© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Vascular Biology |
Expression of Type VIII Collagen After Cholesterol Diet and Injury in the Rabbit Model of Atherosclerosis
From the Departments of Cell Biology and Ultrastructure Research (G.P., H.R.) and Coronary Artery Disease (A.D., G.B.), Section of Molecular Cardiology, Institute for Arteriosclerosis Research at the University of Muenster, and Department of Cardiology and Angiology (A.D., G.B.), Hospital of the University of Münster, Germany.
Correspondence to Dr Gabriele Plenz, Department of Cell Biology and Ultrastructure Research, Institute for Arteriosclerosis Research at the University of Muenster, Domagkstr 3, D-48149 Muenster, Germany. E-mail plenz{at}uni-muenster.de
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Abstract |
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Abstract—This study presents an analysis of the expression of type VIII collagen mRNA in response to cholesterol diet and balloon injury in the rabbit iliac artery. The design of the animal experiments was as follows: 28 male New Zealand White rabbits were divided into the 3 different treatment groups. Group 1 received regular chow; group 2 was fed with a 1% cholesterol diet for 6 weeks and normal chow for 5 weeks; and group 3 underwent balloon injury, then 6 weeks of a 1% cholesterol diet, which was followed by 5 weeks of normal chow. The expression pattern of type VIII collagen mRNA was compared with that of the fibrillar collagen types I and III, transforming growth factor-ß1, a factor known to exert the most potent stimulatory effect on collagen synthesis in vitro, and matrix metalloproteinase 1, a collagen-degrading enzyme. The cholesterol diet resulted in an upregulation of type VIII collagen, fibrillar collagens, transforming growth factor-ß1, and matrix metalloproteinase I in the adventitia. Although the number of type VIII collagen mRNA–expressing cells in the media increased, no significant difference in overall expression levels was detectable by northern blot analysis. The ratio of medial smooth muscle cells expressing type VIII collagen mRNA to those expressing type I and type III collagen mRNA (CVIII:CI:CIII) changed from 1:1.88:0.03 in the normal media to 1:0.78:0.29. When cholesterol feeding was preceded by balloon injury, type VIII collagen mRNA expression concomitant with the fibrillar collagens was further upregulated over and above that level reported after cholesterol diet alone. In general, low levels of transforming growth factor-ß1 mRNA correlated with high expression of matrix metalloproteinase I. Our study indicates that a cholesterol diet resulted in a balanced reorganization of the collagen composition but did not result in marked collagen accumulation. This may provide an extracellular environment that favors migration and proliferation processes during early atherogenesis. It also demonstrates that type VIII collagen is highly expressed and deposited at later stages, and this may be linked to processes such as tissue reorganization during vascular repair and plaque stabilization.
Key Words: rabbit • balloon injury • extracellular matrix remodeling • collagen • collagenase • transforming growth factor-ß • stenosis
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Introduction |
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Atherosclerosis involves pathological changes in the normal structure and function of the arterial wall that depend critically on interactions between vessel wall cells and their extracellular environment. The principal vascular cell type responsible for extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism is the smooth muscle cell (SMC).1 2 Medial SMCs, expressing the contractile phenotype, are embedded in an ECM composed of basement membrane molecules, elastin, and collagens.3 These cells show low proliferative activity and do not migrate. During early atherogenesis, SMCs differentiate from the contractile to the synthetic phenotype. This transition is accompanied by the onset of SMC migration from the medial layer into the intima, increased proliferative activity, and changes in the expression, synthesis, and deposition of ECM components. With consecutive remodeling and accumulation of ECM, the result is intimal thickening and the development of advanced atherosclerotic lesions.4 5
Collagens expressed at low levels are essential constituents of the normal media, but excessive production of collagens is a major feature of advanced atherosclerotic plaque. Ninety percent of the total protein in the plaque consists of collagens, predominantly type I and type III collagen.6 7 8 9 Fibrillar collagens and other members of the collagen family, types IV and V collagen,10 11 appear to play important roles in the processes of SMC phenotype modulation, vascular repair, and plaque stabilization. Although the fibrillar collagens have been investigated extensively in relation to atherosclerosis, our knowledge of the role of type VIII collagen remains limited.
Type VIII collagen is a component of the normal vessel wall,12 13 synthesized by endothelial cells (ECs)14 and SMCs.15 This type of collagen forms 3D networks16 17 and is proposed to participate in angiogenesis.18 Studies on the proliferation and migration of SMCs in the rat balloon injury model provide evidence that type VIII collagen plays a role in promoting migration but not proliferation of SMCs.19
Changes in ECM environment influence the behavior of SMCs and, thus, the cross talk between SMC and ECM.20 21 ECM components might play an important role in the regulation of the availability of cell mediators and the responsiveness of SMCs to mediators such as transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß). TGF-ß1 has been implicated in the formation of an ECM during intimal hyperplasia.22 It is known to stimulate collagen gene expression, fibrillar collagens as well as type VIII collagen, and to influence the balance of synthesis and degradation of the ECM.23 24
Pericellular proteolysis cascades are required for vascular remodeling and activation of growth factor release during atherogenesis.25 26 27 Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of potent proteinases, have been implicated in these processes by way of ECM degradation.28 29 30 31 Structure and stability of the lesion depend on the balance between synthesis and degradation of the collagenous matrix.32 Several animal models have been used to study the processes of lesion development. Balloon endothelial denudation and medial layer damage with or without subsequent cholesterol diet constitutes a single-injury model in which there is de novo intimal growth in a previously normal artery. This single-step approach has been evaluated in rat, porcine, and rabbit arteries.33 In rabbits, single balloon injury34 35 36 combined with moderate cholesterol feeding resulted in the development of lesions resembling those of humans, consisting primarily of SMCs. The lesions contain a fibromuscular cap covering a core composed of extracellular lipid and cell debris and show marked depositions of collagenous matrix.37 38 39 40 41
In the present study we focused on the expression of network-forming collagen type VIII mRNA in comparison with fibrillar collagens (types I and III collagen), and in relation to TGF-ß1 and MMP-I in rabbit iliac arteries after a 1% cholesterol diet with and without previous balloon injury.37 38 The mRNA expression was followed by in situ hybridization, for type VIII collagen also by northern blot analysis, and with immunohistochemistry to examine the corresponding protein. We demonstrate stimulation of type VIII collagen mRNA expression, codistribution of type VIII collagen with TGF-ß1 and MMP-I, and changes in the composition of collagens after cholesterol diet and balloon injury in rabbits.
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Methods |
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Experimental Groups
Twenty-eight male New Zealand White rabbits (3.8±0.4 kg) were used and divided into 3 different treatment groups. Group 1 (n=8) received regular chow. Group 2 (n=9) was fed with a 1% cholesterol diet for 6 weeks and normal chow for 5 weeks. Group 3 (n=11) underwent balloon injury, then 6 weeks of 1% cholesterol diet, which was followed by 5 weeks of normal chow. The rabbits were housed according to the Animal Welfare Act specifications. All surgical procedures were performed by sterile techniques and under general anesthesia with ketamine (40 mg/kg of body weight) and xylazine (5 mg/kg of body weight) intramuscularly.
Balloon Denudation
The rabbits underwent arteriotomy of the left and right femoral
arteries. A 3 Fr Fogarty embolectomy catheter was advanced retrogradely
into the iliac artery by 10 cm and inflated until contact was made with
the vessel wall. The lower aorta and both iliac arteries were denuded
by gentle advancement and withdrawal of the catheter 3 times as
previously described.42
Tissue Preparation
Before exsanguination, each animal received an injection of
etomidate (2 mg/kg of body weight; Hypnomidate,
Janssen) intravenously. The iliac arteries and abdominal
aorta were exposed and cannulated for runoff of the perfusion medium.
After median sternotomy, the cannula connected to a perfusion
apparatus was inserted into the left
ventricular apex. Perfusion was performed with a perfusion
pressure of 
100 mm Hg for 7 minutes at 22°C. The blood was
flushed with 0.9% sodium chloride solution followed by 150 to 200 mL
of glutaraldehyde/saline. After perfusion fixation, the
iliac arteries and the abdominal aorta were carefully removed and
processed for morphological studies (group 1, n=4; group 2, n=4; and
group 3, n=5).
For in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, fresh material was used (group 1, n=4; group 2, n=5; and group 3, n=6). The arteries were placed in cryoprotective medium on cork disks and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen. For northern blot analyses, fresh tissue from the same animals was frozen directly in liquid nitrogen.
Histological and Morphometric Evaluation
The lumen, the tunica media, and the intimal layer were measured
in perfusion-fixed cryostat cross-sections of 10-µm thickness
(MTC-Microtome, SLEE) stained by the Goldner technique.43
Morphometric analysis of the cross sections was performed by
using a videomorphometric system (VIDAS, Kontron Electronics). The
length and position of a lesion was calculated in a series of
10-µm-thick sections of injured arteries. In each artery, 10
sections were measured, representing the middle third of
the lesions. The values were summarized as means of the cross-sectional
areas of the lumen, intima, and tunica media and as means of the mean
and standard deviation values of each group. Significant differences
between the experimental groups were calculated with the 2-sided
Mann–Whitney U test at a significance level of
P<0.05.
Changes in the composition of the arteries were followed by standard histological techniques. General histology and lipid distribution were evaluated by using the hemalum–eosin– and fat red–staining techniques.44 ECM was stained by using trichrome-staining techniques.43
Probes and Labeling Procedure
For in situ and in vitro RNA analysis, the following
recombinant cDNA clones were used: pHf677, containing an insert
complementary to the human 
1(I) procollagen mRNA45 ;
pH33, complementary to human 1(III) procollagen mRNA46 ;
pBSII1Col8, complementary to the human procollagen 1(VIII) mRNA;
phTGF-ß1 complementary to human TGF-ß1 mRNA47 ; p
5/2
complementary to human MMP-I48 ; and cG3PDH (Clontech),
complementary to the human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase (G3PDH) mRNA. The in vitro transcription was performed
according to the manufacturer's protocol, using digoxigenin-labeled
UTP (Boehringer Mannheim).
Northern Blot Analysis
Total RNA (0.155±0.0856 µg/mg of tissue) was isolated
according to Chirgwin et al.49 For the northern blot
analysis, 4.0 µg of total RNA was fractionated by
electrophoresis under denaturing conditions on a 1.1%
agarose/formaldehyde gel.50 Hybridization was performed
with modifications as previously described.51
Modifications were as follows: hybridization was performed at 72°C,
using either 1(VIII) procollagen or G3PDH antisense riboprobe (50
ng/mL). Detection was performed by using an alkaline phosphatase
detection protocol (Boehringer Mannheim) and the
chemiluminogenic substrate CSPD (Tropix/Serva). To evaluate the
relative expression, the luminographs on x-ray film (Kodak X-OMAT AR)
were scanned by using a laser densitometer (Personal Densitometer,
Molecular Dynamics). The absorbance units were normalized to G3PDH
mRNA.
In Situ Hybridization
In situ hybridization was performed on cryostat sections (5
µm) following methods modified from those previously
described51 52 with 0.3 µg of digoxigenin-labeled
antisense or sense riboprobe/mL of hybridization solution (50%
formamide, 2x SSPE, 10 mmol/L DTT, 2 mg/mL herring sperm DNA, 200
mg/mL yeast tRNA, and 1 mg/mL BSA) at 52°C in a humidified chamber.
To evaluate the background from the hybridization procedure, slides
were incubated with hybridization solution only. For the lowest
stringency the washing buffers contained 2x SSC, and for the highest
stringency 0.1x SSC. Washing was performed at 50°C.
For detection of the in situ hybridization signal a modified anti-digoxigenin alkaline phosphatase protocol (Boehringer Mannheim) was used. As a control to the detection procedure, the antibody was omitted. The alkaline phosphatase–staining procedure was performed in the dark overnight by using nitroblue tetrazolium salt (67.5 mg/mL; BIOMOL) and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate (35 mg/mL; BIOMOL) as substrates. Sections were counterstained with methylene green and mounted with Kaiser's glycerin gelatin. Background was not observed in sections hybridized with the sense probe and in hybridization solution only. Neither the antibody nor the staining procedure caused background.
The number of expressing cells was evaluated microscopically by relating the calculated number of mRNA-expressing cells to the total number of cells counted in a microscopic area (x250). Data are expressed as mean±standard deviation (±SD) values.
Immunohistochemistry
Cell types were identified as follows: (1) for SMCs, mouse
anti-human /
actin (HHF35; Loxo), and (2) for
macrophages, mouse anti-rabbit RAM11 (MG33; Dako) were used.
Type VIII collagen was localized by using mouse anti-bovine type VIII
collagen (C8; Medac).
For detection, a fluorescence-staining protocol was used, with HHF35, RAM11, and C8 as primary antibodies. As a secondary antibody/detection system, we used donkey anti-mouse immunoglobulin conjugated to Cy3 (Chemicon). After detection, slides were mounted with fluoromount mounting medium.
Negative controls included substitution of the primary antibody by mouse immunoglobulins or omission of the primary antibody.
Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy and Correlative
Histology
Fluorescence-labeled sections were examined by confocal
laser scanning microscopy by using a Leica TCS 4D equipped with an
argon/krypton laser and fitted with the appropriate filter block for
detection of Cy3 fluorescence. The images were taken by using
simultaneous dual-channel scanning and transformed into
projection views by using sets of 5 consecutive single optical
sections taken at 1-µm intervals.
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Results |
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Design of the Animal Experiments
Our experimental design, single balloon injury combined with a phase of moderate cholesterol feeding, resulted in the development of lesions resembling those of humans. The lesions contained a fibromuscular cap covering a core composed of extracellular lipids and cell debris and showed marked depositions of collagenous matrix. Without additional feeding of normal chow, the diet resulted in lesions predominantly composed of cells and lipids, whereas depositions of ECM are sparsely found. Therefore, to generate lesions resembling those of humans requires the 5-week normal chow diet.
Arteries After Normal Chow and Cholesterol Diet
Morphometry and Cellular Composition
In group 2 (1% cholesterol diet for 6 weeks followed
by normal chow for 5 weeks), some intimal thickening restricted to
limited areas (intimal area, 0.233±0.043
mm2) was found, although there was no detectable
change in the size of the vessel lumen (Table 1
). The media stained
homogeneously for HHF35 (Figure 1a). Macrophages were detected in
the adventitia only (Figure 1b).
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Expression Patterns
In normal iliac arteries as well as in iliac arteries of
cholesterol-fed rabbits (groups 1 and 2), type VIII
collagen mRNA was expressed in a proportion of the ECs, SMCs, and
adventitial cells (Figure 2a and 2b). For
type VIII collagen, the strongest response to cholesterol
was observed in the adventitia (Figure 2b). Types I and III
collagen are concomitantly expressed. MMP-I (Figure 2c and 2d)
and TGF-ß1 (Figure 2d and 2e) were also preferentially
upregulated in the adventitial zone. In the media, transcription of
MMP-I was upregulated whereas TGF-ß1 was markedly downregulated.
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Thirty-three percent of the medial SMCs expressed type VIII collagen
mRNA (Table 2). In control animals, the
percentage of expressing cells was almost identical in the iliac
artery, carotid artery, and abdominal aorta, although marked
differences in signal intensity were found (data not shown).
Cholesterol diet resulted in increased numbers of cells
expressing type VIII collagen mRNA (Table 2). Sixty percent of
SMCs from control arteries expressed type I collagen. Accumulations of
expressing cells were observed adjacent to the external elastic lamina
and in the adventitia. After cholesterol diet, the average
number of expressing cells per area did not change (Table 2).
Enhanced numbers of expressing cells were sporadically found in the
subendothelial medial and intimal regions, whereas
decreased cell numbers were observed in the inner medial areas. In
comparison with type VIII and I collagen, type III collagen mRNA was
expressed at low levels in control arteries and restricted to a small
number of medial SMCs. Cholesterol feeding markedly
stimulated the type III collagen mRNA expression (Table 2). The
ratio of medial SMCs expressing type VIII collagen mRNA to SMCs
expressing the fibrillar collagens (CVIII:CI:CIII) changed from
1:1.88:0.03 to 1:0.78:0.29.
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Low levels of MMP-I mRNA and only a restricted number of expressing
cells (11%) were identified in the normal iliac artery (Figure 2c
). After cholesterol diet, the expression of MMP-I
was markedly enhanced in the media and in the adventitia, as reflected
by the number of expressing cells and the intensity of the in situ
signal (Figure 2d and Table 2).
In the normal arteries, a low to moderate but homogeneous
expression of TGF-ß1 mRNA occasionally occurred in ECs, in medial
SMCs, and in the adventitia (Figure 2e). After
cholesterol diet, the number of TGF-ß1 mRNA–expressing
cells in the media was reduced (Table 2). Enhanced levels were
observed in the adventitia only (Figure 2f).
As demonstrated by immunohistochemistry (Figure 3) cholesterol feeding did
not markedly effect the distribution and deposition of type VIII
collagen. In arteries of chow-fed rabbits, label for type VIII collagen
was found in the endothelium, the
subendothelial media, and the adventitia (Figure 3a). After cholesterol diet, type VIII collagen was
synthesized by ECs but found sparsely in the
subendothelial media. Increased immunoreactivity was
observed at the media/adventitia border (Figure 3b).
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Changes in Response to Cholesterol Diet and
Balloon Injury
Morphometry, Histological Evaluation, and
Cellular Composition
Balloon injury combined with cholesterol diet led to
the development of fibrolipid lesions, resembling those of humans
(Figure 4). Accumulations of ECM (Figure 4a) and lipids (Figure 4b and 4c) were observed. For the
purpose of analyzing the expression patterns, 2 different zones of the
lesion were defined.
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First the eccentric, cell-rich zone with ECM-rich areas and marked intima formation (intimal area, 1.60±0.038 mm2) located in the area of the shoulder of the lesion. Parts of the vessel showed a normal composition or adaptive thickening. The principal cell type was the SMC. The plaque core contained lipid-rich glue and lipid-laden macrophages.
The second type comprised the concentric zone of the lesions with
complicated composition, a high proportion of ECM-rich areas, and
pronounced intima formation (intimal area, 2.363±0.105
mm2; Table 1), which were located in the
area of maximum lesion development. Macrophages were found
mainly in the plaque core and base.
Expression Patterns in Response to Cholesterol Diet and
Balloon Injury
In the eccentric lesion areas, high levels of type VIII collagen
mRNA were detected. Those parts of the vessel that showed the
composition of normal arteries or only adaptive thickening revealed
expression patterns for type VIII collagen mRNA and the other mRNAs
similar to those found in arteries after cholesterol diet
only. In general, all parts of the adventitia adjacent to SMC-rich
areas at the plaque base were strongly activated. In addition,
type VIII collagen was strongly expressed in the
endothelium and the subendothelial
region of the lesion; cellular mRNA levels varied. An example of the
typical expression pattern of type VIII collagen mRNA is shown in
Figure 5a. Accumulations of cells
expressing type I collagen mRNA occurred at the plaque shoulder, plaque
cap, and plaque base. In the adventitia adjacent to the plaque, almost
all cells expressed high levels of type I collagen mRNA. Cells
expressing type III collagen mRNA were located mainly in the plaque
base and in the subendothelial region. In other parts
of the lesion the distribution appeared to be homogeneous.
Strong expression of MMP-I (Figure 5b) and TGF-ß1 (Figure 5c) mRNA took place in the adventitia, plaque base, and core, in
the fibrotic cap, and in the endothelium. Both mRNAs
codistribute with type VIII collagen mRNA. The sense control was devoid
of label (Figure 5d)
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The concentric lesion areas demonstrated heterogeneous
expression patterns in line with their complex morphology (Table 3). In general, strong expression of type
VIII collagen mRNA (Figures 6a and 7) occurred in intimal regions composed
of SMCs, in the media, and in the adventitia. Elevated levels of the
fibrillar collagen mRNAs were observed in parallel. The type VIII
collagen mRNA was codistributed with TGF-ß1 mRNA but only in some
areas with MMP-I mRNA (Figure 6b and 6c).
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The percentage of cells expressing type VIII collagen ranged from
49% to 69% in the ECM-rich and cell-poor intimal areas and the plaque
core. In the other areas of the intima and media, type VIII collagen
mRNA expression ranged from 50% to 90% of the cell population (Table 3). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated occurrence of type VIII
collagen in the media and intima. The major type VIII
collagen–synthesizing cell type was the SMC (Figure 7b and 7c).
Although of less intensity, label for type VIII collagen was also found
in regions composed mainly of macrophages (Figure 7a and 7c). Analysis of the overall expression of type VIII collagen
mRNA by northern blot analysis revealed no significant
stimulation after cholesterol feeding but significant
stimulation after cholesterol diet preceded by
balloon injury (Figure 8A and 8B).
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The percentage of cells expressing type I collagen mRNA ranged from
36% to 69% in the ECM-rich and cell-poor intimal areas and the plaque
core (Table 3). In all other areas of the intima and media, type
I collagen mRNA was expressed by almost every cell (up to 96%). Type
III collagen mRNA was expressed by 29% to 52% of SMCs in the media,
ranged from 27% to 79% of cells in the intima, and 0.02% to 79% of
cells in the adventitia (Table 3), whereas the signal intensity
was low.
In comparison with the collagens, the expression of MMP-I and TGF-ß1
mRNA was low. TGF-ß1 mRNA expression was inversely related to the
expression of MMP-I mRNA (Table 3).
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Discussion |
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It is becoming increasingly clear that type VIII collagen is a key structural component of the vasculature and its expression in vitro by the constituent cell types of the arterial wall has previously been well documented.12 14 15 In the rat model of early atherogenesis, alterations in type VIII collagen have been demonstrated as a component of the SMC response to injury, and are suggested to play a functional role in mediating migration of SMCs.19 53 The present study in the rabbit injury/cholesterol diet model extends existing work by providing the first evidence that the presence of type VIII collagen is not only related to the migration of SMCs during early atherogenesis19 but that this component is also highly expressed at later stages, implying additional roles in such processes as tissue reorganization during vascular repair and plaque stabilization.
Cholesterol Diet–Induced Changes
Type VIII collagen mRNA expression is slightly stimulated after
cholesterol feeding, with the strongest increase being
observed in the adventitia. However, increased deposition of collagen
was not observed, indicating a balanced synthesis of collagen and
degradation by collagen-degrading proteins (ie,
MMP-I).54 55
SMCs are major players in early processes of atherogenesis.56 They synthesize collagens and other ECM components and their proliferation leads to intimal hypertrophy. Marked intimal thickening has not been observed after cholesterol treatment, as indicated by the morphometric evaluation. Therefore, the demonstrated ECM reorganization in the media is probably the first step in providing the appropriate environment for the migration of SMCs, as previously suggested in the rat injury model.19 53 SMCs are probably capable of responding to atherogenic factors, such as cholesterol or growth factors, by remodeling the ECM and thereby enabling the vessel wall for time-restricted accumulation of lipids and facilitating lipid transgression. Fibrillar collagens have been proposed to trap lipids in the intima by slowing down their diffusion57 58 and network-forming type VIII collagen would be another potential candidate for this process.
Our studies demonstrated the strongest transcriptional activation in the adventitia after cholesterol feeding. However, intimal thickening was not observed. It has been thought that the adventitia may play a crucial rule in the maintenance of the integrity of the inner layers of the arterial wall. The development of SMC-rich lesions in normal chow–fed rabbits after removal of the adventitia indicates that the adventitia might influence the migratory and proliferative activity of medial SMCs. Components synthesized by adventitial cells such as ECM components, matrix-degrading molecules, and growth factors may, within limits, inhibit intima formation and affect cellular composition.59 60 61
Changes in Response to Cholesterol Diet and
Balloon Injury
To maintain normal remodeling after injury, a balance between ECM
synthesis and degradation is necessary.39 62 The
imbalance between the synthesis of ECM molecules and matrix-degrading
enzymes in wound-healing processes in general is reflected in marked
accumulation of ECM.63 64 In our model this process is
characterized on the molecular level by downregulation of MMP-I and
upregulation of collagens and TGF-ß1 mRNA after mechanical injury of
the arteries, particularly in areas of maximum stenosis.
During the progression of atherosclerotic lesions, the SMC phenotype changes from the contractile to the synthetic phenotype. Enhanced capacity for the synthesis of collagen in general is related to the so-called synthetic SMC phenotype.56 65 Nevertheless, the occurrence of synthetic SMCs cannot fully explain the demonstrated distribution patterns, in particular the codistribution of type VIII collagen with macrophage-rich areas. In advanced lesions, stimulation of collagen expression by SMCs reportedly correlates with the appearance of macrophages.65 66 As indicated here, type VIII collagen mRNA not only colocalizes in some areas with the appearance of RAM11-positive macrophages but is synthesized by macrophages themselves. Our observations in the rabbit model agree well with the human system, as previously shown by our laboratory (G.P., unpublished observations, 1998). Macrophages are thought to be responsible for MMP-mediated destabilization of the plaque cap32 and thus for plaque rupture as well as for matrix remodeling via TGF-ß1–dependent mechanisms.23 TGF-ß1 is known to exert the most potent stimulatory effect on collagen synthesis22 67 68 and to mediate the degradation of type I collagen.23 One might speculate that network-forming type VIII collagen synthesized by macrophages contributes to the maintenance of lesion integrity by substituting other ECM components, ie, fibrillar collagens.
Thus, changes in the expression, distribution, and metabolism of type VIII collagen may reflect either balanced ECM reorganization, providing the appropriate environment for the immigration of SMCs into the intima and maintaining lesion integrity, or imbalanced ECM remodeling, causing excessive deposition of collagen or plaque destabilization and rupture.
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Acknowledgments |
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We wish to thank Brigitta Milskemper, Sezan Maleki, and Marianne Opalka for their technical expertise.
Received October 15, 1998; accepted October 19, 1998.
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