© 1997 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Effects of Dietary Fat Quality and Quantity on Postprandial Activation of Blood Coagulation Factor VII
From the Research Department of Human Nutrition and Centre for Advanced Food Studies, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark (L.F.L., P.M.), and the Institute for Thrombosis Research, South Jutland University Centre, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ribe County Hospital, Esbjerg, Denmark (E.-M.B., J.J.).
Correspondence to Lone Frost Larsen, Research Department of Human Nutrition, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. E-mail lone.f.larsen{at}fhe.kvl.dk
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Abstract Acute elevation of the coagulant activity of blood coagulation factor VII (FVIIc) is observed after consumption of high-fat meals. This elevation is caused by an increase in the concentration of activated FVII (FVIIa). In a randomized crossover study, we investigated whether saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated fats differed regarding postprandial activation of FVII. Eighteen healthy young men participated in the study. On 6 separate days each participant consumed two meals (times, 0 and 13/4 hours) enriched with 70 g (15 and 55 g) of either rapeseed oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, palm oil, or butter (42% of energy from fat) or isoenergetic low-fat meals (6% of energy from fat). Fasting and series of nonfasting blood samples (the last at time 81/2 hours) were collected. Plasma triglycerides, FVIIc, FVIIa, and free fatty acids were analyzed. There were marked effects of the fat quantity on postprandial responses of plasma triglycerides, FVII, and free fatty acids. The high-fat meals caused, in contrast to the low-fat meals, considerable increases in plasma triglycerides. Plasma levels of FVIIc and FVIIa peaks were 7% and 60% higher after consumption of high-fat meals than after consumption of low-fat meals. The five different fat qualities caused similar postprandial increases in plasma triglycerides, FVIIc, and FVIIa. These findings indicate that high-fat meals may be prothrombotic, irrespective of their fatty acid composition. The postprandial FVII activation was not associated with the plasma triglyceride or free fatty acid responses.
Key Words: dietary fat quality • dietary fat quantity • postprandial • blood coagulation factor VII • plasma triglycerides
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Introduction |
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Thrombus formation plays an essential role in manifestation of the ischemic heart syndrome, and results from the Northwick Park Heart study and the PROCAM study have indicated that FVIIc is independently associated with the risk of ischemic heart death.1,2 Humans exist mostly in the nonfasting state, and nonfasting blood levels of risk markers may be particular important for the risk of developing ischemic heart disease.3 Acutely elevated FVIIc may be observed in the hours after consumption of high-fat meals, and the elevation seems to be dose dependent.4–8 The postprandial elevation of FVIIc is caused by an increase in the level of FVIIa and not by an increase in the plasma protein concentration of FVII.4,6–12
Only a few earlier studies have compared the acute effects of different dietary fat qualities on FVII.5,8,13–18 In general, their statistical power was low, and only three of them included fats rich in MUFAs.8,15,18 In the present study we tested whether consumption of dietary fats high in MUFAs, ie, rapeseed oil and olive oil, causes less postprandial FVII activation than other fats rich in either saturated or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. This might be suggested because the incidence of ischemic heart disease is low in Mediterranean populations where olive oil is the predominant dietary fat. Our study included comparison of high- and low-fat meals and, finally, we investigated whether postprandial FVII levels are associated with plasma triglyceride and/or FFA responses to high-fat meals.
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Methods |
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Study Group
Eighteen healthy men, mean age 27 (range, 22 to 33) participated in the study. None of the participants were smokers or were taking any medication, including acetylsalicylic acid, during the study. Their mean body mass index was 22.3 kg/m2 (range, 19.4 to 24.8 kg/m2), mean fasting plasma triglycerides 0.91 mmol/L (range, 0.35 to 1.99 mmol/L), mean total cholesterol 4.11 mmol/L (range 3.04 to 6.12 mmol/L) and mean HDL-cholesterol 1.21 mmol/L (range, 0.76 to 2.07 mmol/L). The study was performed in accordance with the Second Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the Ethical Committee of Copenhagen and Frederiksberg (journal No. 01- 272/95).
Study Design
The study was a randomized double-blinded crossover study. Each
individual participated in 6 different meal tests, with at least 3
weeks between each test. At each test, they consumed two test meals
enriched with either rapeseed oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, palm oil,
or butter. Isoenergetic low-fat meals were used as control. Because of
a very different food composition it was not possible to blind
researchers and participants to the fat content of the test foods. All
other elements of the study were blinded. We used two separate meals in
each test to achieve reasonably marked postprandial
triglyceride responses. In our experience, this may be
difficult to achieve when single meals are fed to fasting young men.
The participants were told not to change their dietary habits nor their
levels of physical activity during the study, which started in October
1995 and ended in May 1996. To minimize the preexperimental variation,
the participants were told not to drink alcohol or to perform any heavy
physical activity 48 hours before each meal test. The evening before
they consumed a low-fat pasta meal (total energy: 4760 kJ, 21% of
energy from fat) supplied by us. A fasting blood sample (after 10 hours
of fasting) was taken at 8:30 AM on the test day. The two
meals were consumed under supervision at 09:00 AM (time 0
hours) and at 10:45 AM (time 13/4 hours). The first
meal had to be consumed within 10 minutes, the second within 20
minutes. Nonfasting blood samples were collected 8 times during the day
(times, 11/2, 21/2, 31/2, 41/2 51/2,
61/2, 71/2, and 81/2 hours). The participants were
allowed to drink tap water but could not leave the institute or perform
any heavy physical activity between blood samplings.
Meals
As described, low-fat test meals (6% of energy from fat) and
high-fat test meals (42% of energy from fat) enriched with different
types of fat were served in randomized order. The high-fat meals were
low-fat rice dishes (rice, beef, onion, red pepper, corn, small amounts
of spices, and bread) to which 15 g (first meal) and 55 g
(second meal) test fat was added. When butter was added we took into
account that it contains water (17 wt/wt%). The meals were heated
briefly in a microwave oven before serving. The low-fat test meals were
also based on low-fat rice dishes, but bread, bananas, and raisins were
added in replacement for the test fats. The low-fat test meals were
isoenergetic with the high-fat test meals. All meals were prepared in
one batch in a metabolic kitchen, and all ingredients were
precisely weighed out. Duplicate portions of the high-fat (without
test-fat added) and the low-fat test meals were chemically
analyzed. The calculated and analyzed nutrient contents
of the test meals are presented in Table 1
. The analyzed fatty acid
compositions of the applied test fats are presented in Table 2. The analyzed energy contents
of the two meals were 1600 and 5800 kJ, respectively.
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Blood Sampling
Blood samples were taken with minimal stasis by
venipuncture after 10 minutes of supine rest. The first 3
mL blood was collected in tubes containing
EDTA-K3 (final concentration, 0.004 mol/L)
and used for determination of total plasma triglycerides,
total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and plasma
FFAs. Blood sampling tubes without additives were used for
analysis of C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute phase protein.
Analysis of FVII was performed on blood collected in tubes
containing sodium citrate (final concentration, 0.0129 mol/L) at
room temperature to avoid cold activation of FVII. All the tubes were
centrifuged at 3000g for 15 minutes. The tubes
without additives and the citrated tubes were spun at room temperature,
the EDTA tubes at 4°C. Within 1 hour after blood sampling,
platelet-poor plasma was separated and samples were snap-frozen at
-50°C and then kept at -80°C until they were analyzed
within less than 12 months.
Blood Analyses
All samples from each subject were analyzed in
randomized order in one run. Plasma triglycerides were
analyzed in all samples; plasma FVII (FVIIc and FVIIa) and FFAs
were determined only in blood samples collected during fasting and at
times 31/2, 51/2, and 81/2 hours. CRP, total
cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol were measured
in fasting samples only.
CRP was measured by ELISA with antibodies from DAKO (Glostrup, Denmark). Plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol were determined by commercial enzymatic methods on a Cobas Mira S (Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). Plasma FFAs were determined with a commercial enzymatic colorimetric method on a Cobas Mira S (Wako Chemicals GmbH, Germany). Plasma coagulant activity of FVII (FVIIc) was measured in an one-stage clotting assay using human placenta thromboplastin (Thromborel S, Behringwerke AG, Marburg, Germany). The analyses were performed on an ACL 100 (Automated Coagulation Laboratory, Instrumentation Laboratory, Italy). The 40-µL diluted test sample (diluted 1+9 in Tris HCl buffer: 50 mmol/L Tris, 100 mmol/L NaCl, pH 7.4) reacted with 40 µL FVII deficient plasma (Biopool, Umeå, Sweden). Then 80 µL of human placenta thromboplastin, which contains CaCl2 (17 mmol/L), was added and the clotting time was registered. Results were expressed in percentage by relating the clotting time to a standard calibration curve obtained from lyophilized normal human plasma (Biopool, Umeå, Sweden) calibrated against an international calibrator. For the FVIIc analysis it was not possible to analyze all samples from each person in one run, but they were analyzed within two successive runs. Determination of FVIIa was performed with STACLOT® VIIa-rTF (Diagnostica Stago, France), a clotting assay with recombinant truncated tissue factor (rTF) specific for FVIIa cofactor function. The analyses were performed on a coagulometer (Type 410A 4B, Schnittger Gross, Amelung, Germany). The FVIIa levels (U/L) of the test samples were deduced from a standard curve given by a lyophilized preparation of human recombinant FVIIa.
The within-run imprecisions (CV%) of the different determinations were triglycerides, 2.0%; FFAs, 2.1%; FVIIc, 1.4%; and FVIIa, 3.0%. The between run-imprecisions (CV%) were triglycerides, 2.3%; FFAs, 2.9%; FVIIc, 5.1%; and FVIIa, 9.0%.
Statistics
The simple, but statistically valid, method of summary
statistics19 was applied for analysis of
the repeated measurements. ANOVA with the fasting value as covariate
was applied to two summary measures: postprandial peak and postprandial
mean values. These summary measures were found to give the best
description of the postprandial responses. For assessment of
correlations Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) was
calculated. Only a single value from each participant was used in the
correlation analyses. Values derived from the palm oil test
were selected because the postprandial plasma triglyceride
response tended to be larger after palm oil.
The level of statistical significance was set at P<.05. The SAS statistical package (SAS Institute Inc, NC, USA) was used for all the statistical analyses.
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Results |
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One participant had raised CRP (16 mg/L) on one occasion, and his results from this particular test day were excluded. All other subjects had CRP serum concentrations <5 mg/L, indicating that they were without an acute phase response.
Fasting and postprandial values for plasma triglyceride,
FFA, FVIIc, and FVIIa responses after consumption of test meals
enriched with rapeseed oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, palm oil, and
butter and isoenergetic low-fat meals are presented in Tables 3 and 4.
There were no statistically significant differences between the fasting
samples. The five different test fats caused similar and statistically
significant increases in plasma triglycerides, FVIIc and
FVIIa (P<.0001). In contrast, there was a marked decrease
in FFAs. At time 31/2 hours, the plasma level of FFAs after
consumption of butter was significantly higher than after consumption
of rapeseed oil– and olive oil–enriched test meals (P=.025
and P=.006, respectively) (Table 3).
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Because the five fat qualities did not result in statistically
significant different postprandial plasma triglyceride and
FVII responses and because the FFA differences were very small, results
from all high-fat meal tests were pooled. Fig 1 illustrates the mean postprandial
responses of plasma triglycerides, FFAs, FVIIc, and FVIIa
after consumption of the high-fat meals (n=18x5) and the low-fat meals
(n=18). The postprandial profiles of plasma triglycerides,
FFAs, FVIIc, and FVIIa differed markedly after consumption of the
high-fat meals and the low-fat meals (P<.0001). Consumption
of the low-fat meals did not result in significantly different
nonfasting plasma triglyceride and FVIIa levels compared
with the fasting values. After consumption of the high-fat meals,
plasma triglycerides increased from a mean fasting
concentration of 0.93 mmol/L (95% CI, 0.85 to 1.01
mmol/L) to a peak concentration of 1.96 mmol/L (95%
CI, 1.78 to 2.14 mmol/L) (note that the mean peak value may
differ from the peak of the average response curves [Fig 1] because
the individuals peaked at different time points). Plasma FVIIa
increased from 48.4 U/L (95% CI, 45.3 to 51.5 U/L) to 81.4 U/L (95%
CI, 76.5 to 86.3 U/L). Plasma FVIIc increased significantly from a mean
fasting value of 0.81 IU (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.87 IU) to 0.84 IU (95%
CI, 0.81 to 0.87 IU) after consumption of the high-fat meals and
decreased to 0.72 IU (95% CI, 0.66 to 0.78 IU) after consumption of
the low-fat meals (P<.0001). Earlier studies have shown
that the protein concentration of FVII is decreasing postprandially,
irrespective of the fat content of meals,5,6 and
this is probably the reason for the decrease in FVIIc after consumption
of the low-fat meals.
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: high-fat meals; 
: low-fat meals. M: meals consumed. FFAs,
free fatty acids; FVIIc, factor VII coagulant activity; FVIIa,
activated factor VII.Plasma FFAs decreased initially from a fasting mean value of 0.51 mmol/L (CI: 0.42 to 0.60 mmol/L) to 0.02 mmol/L (CI: 0.01 to 0.03 mmol/L) after consumption of the low-fat meals and to 0.19 mmol/L (CI: 0.18 to 0.21 mmol/L) after consumption of the high-fat meals. At time 81/2 hours, the level of FFAs after consumption of the low-fat and all the high-fat meals were identical: 0.25 mmol/L (CI: 0.15 to 0.35 mmol/L).
As illustrated in Fig 2, there were
considerable within- and between-subject variations in nonfasting
plasma triglycerides and FVIIa peak concentrations.
Correlation analyses did not show any statistically significant
associations between nonfasting plasma peak concentrations of
triglycerides and FVIIa
(r2<.06, P <
.37). This can also be deduced from Fig 2. Both absolute values,
absolute changes from baseline, and percentage changes from baseline
were applied in the analyses of correlations. Subsequently, we
investigated whether the postprandial triglyceride and
FVIIa responses were correlated after consumption of the other four
applied test fats. This was not the case. We also did not observe a
correlation between fasting plasma triglycerides and FVIIa
(r2=.04, P=.93). As expected,
correlations between fasting plasma triglycerides and
nonfasting triglyceride peak concentrations
(r2=.62, P=.0001) and between
fasting FVIIa and nonfasting FVIIa peak concentrations
(r2=.48, P=.01) were
observed.
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) and low-fat (6% of energy from fat) meals
(
). On 6 separate days each subject (n=18) consumed high-fat (n=5)
or low-fat (n=1) meals in randomized order. Average peak values (mean,
SEM) after consumption of low-fat meals and after consumption of
high-fat meals are also presented.
To assess possible relations between the plasma lipolytic activity and
FVII activation, we used two different estimates for the lipolytic
activity. The first estimate was the maximum triglyceride
clearance rate (the steepest slope of the downward plasma
triglyceride curve) (Fig 1
). The second was the FFA
concentration at time of maximum plasma insulin concentration (time
31/2 hours, results not shown). At this time the release of FFAs
from the adipose tissue is believed to be negligible, and accordingly
plasma FFAs are primarily originating from lipolysis of
triglyceride-rich lipoproteins
(TRLP).20 No correlations between our two
estimates of the lipolytic activity and FVII activation were observed
(r2<.12, P>.17). In addition,
the two estimates for the lipolytic activity were not mutually
correlated (r2=.05, P=.65).
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The fat quantity had a marked impact on the postprandial responses of plasma triglycerides, FFAs and FVII (Fig 1
). Plasma
FVIIc and FVIIa peaks were approximately 7% and 60% higher after
consumption of high-fat meals than after consumption of low-fat meals,
indicating an immediate prothrombotic effect of the high-fat meals
(Table 4). The five different test fats that were used had similar postprandial effects on plasma triglycerides, FFAs, FVIIc, and FVIIa. We cannot therefore reject our hypothesis about MUFAs and acute FVII activation. The low incidence of ischemic heart disease in the Mediterranean countries is not, based on our experiments, explained by an acute, favorable postprandial effect of MUFAs on FVII.
How dietary fat promotes the acute activation of FVII is not clear, but
a relation to the plasma triglyceride
concentration10,11,13,22 or to lipolytic
degradation of TRLP have been suggested.21 We did
not find any statistically significant associations between plasma
triglycerides and postprandial FVII activation. As shown in
Fig 2, individuals with high postprandial plasma
triglycerides may have low postprandial FVII activation,
and vice versa. In addition, we did not observe correlations between
estimates of TRLP lipolysis and postprandial FVII activation. However,
our estimates may not be the best markers of lipoprotein lipase
activity, and, therefore, the present results do not exclude an
effect of lipolysis on the acute FVII activation. Earlier studies
reached conflicting conclusions regarding associations between plasma
triglycerides and postprandial FVII
activation4–6,10–13,22. This may partly be
explained by differences in study populations (eg, young, healthy, or
hyperlipemia), but also by application of different methods for
analysis of the FVII activation, ie, specific or nonspecific
FVIIa assays or because triglycerides were measured in
different lipoprotein fractions. Our study population was
homogeneous and the absence of any relation between
postprandial plasma triglyceride concentration and FVII
levels was so clear cut that we find it justified to conclude that
postprandial triglycerides do not predict the extent of
postprandial FVII activation in healthy young individuals.
Only few earlier studies compared the acute effects of different fats on FVII, and of these only three studies included monounsaturated fats. In a study of 12 females, Freese and Mutanen found no differences between rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, and butter oil (1 g/kg body weight) with regard to postprandial FVIIc and serum triglyceride responses.15 In another study of 4 subjects, olive oil (90 g) was shown to cause postprandial increases in plasma triglycerides and FVII, whereas no increases were observed with a similar amount of medium-chain triglycerides (C8:0+C10:0).8 In a recent study, Roche and Gibney18 did not find any influence in altering the saturated fatty acid:MUFA ratio of test meals on the magnitude of the postprandial FVIIc response, a low MUFA content did however, prolong the increase in FVIIc. Miller and coworkers13 found no difference between saturated and n-6 polyunsaturated fats in their study of 9 participants. In a study of 10 subjects, Salomaa et al5 found the same effect on postprandial lipemia and FVIIc of saturated and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (1 g/kg body weight). Mitropoulos et al14 have reported an effect of fat quality on postprandial FVII in a study of 5 subjects. They found postprandial FVIIc to be higher after saturated fats than after n-6 polyunsaturated fats. A dietary change of 4 weeks duration preceded the meal tests of this study, however. It is possible that their findings rather reflect differences in the background diet than different acute effects of the meal tests. Finally, Tholstrup and coworkers16 found no significant differences between fats rich in stearic acid (C18:0) and myristic acid (C14:0) regarding postprandial effects on FVII.
In conclusion, the present study confirmed that the consumption of high-fat meals, in contrast to low-fat meals, cause an acute FVII activation, which indicates that high-fat meals may be prothrombotic. The small differences in the fiber content of the high- and low-fat meals could also have contributed to their distinct effects. However, this possibility does not seem likely.4 Our results also demonstrate that fats rich in monounsaturated fatty acids do not differ from fats rich in polyunsaturated or saturated fatty acids with regard to acute effects on plasma triglycerides and FVII, when consumed in realistic amounts as part of natural meals. Finally, the postprandial activation of FVII was not associated with plasma triglyceride or FFA responses. Further studies are needed to evaluate the mechanism(s) linking high-fat meals with FVII activation. In addition, the long-term effects of different edible fats, including monounsaturated fats, still needs to be investigated.
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Selected Abbreviations and Acronyms |
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Acknowledgments |
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We gratefully acknowledge technicians Klara Jørgensen and Bente Hansen and dietitian Lena T. Andersen for their assistance with this study. Thanks are due Joan Bentzen for her assistance with the FVII analyses and technicians Kirsten Nielsen and Bente Pedersen from the Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition at the Technical University of Denmark for analyses of the fatty acid composition of the test fats and the fat content of the test meals. The study is part of the research program "Rapeseed Oil in Human Nutrition" financed by The Danish Food Technology Research Program (FØTEK 2).
Received July 3, 1997; accepted July 31, 1997.
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T. A. Sanders, F. R Oakley, J. A Cooper, and G. J Miller Influence of a stearic acid-rich structured triacylglycerol on postprandial lipemia, factor VII concentrations, and fibrinolytic activity in healthy subjects Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2001; 73(4): 715 - 721. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. A. Vogel, M. C. Corretti, and G. D. Plotnick The postprandial effect of components of the mediterranean diet on endothelial function J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 1, 2000; 36(5): 1455 - 1460. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. M. Bladbjerg, A.-M. Munster, P. Marckmann, N. Keller, and J. Jespersen Dietary Factor VII Activation Does Not Increase Plasma Concentrations of Prothrombin Fragment 1+2 in Patients With Stable Angina Pectoris and Coronary Atherosclerosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2000; 20(11): 2494 - 2499. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. E Connor Importance of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease1 Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2000; 71(1): 171S - 175S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. F. Larsen, J. Jespersen, and P. Marckmann Are olive oil diets antithrombotic? Diets enriched with olive, rapeseed, or sunflower oil affect postprandial factor VII differently Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 1999; 70(6): 976 - 982. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. A. Sanders, T. de Grassi, G. J Miller, and S. E Humphries Dietary oleic and palmitic acids and postprandial factor VII in middle-aged men heterozygous and homozygous for factor VII R353Q polymorphism Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 1999; 69(2): 220 - 225. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. L. Kaufman, G. D. Plotnick, M. C. Corretti, and R. A. Vogel Effect of Vitamins C and E on Vascular Reactivity JAMA, April 8, 1998; 279(14): 1069 - 1070. [Full Text] [PDF]
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