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(Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2008;28:8.)
© 2008 American Heart Association, Inc.

Brief Reviews

MCAT Elements and the TEF-1 Family of Transcription Factors in Muscle Development and Disease

Tadashi Yoshida

From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.

Correspondence to Tadashi Yoshida, MD, PhD, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, MR5 Room 1226, 415 Lane Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908. E-mail ty2c{at}virginia.edu

MCAT elements are located in the promoter-enhancer regions of cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle-specific genes including cardiac troponin T, β-myosin heavy chain, smooth muscle -actin, and skeletal -actin, and play a key role in the regulation of these genes during muscle development and disease. The binding factors of MCAT elements are members of the transcriptional enhancer factor-1 (TEF-1) family. However, it has not been fully understood how these transcription factors confer cell-specific expression in muscle, because their expression patterns are relatively broad. Results of recent studies revealed multiple mechanisms whereby TEF-1 family members control MCAT element-dependent muscle-specific gene expression, including posttranslational modifications of TEF-1 family members, the presence of muscle-selective TEF-1 cofactors, and cell-selective control of TEF-1 accessibility to MCAT elements. In addition, of particular interest, recent studies regarding MCAT element-dependent transcription of the myocardin gene and the smooth muscle -actin gene in muscle provide evidence for the transcriptional diversity among distinct cell types and subtypes. This article summarizes the role of MCAT elements and the TEF-1 family of transcription factors in muscle development and disease, and reviews recent progress in our understanding of the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms involved in MCAT element-dependent muscle-specific gene expression.

This article summarizes the role of MCAT elements and the transcriptional enhancer factor-1 family of transcription factors in cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle development and disease, and reviews recent progress in our understanding of the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms involved in MCAT element-dependent muscle-specific gene expression.

Key Words: transcriptional enhancer factor-1 • MCAT element • cardiac muscle • smooth muscle • skeletal muscle • myofibroblasts

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