Published online before print May 23, 2002, doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000022878.37277.EC
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.
Vascular Biology |
Role of Src Homology 2–Containing Tyrosine Phosphatase 2 on Proliferation of Rat Smooth Muscle Cells
From the Department of Clinical Cell Biology (N.S., N.H., Y. Suzuki, S.M., K.A., Y. Saito) and the Department of Applied Translational Research (N.H., K.A.), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
Correspondence to Naotake Hashimoto, MD, Department of Clinical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan. E-mail naohasi{at}intmed02.m.chiba-u.ac.jp
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Objective— Src homology 2–containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is ubiquitously expressed and believed to function as part of a positive signaling pathway mediating growth factor–induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Proliferation of aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is an important contributor to atherosclerosis. We examined the effect of SHP2 expression on SMC proliferative activity.
Methods and Results— SHP2 was abundant in cultured aortic SMCs, and SHP2 staining was markedly increased in the thickened aortic intima in rats with balloon-induced injury. We obtained several SMC clones by using geneticin screening. Endogenous SHP2 expression varied among individual clones. Significant positive relationships were observed between SHP2 expression and bromodeoxyuridine uptake in SMCs stimulated by FBS, platelet-derived growth factor, or insulin-like growth factor-1. In SMCs transiently transfected with SHP2, FBS stimulation significantly increased bromodeoxyuridine uptake beyond the uptake by control SMCs.
Conclusions— Increased SHP2 expression in SMCs may accelerate aortic atherosclerosis by increasing cell growth.
Key Words: src homology 2–containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase 2 • smooth muscle cells • atherosclerosis
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Atherosclerosis, the primary cause of cardiovascular disease and the cause underlying
50% of all deaths, is a process of accumulation of lipids and fibrous elements in the wall of large arteries. In the intima, monocytes differentiate into macrophages that become foam cells on subsequent exposure to modified lipoprotein. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) migrate within the arterial wall from the media to the intima, where their proliferation contributes to intimal thickening of arteries and takes part in atherosclerosis.1 Src homology 2–containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2, which is also abbreviated SYP, PTP1D, PTP2C, SH-PTP3, SAP-2, and SH-PTP2) is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) that contains 2 src homology (SH) 2 domains and is expressed widely throughout mammalian tissues.2–4 SHP2 interacts with phosphorylated platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor, and erythropoietin receptors, undergoing rapid tyrosine phosphorylation on ligand stimulation. SHP2 binds to the SH2 domain of Grab2 and the p38 subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase.5–10 The N- and C-terminal SH2 domains bind to tyrosine-phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1,11 suggesting that SHP2 is involved in positive signaling pathways serving multiple hormone receptors.
We have focused on SHP2 as a positive regulator of cell proliferation. In the present study, we examined the involvement of SHP2, which is believed to be among the most important regulators of cell proliferation, in the growth of cultured rat aortic SMCs.
|
Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Culture of Rat Aortic SMCs
By use of an explant method, rat aortic SMCs were obtained from Wistar-Kyoto rats purchased from Charles River (Yokohama, Japan). The cells (passages 8 to 10) were maintained in DMEM (GIBCO-BRL) containing penicillin (100 U/mL), streptomycin (100 mg/mL), and 10% FBS. Experiments were performed in compliance with the Principles of Laboratory Animal Care (National Institutes of Health publication No. 85-23, revised 1985).
Northern Analysis
Northern analysis was performed according to methods reported previously.12 Total RNA was prepared from rat aortic SMCs by homogenization in guanidinium thiocyanate, extraction with phenol/chloroform, and precipitation from 2-propanol. Total RNA (20 µg) was fractionated by electrophoresis in 1% agarose gels containing 0.66 mol/L formaldehyde and transferred to a nylon filter. The filter was hybridized with cDNA probes for PTPases labeled by random hexameter priming and washed under high-stringency conditions.13 An image analyzer (BAS 2000, Fuji Film) was used to measure differences in RNA expression. PTPase cDNAs used as probes corresponded to a sequence encoding the leukocyte common antigen–related PTPase (LAR), leukocyte antigen–related phosphatase (LRP), and SHP2.12,14
Balloon Injury in Rats
After male Wistar-Kyoto rats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg IP), the left common carotid artery was injured 3 times by inflation of a balloon catheter (2F Fogarty, Baxter) inserted via the external carotid artery.15 Rats were killed at 1, 2, or 4 weeks after balloon injury, and both common carotid arteries were removed and stored at -80°C.
Immunohistochemical Study
Frozen sections prepared from carotid arteries were exposed to hydrogen peroxide for 5 minutes at room temperature to block endogenous peroxides. Tissues were incubated with anti-SHP2 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) with or without blocking peptide (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) for 20 minutes at room temperature and then stained by a streptavidin-biotin complex method by use of a kit from DAKO (LSAB2 kit/HRP). Bound antibodies were visualized by a color reaction. The images were digitized and semiquantified by using software for image analysis.
Plasmid Construction and Transfection of Human SHP2 in Cultured Rat SMCs
Before transient transfection, we examined endogenous SHP2 expression in rat SMCs. A eukaryotic expression vector, PQBI25, was used. It contained a cytomegalovirus promoter, a geneticin (G418) resistance gene, and a red-shift green fluorescent protein (GFP, Takara). Six wells of cultured SMCs were transfected by using a cationic liposome method (TransIT transfection regent, Mirus). After transfection of the G418 resistance gene, cells were maintained for 2 weeks in medium containing 1 g/L G418. Several clones of SMCs were obtained and were used for Western blotting and transient transfection. Full-length SHP2 cDNA was obtained from RNA of cultured human mesangial cells (purchased from Iwaki Co) by using a reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method with an oligo(dT) primer. PCR was carried out by using PQ1 (3'-GGAAGCTAGCATGACATCGCGGAGATGGTTTCAC-5') and PQ1R (3'-GGAAGCTAGCTCTGAAACTTTTCTGCTGTTGCAT-5') primers. PCR product was digested with the NheI restriction enzyme and inserted into the NheI site of the PQBI25 vector and sequenced. Transient transfection was performed by using the same methods.
Protein Extraction From Rat Aortic SMCs
Rat aortic SMC samples were homogenized in 50 mmol/L HEPES at pH 7.6 containing 1000 U/mL aprotinin, 0.002% phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 20 mg/mL leupeptin, 0.1 mmol/L benzamidine, 1 mmol/L dithiothreitol, 2 mmol/L EDTA, 4 mmol/L orthovanadate, and 1% Triton X-100 at 4°C.
Western Analysis
Western blot analysis was performed according to a method reported previously with some modifications.16 Equal amounts (10 µg) of each sample were fractionated by electrophoresis in 10% acrylamide resolving gel containing 10% (vol/vol) glycerol and transferred to a nitrocellulose filter. The filter was incubated overnight at 4°C with 0.8 µg/mL of anti-SHP2 antibody (Transduction Laboratories) and then washed. Next, the filter was incubated with 1 µg/mL secondary antibody (anti-mouse IgG-labeled with peroxidase, Amersham International) for 45 minutes at room temperature, washed, and visualized by using an ECL kit (Amersham International).
Cell Proliferation
Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) uptake by SMCs was measured by using a kit obtained from Amersham International. SMCs were cultured in a 96-well microplate at 37°C for 24 hours. Then the cells were stimulated for 24 hours by FBS or other growth factors (PDGF, Boehringer-Mannheim Biochemica; insulin-like growth factor [IGF]-1, Fujisawa) for 24 hours. BrdU was added to incubation media for the last 6 hours. After fixation and blocking, cells were incubated with peroxidase-labeled anti-BrdU for 90 minutes. After the addition of substrate and incubation for 10 minutes, optical density was measured by using an ELISA reader (model 550, Bio-Rad).
Statistical Analysis
Values are expressed as mean±SEM. Sets of data were compared by use of the 2-tailed unpaired Student t test.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Northern Blotting
To better understand the physiological role of PTPases in SMCs, expressions of LAR, LRP, and SHP2 were examined in rat aortic cultured SMCs (Figure 1). The mRNAs encoding rat LRP, LAR, and SHP2 were expressed in SMCs as 3.0-kb, 8.0-kb, and 7.0-kb transcripts, respectively. Transcripts of all 3 phosphatases were abundant in SMCs.
|
Immunohistochemistry
Left carotid arteries prepared from rats after balloon injury (Figure 2A) showed thickening of the intima compared with the uninjured right carotid arteries (Figure 2B). Expression of SHP2 was observed in the medial layer of both arteries and in the thickening intima of the balloon-injured side. In Figure 2C, the expression of SHP2 was significantly increased in the medial layer of the balloon-injured side compared with the intact side (P<0.05, n=5). Moreover, the expression of SHP2 was significantly increased in the thickening intima of the balloon-injured side compared with the medial layer of the balloon-injured side (P<0.05, n=5).
|
The staining was abolished by absorbing the antibody with SHP2 amino peptides (data not shown).
Correlation Between SHP2 Expression and BrdU Uptake in SMCs Stimulated With Growth Factors
After cloned SMCs were selected with 1 g/L geneticin, transfected cells were detected by fluorescence of the GFP present in a fusion protein also including the geneticin resistance gene product. In Western blots, SMC clones varied in endogenous SHP2 expression (Figure 3A). BrdU uptake (Figure 3B) was strongly correlated with the amount of SHP2 expression on stimulation with FBS (Figure 4A; r=0.818, P<0.05). The same was true for stimulation with other growth factors, especially PDGF (Figure 4B; r=0.804, P<0.05) and IGF-1 (Figure 4C; r=0.850, P<0.05),
|
|
Effects of Transient SHP2 Transfection on BrdU Uptake by SMCs
Immunohistochemical assessment of transient transfection efficacy indicated that 10% of cells were stained with anti-GFP antibody. FBS stimulation increased BrdU uptake in SMCs. This effect was augmented in SHP2-transfected SMCs compared with control cells (P<0.05, n=5; Figure 5).
|
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
PTPases dephosphorylate growth factor receptors17,18 and are considered among the most important regulators of signal transduction in tyrosine kinase–type receptors, including the insulin receptor and receptors for various growth factors.19,20 PTPases have been shown to regulate the action, maturation, and phosphorylation of substrates of growth factor receptors.12,17,21,22 PTPases include 2 categories. One consists of LAR and LRP, both of which have a receptor-like transmembrane structure and tandem conserved PTPase domains. The other type, cytosolic-type SHP2 (also known as SHPTP2, PTP1D, PTP2C, and Syp), contains 2 SH2 domains and 1 SH3 sequence.2,3,14 SHP2 binds to tyrosine kinases via its SH2 domains and is activated by phosphorylation of its tyrosine residue.4,23 SHP2 also binds to IRS-1,7 as do other adapter proteins.11 SHP2 has been thought to positively influence intracellular signal transduction.24–27 We have reported previously that SHP2 is expressed prominently in hepatocellular carcinoma induced by 3'-methyl-4-dimethylamino-azobenzene, suggesting that SHP2 may be involved in some situations in which cell proliferation is increased.28
Abnormal vascular SMC proliferation and migration participate in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, in the development of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, and in accelerated arteriopathy after cardiac transplantation.1,29 Our Northern analysis disclosed intense expression of mRNA encoding 3 PTPases (LAR, LRP, and SHP2) in rat aortic SMCs; additionally, the expression of SHP2 mRNA in vascular SMCs was demonstrated by use of in situ hybridization.30,31 It was reported that SHP2 has a positive role in the angiotensin II pathway, one of the important pathways involved in the proliferation of SMCs.32 These data indicate that these PTPases may play an important role in the proliferation of SMCs, as has also been demonstrated in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue.
Intimal SMCs are associated with vascular disease and are phenotypically distinct from medial SMCs. The intimal SMC is believed to express a large number of proteins that contribute to cell proliferation and lesion development or stability.33,34 It has been reported that some PTPases (SHP1, CD45, PTPß, PTPL1, and PTP1B) are expressed in the balloon-injured vessel wall.31 In the present study, balloon injury to provoke intimal hyperplasia as a response to endothelial denudation resulted in particularly high arterial SHP2 mRNA expression. The migration of medial SMCs from the media to the intima and the proliferation of intimal cells to form a thickened neointima are sequential events that characterize tissue remodeling in the arterial wall after balloon-induced denudation.33,34 Our finding that SHP2 expression was more elevated in thickened intima than in the media suggests that SHP2 expression increases after the SMC phenotype changes.
We used cultured rat aortic SMCs to further investigate the role of SHP2 in SMCs. We sought to clone SMC cells by using mammalian expression vector containing geneticin resistance and GFP genes, inasmuch as the endogenous expression of SHP2 is likely to vary among SMCs. We obtained several clones of SMCs and examined the expression levels of SHP2 in each cell line. According to our results (Figure 3A and 3B), cultured SMCs have various ranges of SHP2 expression among cell lines. Cultured SMCs are heterogeneous, and we thought that this heterogeneity might affect total cell proliferation. To exclude this influence, we used monoclonal SMCs for our studies. When we examined cell growth by using BrdU uptake, the uptake was positively correlated with SHP2 expression, suggesting that increased SHP2 expression acts to increase cell growth. To confirm this impression, we studied BrdU uptake in cloned SMCs transiently overexpressing SHP2 compared with SMCs transfected with vector only. SHP2-transfected SMCs showed greater BrdU uptake when stimulated by FBS than did vector-transfected SMCs. Various stimuli, particularly growth factors, are known to influence SMC proliferation and migration.35–37 In particular, PDGF, IGF-1, and fibroblast growth factor are known to activate the proliferation of SMCs, and the expression of receptors for these ligands is also important in the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. SHP2 binds to IRS-1, IRS-2, and PDGF receptors and is thought to modulate their signaling. Differences of SHP2 expression in SMCs may conceivably lead to differences in human susceptibility to atherosclerosis.
In conclusion, we have demonstrated that SHP2 is expressed abundantly in SMCs. Increased expression may lead to acceleration of atherosclerosis in the aorta by increasing SMC proliferation. Further studies involving human subjects should provide new clues concerning the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Received October 3, 2001; accepted April 21, 2002.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
1. Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s. Nature. 1993; 362: 801–809.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
2. Feng GS, Hui CC, Pawson T. Sh2-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase as a target of protein-tyrosine kinase. Science. 1993; 259: 1607–1611.
3. Freeman RM Jr, Olutzky J, Neel BG. Identification of a human src homology 2-containing protein-tyrosine-phosphatase: a mutative homolog of Drosophila corkscrew. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992; 89: 11239–11243.
4. Vogel W, Lammers R, Huang J, Ullrich A. Activation of a phosphotyrosine phosphatase by tyrosine phosphorylation. Science. 1993; 259: 1611–1614.
5. Lechleider RJ, Freeman RM Jr, Neel BG. Tyrosyl phosphorylation and growth factor receptor association of the human corkscrew homologue, SH-PTP2. J Biol Chem. 1993; 268: 13434–13438.
6. Kazlauskas A, Feng G-S, Pawson T, Valius M. The 64-kDa protein that associates with the platelet-derived growth factor receptor ß subunit via Tyr-1009 is the SH2-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase Syp. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993; 90: 6939–6942.
7. Kuhne M, Pawson T, Lienhard GE, Feng G-S. The insulin receptor substrate 1 associates with the SH2-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase Syp. J Biol Chem. 1993; 268: 11479–11481.
8. Leichleider RJ, Sugimoto S, Bennett AM, Kashishian AS, Cooper JA, Shoelson SE, Walsh CT, Neel BG. Activation of the SH2-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase SH-PTP2 by its binding site, phosphotyrosine 1009, on the human platelet-derived growth factor receptor. J Biol Chem. 1993; 268: 21478–21481.
9. Tauchi T, Feng G-S, Shen R, Hoatlin M, Bagby GC Jr, Kabat D, Lu L, Broxmeyer HE. Involvement of SH2-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase syp in erythropoietin receptor signal transduction pathways. J Biol Chem. 1995; 270: 5631–5635.
10. Wong L, Johnson GR. Epidermal growth factor induces coupling of protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1D to GRB2 via the COOH-terminal SH3 domain of GRB2. J Biol Chem. 1996; 271: 20981–20984.
11. Kharitonenkov A, Schnekenburger J, Chen Z, Knyazev P, Ali S, Zwick E, White M, Ullrich A. Adapter function of protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1D in insulin receptor/insulin receptor substrate-1 interaction. J Biol Chem. 1995; 270: 29189–29193.
12. Hashimoto N, Goldstein BJ. Differential regulation of mRNAs encoding three protein-tyrosine phosphatases by insulin and activation of protein kinase C. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992; 188: 1305–1311.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
13. Feinberg AP, Vogelstein B. A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity. Anal Biochem. 1983; 268: 6–13.
14. Ding W, Zhang WR, Sullivan K, Hashimoto N, Goldstein BJ. Identification of protein tyrosine phosphatases prevalent in adipocytes by molecular cloning. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994; 202: 902–907.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
15. Ueno H, Saito Y. Local expression of C-type natriuretic peptide markedly suppresses neointimal formation in rat injured arteries through an autocrine/paracrine loop. Circulation. 1997; 96: 2272–2279.
16. Toyoda M, Hashimoto N Tokita, K Goldstein BJ, Yokosuka O, Kanatsuka A, Suzuki Y, Saito Y. Increased activity and expression of MAP kinase in HCC model rats induced by 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene. J Hepatol. 1999; 31: 725–733.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
17. Cicirelli MF, Tonks NK, Diltz CD, Weiel JE, Fischer EH, Krebs EG. Microinjection of a protein-tyrosine-phosphatase inhibits insulin action in Xenopus oocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990; 87: 5514–5518.
18. Tonks NK, Cicirelli MF, Diltz CD, Krebs EG, Fischer EH. Effect of microinjection of a low-Mr human placenta protein tyrosine phosphatase on induction of meiotic cell division in Xenopus oocytes. Mol Cell Biol. 1990; 10: 458–463.
19. Fischer EH, Charbonneau H, Tonks NK. Protein tyrosine phosphatases: a diverse family of intracellular and transmembrane enzymes. Science. 1991; 253: 401–406.
20. Kulas DT, Goldstein BJ, Mooney RA. The transmembrane protein-tyrosine phosphatase LAR modulates signaling by multiple receptor tyrosine kinases. J Biol Chem. 1996; 271: 748–754.
21. Hashimoto N, Zhang WR, Goldstein BJ. Insulin receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor dephosphorylation by three major rat liver protein-tyrosine phosphatases expressed in a recombinant bacterial system. Biochem J. 1992; 284: 569–576.
22. Hashimoto N, Feener EP, Zhang WR, Goldstein BJ. Insulin receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatases: leukocyte common antigen-related phosphatase rapidly deactivates the insulin receptor kinase by preferential dephosphorylation of the receptor regulatory domain. J Biol Chem. 1992; 267: 13811–13814.
23. Pluskey S, Wandless TJ, Walsh CT, Shoelson SE. Potent stimulation of SH-PTP2 phosphatase activity by simultaneous occupancy of both SH2 domains. J Biol Chem. 1995; 270: 2897–2900.
24. Noguchi T, Motozaki T, Horita K, Fujioka Y, Kasuga M. Role of SH-PTP2, a protein-tyrosine phosphatase with src homology 2 domains, in insulin-stimulated ras activation. Mol Cell Biol. 1994; 14: 6674–6682.
25. Rivard N, McKenzie FR, Brondello JM, Pouysségur J. The phosphotyrosine phosphatase PTP1D, but not PTP1C, is an essential mediator of fibroblast proliferation induced by tyrosine kinase and G protein-coupled receptors. J Biol Chem. 1995; 270: 11017–11024.
26. Ugi S, Maegawa H, Kashiwagi A, Adachi M, Olefsky JM, Kikkawa R. Expression of dominant negative mutant SHPTP2 attenuates phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase activity via modulation of phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1. J Biol Chem. 1996; 271: 12595–12602.
27. Yamauchi K, Milarski KL, Saltiel AR, Pessin JE. Protein-tyrosine-phosphatase SHPTP2 is a required positive effector for insulin downstream signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995: 92: 664–668.
28. Saito S, Hashimoto N, Tokita K, Toyoda M, Suzuki Y, Goldstein BJ, Suzuki H, Makino H, Saito Y. Change of expressions of phosphotyrosine phosphatases in rat hepatocellular carcinoma induced by 3'-methyl-4-dimethylamino-azobenzene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996; 227: 406–412.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
29. Wei GL., Krasinski K, Kearney M, Isner JM., Walsh K, Andres V. Temporally and spatially coordinated expression of cell cycle regulatory factors after angioplasty. Circ Res. 1977; 80: 418–426.
30. Adachi M, Iwaki H, Shindoh M, Akao Y, Hachiya T, Ikeda M, Hinoda Y, Imai K. Predominant expression of the src homology 2-containing tyrosine phosphatase protein SHP2 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Virchows Arch. 1997; 430: 321–325.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
31. Wright MB, Seifert RA, Bowen-Pope DF. Protein-tyrosine phosphatases in the vessel wall: differential expression after acute arterial injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000; 20: 1189–1198.
32. Marrero MB, Venema VJ, Ju H, Eaton DC, Venema RC. Regulation of angiotensin II-induced JAK2 tyrosine phosphorylation: roles of SHP-1 and SHP-2. Am J Physiol. 1998; 275: C1216–C1223.
33. Schwartz SM, DeBlois D, O’Brien ERM. The intima: soil for atherosclerosis and restenosis. Circ Res. 1995; 77: 445–465.
34. Schwartz SM, Campbell GR, Campbell JH. Replication of smooth muscle cells in vascular disease. Circ Res. 1986; 58: 427–444.
35. Bell L, Madri JA. Effect of platelet factors on migration of cultured bovine aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Circ Res. 1989; 65: 1057–1065.
36. Bornfeldt KE, Raines EW, Nakano T, Graves LM, Krebs EG, Ross R. Insulin-like growth factor-I and platelet derived growth factor-BB induce directed migration of human smooth muscle cells via signaling pathways that are distinct from those of proliferation. J Clin Invest. 1994; 93: 1266–1274.
37. Koyama N, Hart CE, Clowes AW. Different functions of platelet-derived growth factor-a and b receptors for the migration and proliferation of cultured baboon smooth muscle cells. Circ Res. 1994; 75: 682–691.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  K. Kappert, K. G. Peters, F. D. Bohmer, and A. Ostman Tyrosine phosphatases in vessel wall signaling Cardiovasc Res, February 15, 2005; 65(3): 587 - 598. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Dixit, D. Zhuang, B. Ceacareanu, and A. Hassid Treatment With Insulin Uncovers the Motogenic Capacity of Nitric Oxide in Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells: Dependence on Gab1 and Gab1-SHP2 Association Circ. Res., November 14, 2003; 93 (10): e113 - e123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||