinase.31,35,55 The effects of VEGF are complex and involve both the formation of transendothelial pores and intercellular gaps.56 The VEGF-induced changes in the EC cytoskeleton observed under our experimental conditions were accompanied by the formation of small gaps between neighboring ECs, indicative of endothelial barrier dysfunction. These data support the idea that the changes that occur in microvascular ECs, which contribute to increased permeability, also facilitate generation of a proangiogenic state of the endothelium.
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
This study was financially supported by the Netherlands Heart Foundation (grant 94.048) and the Dutch Cancer Society (grant TNOP 97 to 1511). We would like to thank Jos Grimbergen, Erna Peters, and Bea van der Vecht for excellent technical assistance.
Received October 7, 2002; accepted November 25, 2002.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
1. Liotta LA, Steeg PS, Stetler-Stevenson WG. Cancer metastasis and angiogenesis: an imbalance of positive and negative regulation. Cell. 1991; 64: 327–336.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
2. Folkman J. Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease. Nat Med. 1995; 1: 27–31.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
3. Battegay EJ. Angiogenesis: mechanistic insights, neovascular diseases, and therapeutic prospects. J Mol Med. 1995; 73: 333–346.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
4. Dvorak HF, Brown LF, Detmar M, Dvorak AM. Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor, microvascular hyperpermeability, and angiogenesis. Am J Pathol. 1995; 146: 1029–1039.[Abstract]
5. Nicosia RF. What is the role of vascular endothelial growth factor-related molecules in tumor angiogenesis? Am J Pathol. 1998; 153: 11–16.
6. Huot J, Houle F, Rousseau S, Deschesnes RG, Shah GM, Landry J. SAPK2/p38-dependent F-actin reorganization regulates early membrane blebbing during stress-induced apoptosis. J Cell Biol. 1998; 143: 1361–1373.
7. Kiosses WB, Daniels RH, Otey C, Bokoch GM, Schwartz MA. A role for p21-activated kinase in endothelial cell migration. J Cell Biol. 1999; 147: 831–844.
8. Katoh K, Kano Y, Masuda M, Onishi H, Fujiwara K. Isolation and contraction of the stress fiber. Mol Biol Cell. 1998; 9: 1919–1938.
9. Ridley AJ. Stress fibres take shape. Nat Cell Biol. 1999; 1: 64–66.
10. Wong AJ, Pollard JD, Herman IM. Actin filament stress fibers in vascular endothelial cells in vivo. Science. 1983; 219: 867–869.
11. Nehls V, Drenckhahn D. Demonstration of actin filament stress fibers in microvascular endothelial cells in situ. Microvasc Res. 1991; 42: 103–112.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
12. White GE, Gimbrone MA Jr, Fujiwara K. Factors influencing the expression of stress fibers in vascular endothelial cells in situ. J Cell Biol. 1983; 97: 416–424.
13. Colangelo S, Langille BL, Steiner G, Gotlieb AI. Alterations in endothelial F-actin microfilaments in rabbit aorta in hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998; 18: 52–56.
14. Van Nieuw Amerongen GP, van Hinsbergh VWM. Cytoskeletal effects of rho-like small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins in the vascular system. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001; 21: 300–311.
15. Takaishi K, Sasaki T, Kato M, Yamochi W, Kuroda S, Nakamura T, Takeichi M, Takai Y. Involvement of Rho p21 small GTP-binding protein and its regulator in the HGF-induced cell motility. Oncogene. 1994; 9: 273–279.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
16. Aepfelbacher M, Essler M, Huber E, Sugai M, Weber PC. Bacterial toxins block endothelial wound repair: evidence that Rho GTPases control cytoskeletal rearrangements in migrating endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997; 17: 1623–1629.
17. Fujisawa K, Fujita A, Ishizaki T, Saito Y, Narumiya S. Identification of the Rho-binding domain of p160ROCK, a Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase. J Biol Chem. 1996; 271: 23022–23028.
18. Leung T, Chen XQ, Manser E, Lim L. The p160 RhoA-binding kinase ROK- is a member of a kinase family and is involved in the reorganization of the cytoskeleton. Mol Cell Biol. 1996; 16: 5313–5327.[Abstract]
19. Kimura K, Ito M, Amano M, Chihara K, Fukata Y, Nakafuku M, Yamamori B, Feng J, Nakano T, Okawa K, Iwamatsu A, Kaibuchi K. Regulation of myosin phosphatase by Rho and Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase). Science. 1996; 273: 245–248.[Abstract]
20. Uehata M, Ishizaki T, Satoh H, Ono T, Kawahara T, Morishita T, Tamakawa H, Yamagami K, Inui J, Maekawa M, Narumiya S. Calcium sensitization of smooth muscle mediated by a Rho-associated protein kinase in hypertension. Nature. 1997; 389: 990–994.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
21. Ishizaki T, Uehata M, Tamechika I, Keel J, Nonomura K, Maekawa M, Narumiya S. Pharmacological properties of Y-27632, a specific inhibitor of Rho-associated kinases. Mol Pharmacol. 2000; 57: 976–983.
22. Hall A. G proteins and small GTPases: distant relatives keep in touch. Science. 1998; 280: 2074–2075.
23. Offermanns S, Mancino V, Revel JP, Simon MI. Vascular system defects and impaired cell chemokinesis as a result of G13 deficiency. Science. 1997; 275: 533–536.
24. Lee MJ, Thangada S, Claffey KP, Ancellin N, Liu CH, Kluk M, Volpi M, Sha’afi RI, Hla T. Vascular endothelial cell adherens junction assembly and morphogenesis induced by sphingosine-1-phosphate. Cell. 1999; 99: 301–312.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
25. Uchida S, Watanabe G, Shimada Y, Maeda M, Kawabe A, Mori A, Arii S, Uehata M, Kishimoto T, Oikawa T, Imamura M. The suppression of small GTPase rho signal transduction pathway inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000; 269: 633–640.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
26. Kiosses WB, Hood J, Yang S, Gerritsen ME, Cheresh DA, Alderson N, Schwartz MA. A dominant-negative p65 PAK peptide inhibits angiogenesis. Circ Res. 2002; 90: 697–702.
27. Connolly JO, Simpson N, Hewlett L, Hall A. Rac regulates endothelial morphogenesis and capillary assembly. Mol Biol Cell. 2002; 13: 2474–2485.
28. Soga N, Namba N, McAllister S, Cornelius L, Teitelbaum SL, Dowdy SF, Kawamura J, Hruska KA. Rho family GTPases regulate VEGF-stimulated endothelial cell motility. Exp Cell Res. 2001; 269: 73–87.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
29. Vincent L, Soria C, Mirshahi F, Opolon P, Mishal Z, Vannier JP, Soria J, Hong L. Cerivastatin, an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, inhibits endothelial cell proliferation induced by angiogenic factors in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo models. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002; 22: 623–629.
30. Park HJ, Kong D, Iruela-Arispe L, Begley U, Tang D, Galper JB. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors interfere with angiogenesis by inhibiting the geranylgeranylation of RhoA. Circ Res. 2002; 91: 143–150.
31. Wojciak-Stothard B, Potempa S, Eichholtz T, Ridley AJ. Rho and Rac but not Cdc42 regulate endothelial cell permeability. J Cell Sci. 2001; 114: 1343–1355.[Abstract]
32. Draijer R, Atsma DE, van der Laarse A, van Hinsbergh VW. cGMP and nitric oxide modulate thrombin-induced endothelial permeability: regulation via different pathways in human aortic and umbilical vein endothelial cells. Circ Res. 1995; 76: 199–208.
33. Koolwijk P, van Erck MG, de Vree WJ, Vermeer MA, Weich HA, Hanemaaijer R, van Hinsbergh VW. Cooperative effect of TNF-, bFGF, and VEGF on the formation of tubular structures of human microvascular endothelial cells in a fibrin matrix: role of urokinase activity. J Cell Biol. 1996; 132: 1177–1188.
34. Sander EE, Ten Klooster JP, Van Delft S, Van der Kammen RA, Collard JG. Rac downregulates Rho activity; reciprocal balance between both GTPases determines cellular morphology and migratory behaviour. J Cell Biol. 1999; 147: 1009–1022.
35. Van Nieuw Amerongen GP, Van Delft S, Vermeer MA, Collard JG, van Hinsbergh VWM. Activation of RhoA by thrombin in endothelial hyperpermeability: role of Rho kinase and protein tyrosine kinases. Circ Res. 2000; 87: 335–340.
36. Van Nieuw Amerongen GP, Vermeer MA, Negre-Aminou P, Lankelma J, Emeis JJ, van Hinsbergh VWM. Simvastatin improves disturbed endothelial barrier function. Circulation. 2000; 102: 2803–2809.
37. Van Nieuw Amerongen GP, Draijer R, Vermeer MA, Van Hinsbergh VWM. Transient and prolonged increase in endothelial permeability induced by histamine and thrombin: role of protein kinases, calcium, and RhoA. Circ Res. 1998; 83: 1115–1123.
38. Lauder H, Frost EE, Hiley R, Fan T-PD. Quantification of the repair process involved in the repair of a cell monolayer using an in vitro model of mechanical injury. Angiogenesis. 1998; 2: 67–80.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
39. Abedi H, Zachary I. Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation and recruitment to new focal adhesions of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin in endothelial cells. J Biol Chem. 1997; 272: 15442–15451.
40. Cohen AW, Carbajal JM, Schaeffer RCJ. VEGF stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of ß-catenin and small-pore endothelial barrier dysfunction. Am J Physiol. 1999; 277: H2038–H2049.
41. Li S, Chen PC, Azuma N, Hu Y-L, Wu SZ, Sumpio BE, Shyy JYJ, Chien S. Distinct roles for the small GTPases Cdc42 and Rho in endothelial responses to shear stress. J Clin Invest. 1999; 103: 1141–1150.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
42. Zeng H, Zhao D, Mukhopadhyay D. KDR stimulates endothelial cell migration through heterotrimeric G proteins Gq/11-mediated activation of a small GTPase Rho A. J Biol Chem. 2002; 277: 46791–46798.
43. Gingras D, Lamy S, Beliveau R. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the vascular endothelial-growth-factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) is modulated by Rho proteins. Biochem J. 2000; 348: 273–280.
44. Jo M, Thomas KS, Somlyo AV, Somlyo AP, Gonias SL. Cooperativity between the Ras-ERK and Rho-Rho kinase pathways in urokinase-type plasminogen activator-stimulated cell migration. J Biol Chem. 2002; 277: 12479–12485.
45. Worthylake RA, Lemoine S, Watson JM, Burridge K. RhoA is required for monocyte tail retraction during transendothelial migration. J Cell Biol. 2001; 154: 147–160.
46. White GE, Fuhro RL, Stemerman MB. Reversible changes in stress fiber expression and cell shape in regenerating rat and rabbit aortic endothelium. Eur J Cell Biol. 1988; 46: 342–351.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
47. Nobes CD, Hall A. Rho GTPases control polarity, protrusion, and adhesion during cell movement. J Cell Biol. 1999; 144: 1235–1244.
48. Laufs U, Liao JK. Post-transcriptional regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA stability by Rho GTPase. J Biol Chem. 1998; 273: 24266–24271.
49. Kureishi Y, Luo Z, Shiojima I, Bialik A, Fulton D, Lefer DJ, Sessa WC, Walsh K. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor simvastatin activates the protein kinase Akt and promotes angiogenesis in normocholesterolemic animals. Nat Med. 2000; 6: 1004–1010.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
50. Brouet A, Sonveaux P, Dessy C, Moniotte S, Balligand JL, Feron O. Hsp90 and caveolin are key targets for the proangiogenic nitric oxide-mediated effects of statins. Circ Res. 2001; 89: 866–873.
51. Sata M. Biphasic effects of statins on angiogenesis. Circulation. 2002; 106: e47.
52. Weis M, Heeschen C, Glassford AJ, Cooke JP. Statins have biphasic effects on angiogenesis. Circulation. 2002; 105: 739–745.
53. Urbich C, Dernbach E, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Double-edged role of statins in angiogenesis signaling. Circ Res. 2002; 90: 737–744.
54. Werner N, Priller J, Laufs U, Endres M, Bohm M, Dirnagl U, Nickenig G. Bone marrow-derived progenitor cells modulate vascular reendothelialization and neointimal formation: effect of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibition. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002; 22: 1567–1572.
55. Essler M, Amano M, Kruse H-J, Kaibuchi K, Weber PC, Aepfelbacher M. Thrombin inactivates myosin light chain phosphatase via Rho and its target Rho kinase in human endothelial cells. J Biol Chem. 1998; 273: 21867–21874.
56. Michel CC, Curry FE. Microvascular permeability. Physiol Rev. 1999; 79: 703–761.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  H. N. Woodward, A. Anwar, S. Riddle, L. Taraseviciene-Stewart, M. Fragoso, K. R. Stenmark, and E. V. Gerasimovskaya PI3K, Rho, and ROCK play a key role in hypoxia-induced ATP release and ATP-stimulated angiogenic responses in pulmonary artery vasa vasorum endothelial cells Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, November 1, 2009; 297(5): L954 - L964. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. De Smet, I. Segura, K. De Bock, P. J. Hohensinner, and P. Carmeliet Mechanisms of Vessel Branching: Filopodia on Endothelial Tip Cells Lead the Way Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2009; 29(5): 639 - 649. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Bhattacharya, J. Kwon, X. Li, E. Wang, S. Patra, J. P. Bida, Z. Bajzer, L. Claesson-Welsh, and D. Mukhopadhyay Distinct role of PLC{beta}3 in VEGF-mediated directional migration and vascular sprouting J. Cell Sci., April 1, 2009; 122(7): 1025 - 1034. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. P. van Nieuw Amerongen and V. W. M. van Hinsbergh Role of ROCK I/II in vascular branching Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2009; 296(4): H903 - H905. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Kroll, D. Epting, K. Kern, C. T. Dietz, Y. Feng, H.-P. Hammes, T. Wieland, and H. G. Augustin Inhibition of Rho-dependent kinases ROCK I/II activates VEGF-driven retinal neovascularization and sprouting angiogenesis Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2009; 296(3): H893 - H899. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. A. Birukova, I. Cokic, N. Moldobaeva, and K. G. Birukov Paxillin Is Involved in the Differential Regulation of Endothelial Barrier by HGF and VEGF Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., January 1, 2009; 40(1): 99 - 107. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Mayanagi, T. Morita, K. Hayashi, K. Fukumoto, and K. Sobue Glucocorticoid Receptor-mediated Expression of Caldesmon Regulates Cell Migration via the Reorganization of the Actin Cytoskeleton J. Biol. Chem., November 7, 2008; 283(45): 31183 - 31196. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Qiao, O. Holian, B.-S. Lee, F. Huang, J. Zhang, and H. Lum Phosphorylation of GTP dissociation inhibitor by PKA negatively regulates RhoA Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, November 1, 2008; 295(5): C1161 - C1168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. A. Birukova, N. Moldobaeva, J. Xing, and K. G. Birukov Magnitude-dependent effects of cyclic stretch on HGF- and VEGF-induced pulmonary endothelial remodeling and barrier regulation Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, October 1, 2008; 295(4): L612 - L623. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Ispanovic, D. Serio, and T. L. Haas Cdc42 and RhoA have opposing roles in regulating membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase localization and matrix metalloproteinase-2 activation Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, September 1, 2008; 295(3): C600 - C610. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. M.L. Beckers, J. J. Garcia-Vallejo, V. W.M. van Hinsbergh, and G. P. van Nieuw Amerongen Nuclear targeting of {beta}-catenin and p120ctn during thrombin-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction Cardiovasc Res, September 1, 2008; 79(4): 679 - 688. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Ryu, C.-W. Lee, K.-H. Hong, J.-A. Shin, S.-H. Lim, C.-S. Park, J. Shim, K. B. Nam, K.-J. Choi, Y.-H. Kim, et al. Activation of fractalkine/CX3CR1 by vascular endothelial cells induces angiogenesis through VEGF-A/KDR and reverses hindlimb ischaemia Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2008; 78(2): 333 - 340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Mahadev, X. Wu, S. Donnelly, R. Ouedraogo, A. D. Eckhart, and B. J. Goldstein Adiponectin inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor-induced migration of human coronary artery endothelial cells Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2008; 78(2): 376 - 384. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Martin, T. Tanos, A. B. Garcia, D. Martin, J. S. Gutkind, O. A. Coso, and M. J. Marinissen The G{alpha}12/13 Family of Heterotrimeric G Proteins and the Small GTPase RhoA Link the Kaposi Sarcoma-associated Herpes Virus G Protein-coupled Receptor to Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression and Tumorigenesis J. Biol. Chem., November 23, 2007; 282(47): 34510 - 34524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Yin, K.-i. Morishige, T. Takahashi, K. Hashimoto, S. Ogata, S. Tsutsumi, K. Takata, T. Ohta, J. Kawagoe, K. Takahashi, et al. Fasudil inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo Mol. Cancer Ther., May 1, 2007; 6(5): 1517 - 1525. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. J. Marshall Rho Family GTPase Signaling in Tumor Cell Movement and Angiogenesis Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. Educ. Book, April 14, 2007; 2007(1): 103 - 108. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. M. Guo, A. S. Arbab, J. R. Falck, P. Chen, P. A. Edwards, R. J. Roman, and A. G. Scicli Activation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor through Reactive Oxygen Species Mediates 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid-Induced Endothelial Cell Proliferation J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., April 1, 2007; 321(1): 18 - 27. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Lamalice, F. Le Boeuf, and J. Huot Endothelial Cell Migration During Angiogenesis Circ. Res., March 30, 2007; 100(6): 782 - 794. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Su, M. Hodnett, N. Wu, A. Atakilit, C. Kosinski, M. Godzich, X. Z. Huang, J. K. Kim, J. A. Frank, M. A. Matthay, et al. Integrin {alpha}vbeta5 Regulates Lung Vascular Permeability and Pulmonary Endothelial Barrier Function Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., March 1, 2007; 36(3): 377 - 386. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Zeng, S. M. Taylor, J. R. McColm, N. C. Kappas, J. B. Kearney, L. H. Williams, M. E. Hartnett, and V. L. Bautch Orientation of endothelial cell division is regulated by VEGF signaling during blood vessel formation Blood, February 15, 2007; 109(4): 1345 - 1352. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Yao, R.-H. Zhou, M. Petreaca, L. Zheng, J. Shyy, and M. Martins-Green Activation of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) is critical in IL-8-induced angiogenesis J. Leukoc. Biol., September 1, 2006; 80(3): 608 - 620. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. N.A. Bijman, G. P. van Nieuw Amerongen, N. Laurens, V. W.M. van Hinsbergh, and E. Boven Microtubule-targeting agents inhibit angiogenesis at subtoxic concentrations, a process associated with inhibition of Rac1 and Cdc42 activity and changes in the endothelial cytoskeleton. Mol. Cancer Ther., September 1, 2006; 5(9): 2348 - 2357. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. K. Lee, R. T.P. Poon, A. P. Yuen, K. Man, Z. F. Yang, X. Y. Guan, and S. T. Fan Rac Activation Is Associated with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis by Up-regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression Clin. Cancer Res., September 1, 2006; 12(17): 5082 - 5089. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. M. G. Versteilen, I. J. M. Korstjens, R. J. P. Musters, A. B. J. Groeneveld, and P. Sipkema Rho kinase regulates renal blood flow by modulating eNOS activity in ischemia-reperfusion of the rat kidney Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, September 1, 2006; 291(3): F606 - F611. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Su, Z. Cui, Z. Li, and E. R. Block Calpain-2 regulation of VEGF-mediated angiogenesis FASEB J, July 1, 2006; 20(9): 1443 - 1451. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Wojciak-Stothard, L. Y. F. Tsang, E. Paleolog, S. M. Hall, and S. G. Haworth Rac1 and RhoA as regulators of endothelial phenotype and barrier function in hypoxia-induced neonatal pulmonary hypertension Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, June 1, 2006; 290(6): L1173 - L1182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Lu, J. Murtagh, and E. L. Schwartz The Microtubule Binding Drug Laulimalide Inhibits Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Induced Human Endothelial Cell Migration and Is Synergistic when Combined with Docetaxel (Taxotere) Mol. Pharmacol., April 1, 2006; 69(4): 1207 - 1215. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Liu and A. Horowitz A PDZ-binding Motif as a Critical Determinant of Rho Guanine Exchange Factor Function and Cell Phenotype Mol. Biol. Cell, April 1, 2006; 17(4): 1880 - 1887. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. A. Birukova, D. Adyshev, B. Gorshkov, G. M. Bokoch, K. G. Birukov, and A. D. Verin GEF-H1 is involved in agonist-induced human pulmonary endothelial barrier dysfunction Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, March 1, 2006; 290(3): L540 - L548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. C. Eringa, C. D. A. Stehouwer, K. Walburg, A. D. Clark, G. P. van Nieuw Amerongen, N. Westerhof, and P. Sipkema Physiological Concentrations of Insulin Induce Endothelin-Dependent Vasoconstriction of Skeletal Muscle Resistance Arteries in the Presence of Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha} Dependence on c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2006; 26(2): 274 - 280. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W. Breslin, H. Sun, W. Xu, C. Rodarte, A. B. Moy, M. H. Wu, and S. Y. Yuan Involvement of ROCK-mediated endothelial tension development in neutrophil-stimulated microvascular leakage Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2006; 290(2): H741 - H750. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Hu, S. P. RamachandraRao, S. Siva, C. Valancius, Y. Zhu, K. Mahadev, I. Toh, B. J. Goldstein, M. Woolkalis, and K. Sharma Reactive oxygen species production via NADPH oxidase mediates TGF-{beta}-induced cytoskeletal alterations in endothelial cells Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, October 1, 2005; 289(4): F816 - F825. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Goyal, D. Pandey, A. Behring, and W. Siess Inhibition of Nuclear Import of LIMK2 in Endothelial Cells by Protein Kinase C-dependent Phosphorylation at Ser-283 J. Biol. Chem., July 29, 2005; 280(30): 27569 - 27577. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-M. Hyvelin, K. Howell, A. Nichol, C. M. Costello, R. J. Preston, and P. McLoughlin Inhibition of Rho-Kinase Attenuates Hypoxia-Induced Angiogenesis in the Pulmonary Circulation Circ. Res., July 22, 2005; 97(2): 185 - 191. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Swant, B. E. Rendon, M. Symons, and R. A. Mitchell Rho GTPase-dependent Signaling Is Required for Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor-mediated Expression of Cyclin D1 J. Biol. Chem., June 17, 2005; 280(24): 23066 - 23072. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. H. Hong, J. Ryu, and K. H. Han Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-induced angiogenesis is mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor-A Blood, February 15, 2005; 105(4): 1405 - 1407. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. C. Eringa, C. D. A. Stehouwer, G. P. van Nieuw Amerongen, L. Ouwehand, N. Westerhof, and P. Sipkema Vasoconstrictor effects of insulin in skeletal muscle arterioles are mediated by ERK1/2 activation in endothelium Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2004; 287(5): H2043 - H2048. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. B. Kearney, N. C. Kappas, C. Ellerstrom, F. W. DiPaola, and V. L. Bautch The VEGF receptor flt-1 (VEGFR-1) is a positive modulator of vascular sprout formation and branching morphogenesis Blood, June 15, 2004; 103(12): 4527 - 4535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W. Breslin and S. Y. Yuan Involvement of RhoA and Rho kinase in neutrophil-stimulated endothelial hyperpermeability Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2004; 286(3): H1057 - H1062. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. V. Hoang, M. C. Whelan, and D. R. Senger Rho activity critically and selectively regulates endothelial cell organization during angiogenesis PNAS, February 17, 2004; 101(7): 1874 - 1879. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||