doi: 10.1161/hq0701.092133
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Letters to the Editor |
Thromboregulation by Endothelial Cells: Significance for Occlusive Vascular Diseases
Associate Professor of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts
To the Editor:
I wish to raise several issues about the "Brief Review" by Dr Aaron J. Marcus and colleagues.
The prior ecto-ADPase or ATP diphosphohydrolase nomenclature is no longer recommended; nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase or NTPDase is the preferred terminology for this family of enzymes. For example, CD39 can now be classified as NTPDase-1.1
The claim here (and in prior communications) that work by Dr Marcus and colleagues2 was "the first direct demonstration of a physiological function for CD39 ... blockade of platelet responsiveness to ... ADP" is incorrect. Prior to this, we had clearly demonstrated that CD39 cloned from human umbilical vein endothelial cells had all the biochemical and biological properties (inclusive of platelet antiaggregatory capacity) of an ecto-ADPase or ATPDase (old terminology).3 In addition, the pioneering work of Miura and colleagues,4 who demonstrated that the major antiaggregatory activity of bovine aorta microsomes for ADP-induced aggregation was due to an ATPDase, has not been referred to. Beaudoin and colleagues5 had also shown that partially purified ATPDases from bovine aorta had important platelet-regulatory properties, but this work was unfortunately overlooked.
The statement that "collagen and TRAP depend more on released ADP for recruitment and aggregation than was previously appreciated" was based solely on data in Gayle et al.6 Prior to this manuscript, we had documented that CD39 inhibits platelet aggregation to ADP, collagen, and thrombin3 ; additionally, platelets from the mutant mouse null for cd39 are nonresponsive to collagen and thrombin.7
The important cysteine at the N-terminal end of CD39 was omitted in Figure 2 (see also Gayle et al6 ). This amino acid is crucial for palmitoylation of native CD39 and consequent targeting to caveolae.8 This posttranslational modification may be important in modulating the properties of this ectoenzyme and also in blocking endothelial cell reactions to ATP and ADP.9 10
In the area of CD39 mutagenesis and derivation of soluble mutants,6 no reference is made to the work by Guidotti (Wang et al11 12 ) nor our own.13 Findings that inherently soluble NTPDases (apyrases) could block platelet sequestration in rejected cardiac transplants and prolong xenograft survival have established that these agents have therapeutic potential.14 Because soluble CD39 mutant proteins dramatically lose NTPDase activity, we have also studied gene-based therapies with adenoviral vectors to upregulate CD39 in the vasculature of cardiac grafts.15
The putative generation of a cd39-null mouse by Marcus and colleagues is described, but surprisingly, there are no data. For unclear reasons, no reference is made to the cd39-null mouse model that we had already generated and characterized in depth.7 16 In keeping with deficient vascular protective mechanisms, fibrin deposition was observed at multiple organ sites in our cd39-null mice. However, we also demonstrated that cd39-null mice displayed prolonged bleeding times secondary to platelet hypofunction.
These data have indicated an important dualistic role for NTPDase-1 in modulating hemostasis and thrombotic reactions that may complicate any planned therapeutic application of this agent.
References
1. Zimmermann H, Beaudoin AR, Bollen M, Goding JW, Guidotti G, Kirley TL, Robson SC, Sano SC. Proposed nomenclature for two novel nucleotide hydrolyzing enzyme families expressed on the cell surface. In: Vanduffel L, Lemmens R, eds. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Ecto-ATPases and Related Ectonucleotidases. Maastrict, Netherlands: Shaker Publishing; 2000:1–8.
2. Marcus AJ, Broekman MJ, Drosopoulos JHF, Islam N, Alyonycheva TN, Safier LB, Hajjar KA, Posnett DN, Schoenborn MA, Schooley KA, Gayle RB, Maliszewski CR. The endothelial cell ecto-ADPase responsible for inhibition of platelet function is CD39. J Clin Invest. 1997;99:1351–1360.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
3.
Kaczmarek E,
Koziak K, Sevigny J, Siegel JB, Anrather J, Beaudoin AR, Bach FH,
Robson SC. Identification and characterization of CD39 vascular ATP
diphosphohydrolase. J Biol
Chem. 1996;271:33116–33122.
4. Miura Y, Hirota K, Arai Y, Yagi K. Purification and partial characterization of adenosine diphosphatase activity in bovine aorta microsomes. Thromb Res. 1987;46:685–695.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
5. Cote YP, Filep JG, Battistini B, Gauvreau J, Sirois P, Beaudoin AR. Characterization of ATP-diphosphohydrolase activities in the intima and media of the bovine aorta: evidence for a regulatory role in platelet activation in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1992;1139:133–142.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
6. Gayle RB, Maliszewski CR, Gimpel SD, Schoenborn MA, Caspary RG, Richards C, Brasel K, Price V, Drosopoulos JHF, Islam N, Alyonycheva TN, Broekman MJ, Marcus AJ. Inhibition of platelet function by recombinant soluble ecto-ADPase/CD39. J Clin Invest. 1998;101:1851–1859.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
7. Enjyoji K, Sevigny J, Lin Y, Frenette PS, Christie PD, Esch JSA, Imai M, Edelberg JM, Rayburn H, Lech M, Beeler DL, Csizmadia E, Wagner DD, Robson SC, Rosenberg RD. Targeted disruption of cd39/ATP diphosphohydrolase results in disordered hemostasis and thromboregulation. Nat Med. 1999;5:1010–1017.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
8.
Koziak K,
Kaczmarek E, Kittel A, Sevigny J, Blusztajn JK, Esch JSA, Imai M,
Guckelberger O, Goepfert C, Qawi I, Robson SC. Palmitoylation targets
CD39/endothelial ATP diphosphohydrolase to caveolae.
J Biol Chem. 2000;275:2057–2062.
9. Robson SC, Daoud S, Begin M, Cote YP, Siegel JB, Bach FH, Beaudoin AR. Modulation of vascular ATP diphosphohydrolase by fatty acids. Blood Coagulation Fibrinol. 1997;8:21–27.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
10.
Robson SC,
Kaczmarek E, Siegel JB, Cardiras D, Koziak K, Millan M, Hancock WW,
Bach FM. Loss of ATP diphosphohydrolase activity with endothelial cell
activation. J Exp Med. 1997;185:153–163.
11.
Wang TF, Ou Y,
Guidotti G. The transmembrane domains of ectoapyrase (CD39) affect its
enzymatic activity and quaternary structure.
J Biol Chem. 1998;273:24814–24821.
12. Wang TF, Handa M, Guidotti G. Structure and function of ectoapyrase (CD39). Drug Dev Res. 1998;45:245–252.
13. Schulte am Esch J, Sevigny J, Kaczmarek E, Siegel JB, Imai M, Koziak K, Beaudoin AR, Robson SC. Structural elements and limited proteolysis of CD39 influence ATP diphosphohydrolase activity. Biochemistry. 1999;38:2248–2258.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
14. Koyamada N, Miyatake T, Candinas D, Hechenleitner P, Siegel J, Hancock WW, Bach FH, Robson SC. Apyrase administration prolongs discordant xenograft survival. Transplantation. 1996;62:1739–1743.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
15. Imai M, Takigami K, Guckelberger O, Kaczmarek E, Csizmadia E, Bach FH, Robson SC. Recombinant adenoviral mediated CD39 gene transfer prolongs cardiac xenograft survival. Transplantation. 2000;70:864–870.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
16. Imai M, Takigami K, Guckelberger O, Enjyoji K, Smith RN, Lin Y, Csizmadia E, Sevigny J, Rosenberg RD, Bach FH, Robson SC. Modulation of nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1/cd39 in xenograft rejection. Mol Med. 1999;5:743–752.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
Response:
Hematology-Oncology, VA–NewYork Harbor Healthcare System, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
We reply to Dr Simon Robson’s letter as follows.
The Editors of Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology invited us to submit a Brief Review concerning our recent studies on thromboregulation by endothelial cell CD39 and our views on the therapeutic implications of our data. The review, "Thromboregulation by endothelial cells: significance for occlusive vascular diseases," was not intended as a comprehensive compilation of the literature in the ectonucleotidase field. After peer review, the manuscript was revised and published.R1 We were limited in the number of references to be published in the Brief Review and therefore would request that readers interested in the subject matter refer to the publications quoted, as well as the references therein. The main emphasis was on our views of thromboregulation by endothelial cells.
With regard to nomenclature, we stated: "These biochemical activities identify the HUVEC enzyme as an apyrase (ATP diphosphohydrolase), ATPDase, EC3.6.1.5,R2 now classified as E-NTPDase-1".R3 Dr Robson is a coauthor of this quoted publication. For the readers of Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology interested in thrombosis, we referred to the molecule mainly as CD39/ecto-ADPase.
We claimed to have been the first to demonstrate "a physiological function for CD39 as an ADPase: blockade of platelet responsiveness to the prothrombotic agonist ADP via its metabolism to AMP." While our workR4 and that by Dr Robson and colleaguesR5 were submitted in abstract form virtually simultaneously in 1996, final publication of the work of Dr KaczmarekR6 did precede ours.R7 Our articleR7 is the result of a longstanding effort in the study of thromboregulation by human endothelial cells, which began in the 1970s, and our first endothelial cell ecto-ADPase article was published in 1991.R8 In our 1998R9 and 2000R10 publications, we quoted Kaczmarek et al,R6 as well as several others by Sévigny and colleagues.R11 R12 R13 Thus, we believe that we have duly recognized the contributions of Dr Robson and associates. In our 1997 article,R7 we did refer to the work by Dr Côté and colleaguesR11 as Reference 8. In that publication, intimal and medial preparations from bovine aorta were shown to inhibit ADP-induced platelet aggregation. However, the preparations of Côté and colleagues were not pretreated with aspirin and hemoglobin, and therefore, prostacyclin and/or NO could have played a role in the inhibition of platelet aggregation that they observed. Historically, Heyns and colleaguesR14 may have been among the first to demonstrate the platelet-inhibitory activity of a vessel wall nucleotidase, and their conclusions are subject to the same limitations concerning possible prostacyclin and NO formation by their tissue extract. In fact, comparable tissue preparations from vessel walls were used to produce prostacyclin.R15
The statement that "collagen and TRAP depend more on released ADP for recruitment and aggregation than was previously appreciated" was referring to the general thinking in the platelet field, not to the collagen and thrombin experiments of Kaczmarek and colleagues.R6 This statement clearly does not seek priority for us. We do not understand why a cd39-null mouse should be unresponsive to collagen and thrombin. Moreover, as stated by Dr ZimmermannR16 regarding the cd39-null mouse by Enjyoji et al,R17 "some of the results reported in the paper seem paradoxical. Instead of a general increase in the thrombotic state, bleeding times were increased in CD39-deficient mice."
The aim of Figure 2 was to illustrate the retention of the extracellular domain of CD39 in our construct solCD39, not to illustrate the potential role of posttranslational modifications. We agree with Dr Robson on the potential importance of the cysteine in the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain of CD39. Our review focused mainly on solCD39 as a potential antithrombotic modality. We appreciate the contributions that Drs Guidotti and Robson and their respective colleagues have made in the field of mutagenesis of CD39, especially with regard to the multimerization of CD39 as a transmembrane protein, and the effects that this has on enzyme activity. Our own unpublished studies on truncated C-terminal mutations of solCD39 revealed diminishing activity as the deletion increased. These unpublished observations are complementary to the work of Schulte am Esch and colleagues.R18
As Dr Robson, we are concerned about the implications of the Enjyoji null mouse for therapeutic applications of CD39. However, our concern is that "the results reported in the paper seem paradoxical".R16 We find it difficult to reconcile platelet hypofunction with fibrin deposition in multiple organs. We have attempted to comprehend that desensitization of ADP receptors by the presence of circulating ADP is responsible for this phenomenon. In view of the observations that cd39-null and wild-type mice had similar plasma ADP and ATP concentrationsR17 and that many mammals have plasma phosphodiesterases that limit ADP and ATP concentrations, we believe that desensitization may not be the entire explanation. We would consider the possibility that the radical deletion in CD39 to accomplish the generation of Enjyoji’s null mouse revealed other, as yet unknown, properties of the cd39 gene that are important in the phenomena that Enjyoji et alR17 observed.
Our goals focus on the metabolic deletion of adenine nucleotides from the fluid phase of activated platelets in patients with coronary artery disease and stroke. The Brief Review highlights how our research on solCD39 led to development of these objectives.
References
1.
Marcus AJ,
Broekman MJ, Drosopoulos JHF, Pinsky DJ, Islam N, Gayle RB III,
Maliszewski CR. Thromboregulation by endothelial cells:
significance for occlusive vascular diseases.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21:178–182.
2. Plesner L. Ecto-ATPases: identities and functions. Int Rev Cytol. 1995;158:141–214.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
3. Zimmermann H, Beaudoin AR, Bollen M, Goding JW, Guidotti G, Kirley TL, Robson SC, Sano K. Proposed nomenclature for two novel nucleotide hydrolyzing enzyme families expressed on the cell surface. In: Vanduffel L, Lemmens R, eds. Ecto-ATPases and Related Ectonucleotidases: Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Ecto-ATPases and Related Ectonucleotidases. Maastricht, Netherlands: Shaker Publishing; 2000:1–8.
4. Marcus AJ, Broekman MJ, Drosopoulos JHF, Islam N, Alyonycheva TN, Safier LB, Hajjar KA, Posnett DN, Schoenborn MA, Schooley KA, Gayle RB III, Maliszewski CR. CD39 is the endothelial cell ecto-ADPase responsible for inhibition of platelet function. Blood. 1996;88:465a. Abstract.
5. Koziak K, Kaczmarek E, Siegel JB, Bach FH, Robson SC. CD39 expressed by endothelial cells, platelets and monocytes has ATPDase activity. Blood. 1996;88:465a. Abstract.
6. Kaczmarek E, Koziak K, Sévigny J, Siegel JB, Anrather J, Beaudoin AR, Bach FH, Robson SC. Identification and characterization of CD39 vascular ATP diphosphohydrolase. J Biol Chem. 1996;271:33116–33122.
7. Marcus AJ, Broekman MJ, Drosopoulos JHF, Islam N, Alyonycheva TN, Safier LB, Hajjar KA, Posnett DN, Schoenborn MA, Schooley KA, Gayle RB III, Maliszewski CR. The endothelial cell ecto-ADPase responsible for inhibition of platelet function is CD39. J Clin Invest. 1997;99:1351–1360.
8. Marcus AJ, Safier LB, Hajjar KA, Ullman HL, Islam N, Broekman MJ, Eiroa AM. Inhibition of platelet function by an aspirin-insensitive endothelial cell ADPase: Thromboregulation by endothelial cells. J Clin Invest. 1991;88:1690–1696.
9. Gayle RB III, Maliszewski CR, Gimpel SD, Schoenborn MA, Caspary RG, Richards C, Brasel K, Price V, Drosopoulos JHF, Islam N, Alyonycheva TN, Broekman MJ, Marcus AJ. Inhibition of platelet function by recombinant soluble ecto-ADPase/CD39. J Clin Invest. 1998;101:1851–1859.
10. Drosopoulos JHF, Broekman MJ, Islam N, Maliszewski CR, Gayle RB III, Marcus AJ. Site-directed mutagenesis of human endothelial cell ecto-ADPase/soluble CD39: requirement of glutamate174 and serine218 for enzyme activity and inhibition of platelet recruitment. Biochemistry. 2000;39:6936–6943.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
11. Côté YP, Filep JG, Battistini B, Gauvreau J, Sirois P, Beaudoin AR. Characterization of ATP-diphosphohydrolase activities in the intima and media of the bovine aorta. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 1992;1139:133–142.
12. Sévigny J, Levesque FP, Grondin G, Beaudoin AR. Purification of the blood vessel ATP diphosphohydrolase, identification and localization by immunological techniques. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1997;1334:73–88.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
13.
Beaudoin AR,
Sévigny J, Grondin G, Daoud S, Levesque FP. Purification,
characterization, and localization of two ATP diphosphohydrolase
isoforms in bovine heart. Am J
Physiol. 1997;273:H673–H681.
14. Heyns AP, van den Berg DJ, Potgieter GM, Retief FP. The inhibition of platelet aggregation by an aorta intima extract. Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 1974;32:417–431.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
15. Bunting S, Gryglewski RJ, Moncada S, Vane JR. Arterial walls generate from prostaglandin endoperoxides a substance (prostaglandin X) which relaxes strips of mesenteric and celiac arteries and inhibits platelet aggregation. Prostaglandins. 1976;12:897–913.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
16. Zimmermann H. Nucleotides and CD39: principal modulatory players in hemostasis and thrombosis. Nat Med. 1999;5:987–988.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
17. Enjyoji K, Sévigny J, Lin Y, Frenette PS, Christie PD, Esch JS, Imai M, Edelberg JM, Rayburn H, Lech M, Beeler DL, Csizmadia E, Wagner DD, Robson SC, Rosenberg RD. Targeted disruption of CD39/ATP diphosphohydrolase results in disordered hemostasis and thromboregulation. Nat Med. 1999;5:1010–1017.
18. Schulte am Esch J, Sévigny J, Kaczmarek E, Siegel JB, Imai M, Koziak K, Beaudoin AR, Robson SC. Structural elements and limited proteolysis of CD39 influence ATP diphosphohydrolase activity. Biochemistry. 1999;38:2248–2258.
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