This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Submit a response Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Grundy, S. M. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Grundy, S. M. Pubmed/NCBI databases Medline Plus Health Information Metabolic Syndrome

(Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2005;25:2243.)
© 2005 American Heart Association, Inc.

Editorials

Metabolic Syndrome Scientific Statement by the American Heart Association and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute

Scott M. Grundy

From the Center for Human Nutrition, Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Internal Medicine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas.

Correspondence to Scott M. Grundy, MD, PhD, Center for Human Nutrition, Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Internal Medicine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 323 Harry Hines Blvd, Y3.206, Dallas, TX 75390-9052. E-mail scott.grundy@utsouthwestern.edu

An extract of the first 250 words of the full text is provided, because this article has no abstract.

The metabolic syndrome is a constellation of risk factors that are associated with increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), type 2 diabetes, and their complications. This constellation consists of 5 metabolic risk factors that together increase the risk for ASCVD. These include atherogenic dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, elevated glucose, a prothrombotic state, and a proinflammatory state. Atherogenic dyslipidemia consists of elevations of serum total apolipoprotein B (apoB), triglycerides, small particles in low density lipoprotein (LDL), and low levels of high density lipoproteins (HDL). An elevated glucose can be in the range of impaired fasting glucose (IFG), which is called prediabetes, or at the level of diabetes. Available evidence suggests that all of the metabolic risk factors are independently atherogenic. Moreover, individuals with metabolic syndrome, particularly when IFG is present, have a high likelihood of progression to type 2 diabetes.

See Circulation. 2005;112:e285

The metabolic syndrome has a multifactorial causation. The predominant underlying risk factors are obesity (especially abdominal obesity) and insulin resistance. These often occur together, and their relative contributions to the syndrome have not been fully defined. Nonetheless, there is a general agreement that the increasing prevalence of obesity in the United States and worldwide is mainly responsible for the increasing occurrence of the syndrome. Other factors that can exacerbate the metabolic syndrome are physical inactivity, advancing age, endocrine dysfunction, and genetic susceptibility.

In 2001, the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III)^1,2 proposed that the metabolic syndrome be introduced into clinical practice as . . . [Full Text of this Article]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				A. Romero-Corral, V. K. Somers, J. Sierra-Johnson, Y. Korenfeld, S. Boarin, J. Korinek, M. D. Jensen, G. Parati, and F. Lopez-Jimenez Normal weight obesity: a risk factor for cardiometabolic dysregulation and cardiovascular mortality Eur. Heart J., November 20, 2009; (2009) ehp487v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. AYALA and F. AYALA Clinical Aspects and Comorbidities of Psoriasis J Rheumatol Suppl, August 1, 2009; 83(0): 19 - 20. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. M. Tavakol, F. G. Vincenti, H. Assadi, M. J. Frederick, S. J. Tomlanovich, J. P. Roberts, and A. M. Posselt Long-Term Renal Function and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Obese Kidney Donors Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., July 1, 2009; 4(7): 1230 - 1238. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M.-A. Cornier, D. Dabelea, T. L. Hernandez, R. C. Lindstrom, A. J. Steig, N. R. Stob, R. E. Van Pelt, H. Wang, and R. H. Eckel The Metabolic Syndrome Endocr. Rev., December 1, 2008; 29(7): 777 - 822. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. H.D. Fall, H. S. Sachdev, C. Osmond, R. Lakshmy, S. D. Biswas, D. Prabhakaran, N. Tandon, S. Ramji, K. S. Reddy, D. J.P. Barker, et al. Adult Metabolic Syndrome and Impaired Glucose Tolerance Are Associated With Different Patterns of BMI Gain During Infancy: Data from the New Delhi birth cohort Diabetes Care, December 1, 2008; 31(12): 2349 - 2356. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. M. P. Padilha, J. B. Hilgert, F. N. Hugo, A. J. G. Bos, and L. Ferrucci Number of Teeth and Mortality Risk in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., July 1, 2008; 63(7): 739 - 744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M. Steele, S. Brage, K. Corder, N. J. Wareham, and U. Ekelund Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and the metabolic syndrome in youth J Appl Physiol, July 1, 2008; 105(1): 342 - 351. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. S. Rector, S. O. Warner, Y. Liu, P. S. Hinton, G. Y. Sun, R. H. Cox, C. S. Stump, M. H. Laughlin, K. C. Dellsperger, and T. R. Thomas Exercise and diet induced weight loss improves measures of oxidative stress and insulin sensitivity in adults with characteristics of the metabolic syndrome Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, August 1, 2007; 293(2): E500 - E506. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Goodman, S. R. Daniels, J. B. Meigs, and L. M. Dolan Instability in the Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents Circulation, May 1, 2007; 115(17): 2316 - 2322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Bhasin, R. A. Parker, F. Sattler, R. Haubrich, B. Alston, T. Umbleja, C. M. Shikuma, and for the AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol A5079 Effects of Testosterone Supplementation on Whole Body and Regional Fat Mass and Distribution in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Men with Abdominal Obesity J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2007; 92(3): 1049 - 1057. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Blaha and T. A. Elasy Clinical Use of the Metabolic Syndrome: Why the Confusion? Clin. Diabetes, July 1, 2006; 24(3): 125 - 131. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]