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(Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2002;22:1286.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.

Vascular Biology

Thrombospondin-1 Mediates Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation Induced by Interaction With Human Platelets

Takuya Ichii; Hidenori Koyama; Shinji Tanaka; Atsushi Shioi; Yasuhisa Okuno; Shuzo Otani; Yoshiki Nishizawa

From the Department of Biochemistry (T.I., S.O.), the Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine (H.K., S.T., Y.N.), and the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.S., Y.O.), Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.

Correspondence to Hidenori Koyama, MD, PhD, Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine (Second Department of Internal Medicine), Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan. E-mail hidekoyama{at}med.osaka-cu.ac.jp

	Abstract

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Objectives— Platelet adherence and activation are associated with smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and arterial restenosis. This study examined platelet-SMC interaction on fibrillar type I collagen and analyzed the role of thrombospondin (TSP)-1 in platelet-induced SMC proliferation.

Methods and Results— When SMCs cultured on fibrillar collagen were treated with human platelets (5 preparations), 7.45±2.94% of the cells passed through S phase within 24 hours, as determined by bromodeoxyuridine nuclear labeling. The addition of platelets markedly induced SMC TSP-1 mRNA expression and cell surface protein accumulation, which colocalized with adhered platelets, as determined by _IIb integrin immunostaining. Direct interaction of platelets with SMCs was necessary for its effect on proliferation and TSP-1 accumulation, as determined in the transwell culture system. The anti–TSP-1 blocking antibody strongly inhibited platelet-induced SMC proliferation by 60%. Analysis of the receptors for TSP-1 accumulation on the SMC surface revealed that ß₁ integrins are mainly involved. The anti–ß₁ integrin blocking antibody, which potently suppressed TSP-1 accumulation on SMCs, also markedly inhibited platelet-stimulated SMC proliferation.

Conclusions— TSP-1 and ß₁ integrin interaction is involved in platelet-stimulated SMC proliferation. This in vitro coculture system could prove useful for examining the molecular mechanism underlying platelet-induced vascular remodeling and for studying the mechanism of a tested drug for restenosis.

Key Words: atherosclerosis • platelet-derived factors • integrins • collagen (type I) • vascular injury

	Introduction

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The vascular endothelium plays a fundamental role in the local regulation of vascular tone and homeostasis.¹ Injury of a vascular segment elicits a complex sequence of events characterized by platelet adhesion and aggregation, leukocyte infiltration, and smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and proliferation.^2,3 In experimental models, platelet aggregation and adhesion to the wall of injured vessels have been demonstrated in the early phase after balloon injury.⁴ Even though platelets disappeared from the arterial surface within a few days after injury, initial platelet adhesions appear to play important roles in intimal lesion formation.⁵ Platelet adherence and activation are associated with the local release of potent vasoactive factors, such as thrombin, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß, insulin-like growth factor-I, and thromboxane A₂.⁶ These factors are known to stimulate the migration, proliferation, and synthesis of extracellular matrix molecules by SMCs that may lead to the development of an intimal lesion. However, the molecular mechanism behind the role of platelets in lesion formation is still not entirely clear.

See cover

The matricellular protein thrombospondin (TSP)-1 is a 450-kDa homotrimeric glycoprotein that influences cell function by modulating cell-matrix interaction (see recent reviews^7,8). It is well known that TSP-1 is secreted from SMCs⁹ and that its expression and secretion are induced by PDGFs.¹⁰ TSP-1 promotes SMC proliferation in serum-free conditions, and its effect is synergistic with the mitogenic effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF),¹¹ suggesting an autocrine and growth-supportive mechanism for TSP-1. TSP-1 also stimulates SMC migration^12–14 and is involved in platelet activation and aggregation.^15,16 TSP-1 accumulation is observed in human atherosclerotic and restenotic arteries.^17,18 TSP-1 expression is upregulated in balloon-injured rat carotid arteries¹⁹ and in human in-stent coronary neointima.²⁰ Moreover, in rat carotid arteries, anti–TSP-1 blocking antibody efficiently suppresses neointimal formation after balloon injury.²¹ These findings suggest that TSP-1 is a candidate for a molecule mediating platelet-SMC interaction, which could promote neointimal formation after vascular injury. However, the role of TSP-1 in platelet-stimulated SMC proliferation has not been directly investigated.

We demonstrated that fibrillar type I collagen, in contrast to monomeric collagen, potently suppresses SMC proliferation stimulated by PDGF in vitro.²² Moreover, fibrillar collagen also strongly suppresses the expression of extracellular matrix molecules, including TSP-1,¹⁴ and induces many of the quiescent characteristics of arterial SMCs in normal media.²³ By use of this system of culturing cells on fibrillar collagen, the present study was designed to model in vitro the local interaction of vascular SMCs with platelets and to explore the role of TSP-1 in this process. We show that SMC proliferation and TSP-1 accumulation on the SMC surface are potently stimulated by interaction with human platelets. Immunofluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry suggest direct interaction of SMCs with platelets, where TSP-1 is predominantly accumulated. Moreover, an anti–TSP-1 blocking antibody markedly inhibited platelet-induced SMC proliferation, suggesting an involvement of TSP-1 in SMC proliferation induced by direct interaction with platelets.

	Methods

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Reagents and Preparation of Human Platelets
For reagents and preparation of human platelets, please refer to the expanded Methods section in the online supplement (which can be accessed at http://atvb.ahajournals.org).

Human Arterial SMC Culture and Coculture With Platelets
Human SMCs were obtained and cultured as previously described.²⁴ The cells were isolated from umbilical arteries and express SMC markers, including smooth muscle -actin, calponin, and SM22. SMCs were cultured on polymerized collagen fibrils as described.²² They were serum-deprived for 48 hours, trypsinized, and cultured on fibrillar collagen. In this condition, SMCs are completely arrested in the G₁ phase of the cell cycle²² and mimic many of the characteristics of quiescent SMCs in vivo.²³ Platelets (100-fold the number of SMCs) were added to the SMCs that had been cultured on fibrillar collagen for 24 hours. All experiments were repeated at least twice, and the results were reproducible.

Flow Cytometry, Immunocytochemistry, Confocal Microscopy, BrdU Nuclear Labeling, and Northern Blotting
For flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, confocal microscopy, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) nuclear labeling, and Northern blotting, please refer to the online supplement (which can be accessed at http://atvb.ahajournals.org).

	Results

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Platelets Markedly Induce SMC Proliferation Cultured on Fibrillar Collagen
It is well known that in the injured artery, platelets rapidly accumulate on the injured surface, SMC proliferation is induced, and neointimal lesions develop. To model possible platelet-SMC interactions observed in arterial lesions, we have used a coculture system in which platelets were added to SMCs cultured on fibrillar collagen. We have shown that SMCs cultured on fibrillar collagen are arrested in the G₁ phase of the cell cycle and are less responsive to PDGF and growth factors than are cells on monomeric collagen.²² Moreover, this culture system mimics many of the characteristics of quiescent SMCs in media in vivo.²³ After culture of SMCs on fibrillar collagen for 24 hours, platelets (100-fold the numbers of SMCs) were added, and SMC DNA synthesis was determined by BrdU nuclear labeling. As previously reported on fibrillar collagen,²² <3% of the cells went through S phase within 48 hours in the absence of platelets, whereas the addition of platelets dramatically induced SMC DNA synthesis under these culture conditions (Figure 1A and 1B). This effect of platelets on SMC proliferation was observed as early as 12 hours, and 10% of the cells passed through S phase within 24 hours (Figure 1B). The effects on SMC proliferation (24 hours) of independently prepared platelets from healthy subjects (n=5) were 7.45±2.94% (mean±SD, range 5.16% to 11.63%). To examine whether direct interaction of platelets with SMCs is necessary for this mitogenic effect, we used a transwell culture system in which direct cellular interaction is eliminated. When platelets were added to the upper chamber of the transwell coated with thin fibrillar collagen and SMCs were cultured in the bottom chamber on fibrillar collagen, platelet-stimulated proliferation of SMCs was barely observed (Figure 1C). Thus, direct interaction with SMCs may be required for mitogenic effects of platelets. As previously described,²² growth-regulatory factors that are released from platelets, including PDGF, TGF-ß, and EGF, did not show potent mitogenic effects on fibrillar collagen (see Figure I, which can be accessed online at http://atvb.ahajournals.org).

View larger version (51K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. SMC proliferation induced by direct interaction with platelets. A, Quiescent human SMCs were cultured on fibrillar type I collagen in 0.15% BSA/DMEM for 24 hours and then cultured with human platelets (100-fold the numbers of SMCs) and 10 µmol/L BrdU for the periods indicated. BrdU nuclear labeling was visualized by direct immunofluorescence, and nuclei were stained with 5 µg/mL propidium iodide. Percentages of BrdU-labeled nuclei were calculated. B, Columns show the mean±SD of triplicate experiments for panel A. Open and closed columns represent without platelets (control) and with platelets, respectively. *P<0.05 vs control, by ANOVA with multiple comparison (Scheffé type). C, To examine the mitogenic effect of direct interaction of platelets with SMCs, a transwell culture system was used. Platelets were added directly to SMCs on fibrillar collagen (direct) or to the upper chamber of transwells coated with thin collagen fibrils and with SMCs cultured on fibrillar collagen in the lower chamber (transwell). Platelets were cultured for 24 hours in the presence of 10 µmol/L BrdU. SMC proliferation was determined as described in panel A.

TSP-1 and Platelets Predominantly Accumulate on the Surface of SMCs Cultured on Fibrillar Collagen
TSP-1 is secreted by platelets and by SMCs and is known as a mitogen and chemoattractant for SMCs.^11–13 In the in vivo balloon-injury model in rat carotid arteries, a neutralizing antibody against TSP-1 effectively suppressed the neointimal formation.²¹ Thus, TSP-1 is a candidate for a molecule that links platelet-SMC interaction and mediates SMC phenotypic changes in injured arteries. We have recently shown that TSP-1 mRNA and protein expression are potently suppressed in SMCs cultured on fibrillar collagen compared with monomeric collagen and that PDGF is unable to induce TSP-1 mRNA on fibrillar collagen.¹⁴

Twenty-four hours after the addition of platelets to the quiescent SMCs cultured on fibrillar collagen, much TSP-1 was accumulated on the surface of SMCs (Figure 2A). Some strong staining of TSP-1 was colocalized with _IIb integrin staining, implying that some, but not all, of the platelets colocalized with TSP-1. No staining of _IIb integrin was detected on SMCs, and TSP-1 staining was faint when platelets were not added (Figure 2A). Confocal microscopy revealed _IIb integrin staining on the surface of SMCs (data not shown). Thus, coculture with platelets increases TSP-1 expression on the SMC surface.

View larger version (50K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Platelets and TSP-1 accumulate on the surface of SMCs. A, Double immunostaining with TSP-1 and IIb integrins is shown. SMCs and platelets were cultured on fibrillar collagen for 24 hours. TSP-1 was stained with PE-labeled anti–TSP-1 antibody, and IIb integrins were detected with FITC-labeled anti–IIb integrin antibodies. Both stainings were analyzed and merged with confocal microscopy with the help of Flowview software (Olympus). Left panel shows control SMCs, in which TSP-1 expression is only faintly observed, as cloudy red color. Right panel represents platelet-treated SMCs; strong staining of TSP-1 is observed. Bars=100 µm. B, Platelets increase surface TSP-1 abundance in SMCs. SMCs and platelets were cultured on fibrillar collagen, suspended with collagenase digestion, extensively washed, and analyzed for surface TSP-1 immunostaining with flow cytometry. Black and red lines show control and platelet-treated SMCs, respectively. Upper bar represents the fluorescence of PE-labeled mouse IgG. Vertical axis represents numbers of cells analyzed. C, Adhesion of platelets to SMCs is shown. SMCs and platelets were cultured as described in Figure 2B, suspended with collagenase digestion, extensively washed, and analyzed for IIb integrin staining on the SMC surface with flow cytometry. Black and red lines show control and platelet-treated SMCs, respectively. Upper range is the range of negativity for TSP-1 staining. D, Direct interaction of platelets is necessary for its effect on SMC TSP-1 expression. Platelets were added directly to SMCs (red) or to the upper chamber of transwells coated with thin collagen fibrils and with SMCs cultured on the lower chamber (blue). SMCs were cultured for 24 hours in the presence of 10 µmol/L BrdU. Black line represents SMC culture without platelets. TSP-1 expression was determined as described in Figure 2B. Upper range is the range of negativity for TSP-1 staining.

To quantify the changes in levels of TSP-1 on the surface of SMCs, flow cytometric analyses were performed. For this experiment, SMCs on fibrillar collagen were incubated with or without platelets for 24 hours, suspended by collagenase digestion, and extensively washed with PBS. The TSP-1 expressed on the cell surface was determined by flow cytometry. As shown in Figure 2B, the addition of platelets significantly increased the abundance of TSP-1 on SMCs. In this condition, >10% of platelet-treated SMCs were positive for _IIb integrin, indicating the adhesion of platelets to SMCs (Figure 2C). Thus, direct platelet-SMC interaction was observed in parallel with the accumulation of TSP-1 on the SMC surface. When direct platelet interaction with SMCs was prevented in the transwell culture system, no significant increase in TSP-1 accumulation was observed on the SMC surface (Figure 2D). Thus, direct interaction between platelets and SMCs appears to be necessary for TSP-1 accumulation on SMCs. Furthermore, PDGF (10 ng/mL) and EGF (20 ng/mL) were not as effective as platelets in inducing TSP-1 accumulation in SMCs on fibrillar collagen, although TGF-ß (10 ng/mL) increased SMC TSP-1 expression on the cell surface in this experimental system (see Figure II, which can be accessed online at http://atvb.ahajournals.org).

Not only did TSP-1 protein on SMCs increase on interaction with platelets, but TSP-1 mRNA expression in SMCs increased markedly (Figure 3). The addition of platelets rapidly increased TSP-1 mRNA abundance as early as 1 hour (512±76%, mean±SD), with its level maximal at 3 hours (624±86%), and the level gradually decreased up until 24 hours (220±52%). Thus, synthesis and secretion of TSP-1 from SMCs may at least partly contribute to the accumulation of TSP-1on SMCs.

View larger version (59K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3. Platelets stimulate TSP-1 mRNA induction in SMCs. SMCs, which had been cultured on fibrillar collagen for 24 hours, were treated with human platelets on fibrillar collagen for the periods indicated. Total RNA was isolated, and TSP-1 mRNA abundance was determined by Northern blot analysis. A representative result of triplicate experiments is shown.

TSP-1 Mediates SMC Proliferation Induced by Platelets
To understand which type of receptor is involved in the accumulation of TSP-1 on the SMC surface after the addition of platelets, we examined the effect of blocking reagents on TSP-1 levels at the SMC surface as determined by flow cytometry (Figure 4). SMCs cultured on fibrillar collagen for 24 hours were treated with platelets in the presence of blocking reagents. SMCs were suspended by collagenase digestion, incubated with phycoerythrin-labeled anti–TSP-1 antibody, and analyzed by flow cytometry. As shown in Figure 4, cell surface accumulation of TSP-1 was significantly suppressed by anti–₂, anti–₃, and anti–_vß₃ integrins, as well as by CD47 antibodies, and was potently inhibited by anti–ß₁ integrin blocking antibody. Thus, ß₁ integrins complexed with ₂ and ₃ integrins appear to be major receptors for platelet-induced accumulation of TSP-1 on SMCs.

View larger version (21K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 4. Effects of blocking reagents on platelet-induced accumulation of TSP-1 on the SMC surface. SMCs and platelets were cultured on fibrillar collagen for 24 hours in the presence of 20 µg/mL of various blocking antibodies. SMCs were suspended by collagenase digestion, extensively washed, stained with PE-conjugated anti–TSP-1 blocking antibody, and analyzed by flow cytometry. Each column shows the mean±SD (n=3) of percent inhibition by blocking reagents. The increase in TSP-1 staining stimulated with platelets in the presence of control IgG is expressed as 100%. *P<0.05 vs control IgG, by ANOVA with multiple comparison (Scheffé type).

Finally, to investigate the involvement of TSP-1 in SMC proliferation induced by platelets, we next examined the effect of anti–TSP-1 blocking antibody. Anti–TSP-1 antibody (50 µg/mL), C6.7 monoclonal antibody, is known to suppress the C-terminal of TSP-1¹² and has been successfully used to inhibit SMC migration in vitro and balloon catheter–induced carotid neointimal formation in vivo.²¹ In our experimental system, anti–TSP-1 blocking antibody (50 µg/mL) effectively inhibited the accumulation of TSP-1 on SMCs after the addition of platelets (Figure 5A), even though it is less effective than anti–ß₁ integrin antibody. Compared with control mouse IgG, anti–TSP-1 blocking antibody suppressed platelet-stimulated SMC proliferation by 60% (Figure 5B). Disruption of the ß₁ integrin, one of the major receptors for platelet-induced TSP-1 accumulation, also potently inhibited platelet-stimulated SMC proliferation (Figure 5B). The ß₁ integrin expressed on the SMC surface appears to be involved in platelet-stimulated SMC proliferation, inasmuch as anti–ß₁ integrin that was added only to platelets, in contrast to that added to SMCs alone, failed to inhibit SMC proliferation (Figure 5C). An anti–_IIbß₃ integrin antibody, a potent inhibitor for platelet aggregation, barely had any inhibitory effect against SMC proliferation (Figure 5B).

View larger version (21K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 5. Blocking antibody against TSP-1 or ß1 integrin inhibits platelet-stimulated SMC proliferation. A, Effects of anti–TSP-1 or anti–ß1 integrin antibody on TSP-1 accumulation on SMC surface after treatment with platelets. SMCs, which had been cultured on fibrillar collagen, were treated with platelets for 24 hours in the presence of antibodies. TSP-1 expression in SMCs was determined by flow cytometry with the use of PE-labeled anti–TSP-1 antibody. Black line indicates platelet; bold black line, platelet+IgG; gray line, platelet+anti–TSP-1; and black dotted line, platelet+anti–ß1 integrin. Upper range is the range of negativity for TSP-1 staining. B, SMCs, which had been cultured on fibrillar collagen, were treated with platelets for 24 hours in the presence of antibodies and 10 µmol/L BrdU. Each column shows the mean±SD of the percentage of BrdU-labeled nuclei. *P<0.05 vs control antibody, by ANOVA with multiple comparison (Scheffé type). C, Blocking ß1 integrin on SMC surface, but not on platelet, inhibits platelet-stimulated SMC proliferation. SMCs were treated as described in Figure 5B, with the modification of anti–ß1 integrin antibody treatments (20 µg/mL): platelet only, SMCs only, or both. Treatments were as follows: (1) for platelet-only treatment, platelets were pretreated for 30 minutes with the antibody, washed 3 times with media, added to SMCs on fibrillar collagen, and cultured for 24 hours; (2) for SMC-only treatment, SMCs cultured on fibrillar collagen were pretreated with the antibody for 30 minutes, washed 3 times with media, and treated with platelets for 24 hours; and (3) for both treatments, antibody was included together with platelet addition to SMCs. *P<0.05 vs without anti–ß1 antibody, by ANOVA with multiple comparison (Scheffé type).

	Discussion

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The present study describes a unique in vitro coculture system with which to examine the interaction between platelets and SMCs, which could be used as a model for an injured artery in vivo. Our results show that TSP-1 accumulation at the SMC surface mediates the cell proliferation induced by direct interaction with platelets.

When SMCs are cultured on fibrillar type I collagen compared with cells on monomeric collagen, growth factor–stimulated proliferation is potently inhibited.²² SMC culture on fibrillar collagen mimics many of the characteristics of arterial SMCs in vivo.²³ Thus, by using a coculture system on fibrillar collagen rather than a regular 2D culture system, the interaction between platelets and SMCs could be examined in more physiological conditions.

After treatment with platelets, proliferation and TSP-1 mRNA induction were observed in SMCs cultured on fibrillar collagen. In our recent report, PDGF failed to induce TSP-1 expression in SMCs cultured on fibrillar collagen.¹⁴ In the present study, we showed that TSP-1 accumulation and SMC proliferation on fibrillar collagen was not markedly induced by growth-regulatory factors released from platelets, including TGF-ß, EGF, and PDGF. Although the concentration of the growth factors used in the experiment is based on the maximal effective doses reported in previous studies and may not be optimized in our system, these results suggest that growth factors released from activated platelets do not alone explain the effects of platelets. This hypothesis is also supported by the finding that in the transwell culture system, in which direct interaction of platelets with SMCs is eliminated, platelet-stimulated proliferation and TSP-1 expression were hardly observed. Thus, direct interaction with SMCs may be required for mitogenic effects of platelets.

Our data strongly imply that TSP-1 mediates the effects of platelets on SMC proliferation. Strong TSP-1 immunostaining on the SMC surface colocalized with some platelet staining, and the TSP-1 blocking antibody potently suppressed SMC proliferation stimulated with platelets. Because anti–TSP-1 blocking antibody also significantly inhibits TSP-1 accumulation on the SMC surface treated with platelets, cell surface accumulated TSP-1 may mediate the SMC proliferation stimulated by human platelets. The expression kinetics of TSP-1 in carotid arteries after balloon injury is very rapid and is consistent with a role for this matrix molecule in the progression of atherosclerosis.^19,21,25 We have also shown that TSP-1 mRNA induction is detected as early as 6 hours at carotid arteries after balloon injury.¹⁴ The data of Raugi et al¹⁹ showed that prominent medial SMCs and large foci of TSP-1 immunostaining on the luminal surface of the vessel were present just 1 hour after deendothelialization. The rapid induction and accumulation of TSP-1 after injury are consistent with the notion that platelet adhesion is an important trigger for TSP-1 accumulation. In rat carotid arteries, anti–TSP-1 blocking antibody efficiently suppressed neointimal formation after balloon injury.²¹ In our coculture system, TSP-1 accumulation appears to mediate SMC proliferation after the adhesion of platelets. Given its ability to promote SMC proliferation and migration, ^11–13 TSP-1 may be a key mediator for SMC proliferation after arterial injury.

Peptide sequences from TSP-1 that express some of these activities have recently been defined, and receptors have been identified that interact with some of these TSP-1 sequences. An Arg-Gly-Asp sequence in the last type-3 repeat module promotes cell adhesion and binds to the integrin _vß₃.²⁶ Two sequences from the C-terminal domain of TSP-1 that contain a Val-Val-Met motif bind to CD47 and regulate the activity of integrins _vß₃, _IIbß₃, and ₂ß₁ in specific cell types.^27–29 CD36 mediates inhibitory effects of TSP-1 on endothelial cell motility.³⁰ The ₃ß₁ integrin is also shown to be involved in TSP-1–stimulated neurite outgrowth.³¹ The present data support the concept that these receptors mediate TSP-1 accumulation at the surface of SMCs after treatment with platelets. The anti–ß₁ integrin antibody most efficiently and the anti–₂, anti–₃, and anti–_vß₃ integrin and anti-CD47 antibodies significantly suppressed TSP-1 accumulation at the surface. Thus, TSP-1–ß₁ integrin interaction on the SMC surface could be involved in platelet-induced SMC proliferation.

Our results show that the addition of anti–ß₁ integrin blocking antibody to SMCs alone, but not to platelets alone, markedly inhibits platelet-stimulated SMC proliferation and TSP-1 accumulation. In SMCs, ß₁ integrins appear to play roles in the interaction with TSP-1.^14,29 The ₂ß₁ integrin is also a platelet collagen receptor.³² In our present study, treatment of platelets alone with anti–ß₁ integrin antibody failed to inhibit platelet-stimulated SMC proliferation. Because pretreatment of the platelets with anti–ß₁ integrin antibody does not completely inhibit platelet adhesion to collagen and platelet activation, as determined by P-selectin expression (data not shown), the suppressive effect of the antibody on SMC proliferation appears mainly mediated through inhibiting ß₁ integrin on SMCs. Likewise, inhibiting platelet _IIbß₃ integrins (the fibrinogen receptors involved in platelet aggregation)³³ barely had suppressive effects on platelet adhesion, platelet activation, and platelet-stimulated SMC proliferation.

Previous studies have found that TSP-1–stimulated SMCs or ß₃ integrin–expressing HEK cell proliferation is significantly inhibited by _vß₃ integrin blocking reagents.^34,35 Because the suppression of TSP-1–induced proliferation by the reagents was partial, receptors other than _vß₃ integrin may also be involved in TSP-1–stimulated signals, leading to proliferation. Our data suggest that together with ß₃ integrin, ß₁ integrin also appears to be involved in TSP-1–stimulated cell proliferation. In the present study, anti–ß₁ integrin antibody was even more potent than anti–TSP-1 blocking antibody. Thus, our data do not eliminate the possibility that the disruption of ß₁ integrin may also block signals distinct from TSP-1, which is necessary for SMC proliferation.

Restenosis is currently the major limitation of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. There is only limited effective therapy available for restenosis. The role of platelets in the development of thrombosis and abrupt closure after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty is well recognized. However, the effects of platelets in angioplasty extend well beyond the early phase.³⁶ Although anti-platelet agents, such as _IIbß₃ integrin antagonists, have been reported to reduce target-vessel revascularization, major controversies exist.³⁷ The present in vitro culture system could be useful in unveiling the molecular mechanism behind the role of platelets in restenosis and in studying the mechanism of a tested drug for restenosis.

	Acknowledgments

 
This work is supported by a grants-in-aid for scientific research (Nos. 11838014 and 13671197 to H.K.) from the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture, Japan.

Received April 10, 2002; accepted May 10, 2002.

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