© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contributions |
Intravenous Magnesium Reduces Infarct Size After Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Combined with a Thrombogenic Lesion in the Left Anterior Descending Artery
From the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (H.B.R., U.M., M.C., S.J., L.B.-S.), Aarhus University, and the Department of Anaesthesiology (H.B.R., M.C., L.J.), the Department of Cardiology (U.M.), and the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (L.B.I., V.E.H.) Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; and the Department of Cardiology (C.I.O.B, P.W.), Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.
Correspondence to Hanne B. Ravn, MD, PhD, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Skejby Hospital, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark. E-mail hbr{at}iekf.aau.dk
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Abstract |
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Abstract—Experimental studies have demonstrated that intravenous magnesium (Mg) can protect the ischemic myocardium and has an antithrombotic effect. In patients with myocardial infarction, the reperfusion injury is complicated by the presence of a thrombogenic area in the affected coronary artery that may cause repetitive thrombus formation and embolization. We investigated the effect of Mg on infarct size in a randomized study in pigs. Myocardial infarction was induced by a 50-minute mechanical occlusion of the left anterior descending artery combined with an arterial injury, which stimulated a dynamic thrombus formation with emboli shedding on reperfusion. Magnesium sulfate (6 mmol/20 min plus 3 mmol/h) or saline was started at 30 minutes after coronary occlusion. Real-time ventricular pressure–volume loops were generated from the left ventricle by using a microtip pressure manometer and a conductance catheter. Platelet accumulation in the myocardium was evaluated by using 111In-labeled platelets. After 4 hours of reperfusion, the infarct size/area at risk ratio in the placebo group was 46±0.06% (n=8) compared with 22±0.07% (n=6) in the Mg-treated animals (P=0.03). Ejection fraction decreased significantly in the control group but not in the Mg-treated animals (P=0.03). Platelet accumulation in the myocardium did not change significantly between the Mg- and placebo-treated animals (placebo group, 191±19%; Mg group, 177±29%; NS). The present study demonstrates that intravenous Mg infusion is able to reduce infarct size by >50% and preserve the ejection fraction in this model where ischemia/reperfusion injury was evaluated in the presence of a thrombogenic area in the nutrient artery.
Key Words: magnesium • animals • reperfusion injury • thrombosis • platelets
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Introduction |
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Experimental data indicate that intravenous magnesium (Mg) may be a promising agent in the treatment of acute infarction not only during reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium,1 2 but also as an antithrombotic drug.3 4
Acute myocardial infarction (MI) is caused, in most cases, by the formation of an occlusive thrombus in the coronary artery.5 The therapeutic aim in MI patients is to obtain recanalization of the artery, to salvage the ischemic myocardium. However, after thrombolysis or angioplasty, intermittent occlusion of the artery often occurs because of recurrent thrombus formation at the thrombogenic plaque. Thrombus formation and embolization is likely to occur repetitively, until the disrupted plaque is sealed off as part of a healing process. This may lead to recurrent episodes of ischemia/reperfusion as well as accumulation of microaggregates from the thrombus in the myocardium downstream to the lesion.
In animal models of reperfusion injury, a mechanical and standardized occlusion of the nutrient artery has generally been used. However, the clinical setting differs with respect to the experimental setup, because reestablishment of coronary blood flow is not always well defined in patients. In the present model, reperfusion injury was combined with a thrombogenic lesion in the left anterior descending artery (LAD), thereby increasing the risk of occlusive episodes after reperfusion. This was done to evaluate the effect of Mg in an experimental model, which has closer resemblance to the pathophysiology in MI patients.
We have previously shown that intravenous Mg is able to reduce not only thrombus formation, but also emboli frequency.4 We were therefore encouraged to evaluate if intravenous Mg was able to reduce not only infarct size but also the embolic burden in the myocardium downstream to the thrombogenic lesion in the LAD.
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Methods |
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Animals and Study Design
Twenty-one 3-month-old, 45-kg (40 to 51 kg) Danish Landrace pigs (Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Aarhus, Denmark) were included in the study. The animals were randomly assigned to 2 groups, ie, Mg and control. The Mg group received 6 mmol of intravenous magnesium sulfate for 20 minutes starting 30 minutes after occlusion of the LAD and then continued with 3 mmol of magnesium sulfate per hour. The control group received intravenous isotonic saline in volumes equal to the Mg-treated pigs, starting 30 minutes after occlusion of the LAD.
The animals were treated according to the principles stated in the Danish law on animal experiments.
Surgery
Animals were anesthetized with fentanyl 0.3 mg and
propofol 150 mg intubated and connected to mechanical ventilation at
4.5 L/min with a mixture of atmospheric air and
O2. Anesthesia was maintained with an
infusion of fentanyl 0.3 mg/h, propofol 8 to 10
mg · kg-1 · hr-1, and pancuronium 3
mg/h. Serial blood gas measurements were performed hourly to maintain a
physiological level of oxygenation
and ventilation. All animals received amiodarone 150 mg
prophylactically to reduce the rate of arrhythmias
during reperfusion. Temperature was kept between 36.5°C and 38.0°C
by using a heating blanket.
The right and left carotid arteries and right internal jugular vein were cannulated. Access to the heart was obtained through a median sternotomy, and the heart was suspended in a pericardial cradle. A 15- to 20-mm length of the artery was exposed and isolated in the midportion of the LAD. The pulmonary artery was carefully dissected free for placement of a transit-time flow-probe (Medi-Stim AS, Cardiomed).
Thrombogenic Lesion
A medial injury resulting in exposure of adventitial tissue into
the vessel lumen was created by external application of 2 dented
forceps, followed by a twisting of the artery by moving 1 clamp
clockwise and the other clamp counterclockwise. Before the experiment,
a series of pilot studies (n=4) was performed in which in vivo thrombus
formation was visualized by transilluminating the LAD from beneath, as
described previously.4 A growing thrombus shedding emboli
could be seen inside the vessel lumen after the thrombogenic injury. In
this pilot series, the vessels were cut out 30 minutes after
reperfusion, and a combined red and white thrombus was found within the
lumen. However, because of the movement of the heart, a major concern
was whether the transilluminator would intermittently cause obstruction
of the blood flow in the artery, and the transilluminator was therefore
not applied during the final experiment.
To evaluate the nature of the thrombogenic lesion, the isolated part of the LAD was cut out at the end of the experiment and placed in formaldehyde/sodium phosphate (4%, wt/vol). Vessel specimens were cut out in longitudinal sections and prepared for light microscopy examination by using trichrome staining.
Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
A vessel clamp was applied on the LAD just proximal to the
thrombogenic lesion immediately after the injury was created. Occlusion
was maintained for 50 minutes, and afterward a 4-hour reperfusion
period ensued. At 4 hours a suture was placed around the isolated part
of the LAD and the corresponding vein to occlude the LAD. Immediately
after occlusion, the heart was perfusion stained with intra-atrial
injection of sodium fluoresceine to determine the area at
risk. The heart was fibrillated with a 9-V battery and excised 10 to 15
seconds after injection.5
Infarct Size/Area at Risk
The heart was cut into 5-mm slices, perpendicular to the septum
from the apex to the base. All slices were weighed. The area at risk
was marked with a glow needle on each slice under a Woods lamp. Viable
myocardium was stained bright red by incubating the slices
in 1% 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride
(Sigma) at pH 7.4 and a temperature of 37°C for 15 minutes. All
slices were videotaped both before and after staining by using a
charge-coupled device camera (JAI Protec 2040, JAI) and a video
machine (Sony SVO 9500 MMP) and stored on S-VHS videotapes for later
analysis. For each slice area at risk, area not at risk and
infarct size were assessed by computer planimetry, on an IBM personal
computer, and the mass-ratio of the area at risk to the left
ventricular (LV) mass, and the infarct size to the
area at risk, were calculated.
Hemodynamics
Real-time ventricular pressure–volume loops were
generated by using pigtail conductance catheters (7F, NuMed) and
microtip pressure catheters (2.5F, Millar Houston). The conductance
catheter was inserted retrogradely into the LV via the right carotid
artery under fluoroscopic guidance. The pressure catheter was inserted
through the LV apex. All volume measurements were corrected for blood
resistivity and parallel conductance and calibrated from a transit time
flow probe placed around the pulmonary artery. Parallel
conductance was determined by the hypertonic saline
method,6 using an injection of 7 mL of 10% saline into
the inferior vena cava. Preload was varied by transient
snaring of the inferior vena cava. Volume and pressure data
were fed into a dedicated microcomputer, where they were integrated and
analyzed offline in custom-designed software.
Calculation of Ejection Fraction
Raw volume data were corrected for parallel conductance and the
gain constant 
offline. The gain constant was derived as the
ratio of conductance-derived stroke volume to transit time flow
averaged over 5 consecutive cardiac cycles.
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Platelets
Indium-labeled platelets were produced from 100 mL of blood
withdrawn from a central venous line into acid citrate dextrose
anticoagulant and gently rotated. The blood was centrifuged at
1000 rpm for 10 minutes to isolate platelets in plasma.
Platelet-rich plasma was centrifuged at 2200 rpm for 10
minutes and the platelet-poor plasma (PPP) removed for later
resuspension. The platelet pellet was gently resuspended in 1.5 mL
of plasma and incubated with a mixture of
111In-Tropolone for 10 minutes. After incubation,
5 mL of PPP was added and the sample centrifuged at 2200 rpm
for 10 minutes to remove unbound indium. After the second
centrifugation, the platelets were resuspended in 5
mL of PPP. The labeling efficiency was 98±0.02%. The radioactive
solution was injected into the pig 30 minutes before harvesting of
the heart.
Blood samples were withdrawn into hirudin-anticoagulated (0.1 mg/mL) tubes at baseline and after 15 minutes, 1 hour, and 3 hours of reperfusion. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was prepared by centrifugation at 180g for 10 minutes at room temperature. PPP was obtained by centrifugation at 2500g for 10 minutes. Platelet aggregation was measured in a single-channel aggregometer (Model 560 versus Chronolog, Havertown), using the turbimetric method described by Born.7 Platelet aggregation was induced with fixed concentrations of collagen (0.2 mg/mL) (Sigma) and the aggregation response was recorded during the next 5 minutes.
Platelet Accumulation
After the LV had been stained with
2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride, the
slices were divided into 3 parts based on staining characteristics. The
area at risk was cut out according to the glow needle marks, and within
this area the necrotic tissue (white-yellowish) was separated from the
viable tissue (red stained). Representative samples of
the central part of the right ventricle were obtained. The tissue was
placed in preweighed scintillation vials in according to the following
4 separate groups: (1) area at risk, necrotic; (2) area at risk,
viable; (3) area not at risk, LV; and (4) right ventricle. Two persons,
who were unaware of the treatment given, performed all procedures
(H.B.R. and L.B.-S.). Quantitative counting of the tissue radioactivity
was performed on a Packard 
-counter. The window was set at 350 to
500 keV for indium 111, and counts were corrected for background.
Counts per gram of tissue was calculated and the radioactivity was
expressed as the percentage of the counts per gram of tissue in the
area not at risk in the LV.
Ischemic Markers
Blood samples were withdrawn into heparinized Venoject tubes
(Terumo Europe) at baseline and after 15 minutes, 1 hour, and 3 hours
of reperfusion. Samples were immediately centrifuged at 3000
rpm, at 4°C for 15 minutes, and plasma was stored at -20°C for
later analysis. Plasma levels of creatine kinase (CK) were
measured by using a Johnson & Johnson Vitros-250. Troponin-T
(TNT) was measured by the use of Enzymun-Test Troponin-T-1556428
(Boehringer Mannheim GmbH).
Statistics
All data are mean±SEM values. Comparison between 2 groups was
performed by using Student's t test or the rank sum test
when appropriate. With more than 2 groups, data were analyzed
by using 2-way ANOVA with time and treatment being the 2 factors
explored. The relation between infarct size and ischemic
markers was evaluated by using Spearman's correlation coefficient.
P<0.05 was considered significant.
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Results |
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Exclusion of Animals
Of the 21 pigs studied, 7 animals were excluded because of irreversible ventricular fibrillation during occlusion or early reperfusion. The incidence of irreversible ventricular fibrillation did not differ between the Mg-treated (4 of 10 animals) and placebo-treated (3 of 11) animals. The remaining 14 pigs (6 Mg-treated and 8 placebo-treated animals) were included in the final analysis.
Hemodynamic Variables
Table 1
gives a summary of these
data. Heart rate increased significantly in both groups over time, but
no differences were observed between the Mg- and placebo-treated
animals (two-way ANOVA: P<0.001 [time]; NS
[treatment]).
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There were no significant differences in end-diastolic
volume, cardiac output, LV systolic pressure, or LV
diastolic pressure between the control and the Mg-treated
group at baseline or during the first 3 hours. The mean EF was
calculated in each group and no significant difference was observed at
baseline (control, 47±3%; Mg, 41±3%). EF decreased to 38±4% at 2
hours of reperfusion in the control animals, whereas the EF decreased
<1% during the observation period in the Mg group (Figure 1). The decrease in EF was significantly
larger in the controls than the Mg group (2-way ANOVA: NS [time]:
P=0.03 [treatment]).
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Infarct Size
Figure 2 shows the area at risk to
LV mass-ratio in the control group (0.13±0.01), which was not
significantly different from the Mg-treated animals (0.15±0.02). The
ratio of infarct size to area at risk was 0.46±0.06 in the control
group and 0.22±0.07 in the Mg group, showing that the mean infarct
size was reduced by >50% in animals receiving intravenous
Mg (P=0.03).
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Ischemic Markers
The cellular damage was evaluated by using ischemic
myocardial markers, ie, CK and TNT. CK increased significantly over
time in both groups (Table 2) but was not
significantly different between the treatment groups (2-way ANOVA:
P=0.02 [time]; NS [treatment]). In a similar manner, TNT
increased significantly over time (Table 2), but although the
difference increased between the 2 treatments, numbers did not reach
statistical significance (2-way ANOVA: P=0.006 [time]; NS
[treatment]). Both the CK and the TNT level at 3 hours showed a
highly significant correlation with the ratio of the infarct size to
the area at risk (
=0.63; P<0.02 [CK] and =0.80;
P<0.0001 [TNT], respectively).
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Platelet Accumulation and Aggregation
The thrombogenic injury created in the LAD resulted in disruption
of the media with protrusion of the adventitia into the vessel lumen
(Figure 3). During initial reperfusion,
the LAD was intermittently occluded without any visible flow distal to
the lesion (results not shown).
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The number of platelets accumulating in the myocardium
is given as relative accumulation to area not at risk in the
LV (100%). Two-way ANOVA showed significant differences in
platelet location (P=0.01), with significantly increased
numbers of platelets in the necrotic part of the LV compared with
the right ventricle (P<0.05). Platelet accumulation in
the area at risk was reduced in the Mg group compared with controls,
but the difference between treatments did not reach statistical
significance in the present study (Table 3).
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Collagen-induced platelet aggregation was measured at specific
times, but no significant differences were observed either over time or
between treatment groups (NS) (Table 2
). The aggregation
response decreased considerably in both groups 15 minutes after
reperfusion, but returned to baseline within the next 3 hours.
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Discussion |
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Intravenous administration of Mg resulted in a >50% reduction in infarct size in the Mg-treated group compared with controls. This is in accordance with previous experimental studies showing a significant reduction in infarct size after an isolated ischemia/reperfusion injury.1 2 8 In patients with acute MI, repetitive occlusion of the artery often occurs because of recurrent thrombus formation at the culprit lesion. We wanted to evaluate the effect of Mg in a model where both reperfusion injury and thrombosis would occur. This was done to observe whether the reduction in infarct size after Mg therapy would attenuate with several pathophysiological events being present simultaneously. This could perhaps explain the discrepancy between previous experimental studies and the most recent clinical trial (ISIS-4), where Mg did not affect early mortality. However, data from the present model, which has a closer resemblance to the clinical setting, indicate that Mg has a highly protective effect on the ischemic myocardium and is able to reduce infarct size and preserve myocardial contractility.
Mg was administered before reperfusion of the artery, as this has been shown to be of utmost importance, both in terms of reducing reperfusion injury1 2 and in obtaining an antithrombotic effect.4 It has previously been shown that infarct size can be reduced with bradycardic agents9 and bradycardia is a known side effect of intravenous Mg, but the occurrence of bradycardia is more dependent on the dose rate than the actual dose given. We performed 4 preliminary studies with different infusion rates and observed that by extending the bolus infusion to 20 minutes the bradycardic effects of Mg could be avoided (unpublished data). A regimen with continuous Mg infusion was chosen, as stuttering cycles of occlusion and recanalization were anticipated at least during the early phase of reperfusion.
The reduction in infarct size could not be ascribed to any changes in hemodynamics as heart rate and LV systolic and diastolic pressures were not significantly different between the Mg-treated animals and the controls. Furthermore, the difference could not be explained by a reduction in the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation observed during or after coronary occlusion. Earlier trials indicated a reduction in the frequency of various types of arrhythmias with Mg in suspected MI,10 but this finding could not be substantiated either in the LIMIT-2 or the ISIS-4 study.11 12
The results from the LIMIT-2 study showed a significant reduction in mortality and reduced incidence of LV failure in the Mg-treated patients.11 Subgroup analysis in LIMIT-2 showed a transient increase in cardiac output, probably as a consequence of reduced afterload. However, the increase in cardiac output lasted only 15 minutes after bolus injection, indicating that the hemodynamic effects did not contribute to the reduction in LV failure.11 Accordingly, we observed a preservation of the EF in the MG-treated group without any sustained increase in cardiac output, indicating that the effect is more likely to be derived from a protection of the myocardium during ischemia/reperfusion injury.
To detect myocardial cell damage, CK and TNT levels were analyzed. CK has a low cardiospecificity, as it is also released from skeletal muscle, brain, and the intestinal tract.13 It has been suggested that TNT release represents irreversible cell damage, whereas CK is also likely to be released after reversible ischemia.14 Thus, the almost similar increase in CK in both treatment groups may indicate that the animals have been exposed to an equal ischemic insult, which is supported by the finding that the mass-ratio of the area at risk to the LV mass was not significantly different between the Mg-treated animals and the controls. Another explanation may be that the surgical intervention with damage of skeletal muscle tissue constitutes a major part of the measured CK activity, and therefore the signal from the myocardial contribution cannot be properly assessed. The irreversible damage to the myocytes, as shown by the increase in the TNT levels, tended to be most pronounced in the placebo group. Although there was no significant difference between the 2 treatment groups, we cannot rule out the possibility that this is because of the limited number of animals in each group.
Evidence from several platelet aggregation studies has shown that Mg has the ability to inhibit platelet reactivity in vitro.15 16 17 In the present study, we were not able to demonstrate any effect of Mg on collagen-induced ex vivo platelet aggregation. In contrast, we have previously shown reduced ex vivo platelet reactivity after intravenous Mg treatment of healthy volunteers.18 Herzog et al19 have demonstrated reduced ex vivo platelet aggregation after intravenous infusion of Mg in swine. The reason for this discrepancy remains unclear. It can be speculated that platelets collected after reperfusion may be more inhomogeneous as a consequence of consumption of more reactive platelets at the thrombogenic area in the LAD. We have previously shown in an in vivo model that Mg reduces not only thrombus formation but also the emboli frequency during ongoing thrombosis.4 Emboli can theoretically obstruct smaller vessels downstream to the lesion and in this way contribute to the developing infarct. The mean platelet accumulation was reduced in the Mg group, but not significantly, which is probably because of a very large interanimal variation.
Other possible mechanisms may contribute to the observed reduction in infarct size after Mg therapy, including reduction in generation and release of free oxygen radicals. It has previously been shown that Mg blocks free radical formation both in cell cultures20 and in vivo.21 We did not try to explore the release of free oxygen radicals in the present study and we can only speculate that this mechanism may be important not only in preserving myocytes, but also in influencing platelet accumulation within the ischemic myocardium. In a study by Leo et al,22 platelet activation was observed after reoxygenation of anoxic platelets, and the platelet activation was significantly reduced in the presence of free oxygen radical scavengers.
The clinical need for adjunctive therapies to reduce infarct size in patients is still a major issue. Preservation of the ischemic myocardium is extremely important, as LV dysfunction is a strong predictor of poor outcome.23 The present study shows that intravenous Mg has the ability to reduce infarct size and preserve EF in an experimental model where ischemia/reperfusion injury was evaluated in the presence of a thrombogenic area in the nutrient artery.
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Acknowledgments |
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This study was supported by grants from the Danish Heart Foundation, the Danish Medical Research Council, the Family Hede Nielsen Fonden, and the Villum Kann Rasmussen Fonden.
Received July 22, 1998; accepted August 8, 1998.
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