Published online before print October 20, 2005, doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000191633.52585.14
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© 2006 American Heart Association, Inc.
Atherosclerosis and Lipoproteins |
Differential Expression of Chemokines, Risk of Stable Coronary Heart Disease, and Correlation with Established Cardiovascular Risk Markers
From the Department of Epidemiology (D.R.), The German Centre for Research on Ageing, University of Heidelberg; German Diabetes Clinic (S.M.-S., C.H., H.K.), German Diabetes Center at Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf; and the Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology (W.K.), University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.
Correspondence to Wolfgang Koenig, Department of Internal Medicine II–Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany. E-mail wolfgang.koenig{at}medizin.uni-ulm.de
Objective— We investigated the association of several chemokines with the risk of stable coronary heart disease (CHD) in a large case-control study after adjustment for other established risk factors. Furthermore, we analyzed their correlation with various acute-phase proteins, inflammation-associated cytokines, and an adhesion molecule.
Methods and Results— We included 312 patients aged 40 to 68 years with angiographically confirmed and stable CHD and 472 age- and gender-matched controls in this study. The main outcome measure was the odds ratio (OR) for CHD associated with increased levels of interferon (INF)-inducible protein of 10 kd (IP-10), interleukin (IL)-8, regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammation protein 1
(MIP-1), or eotaxin determined by rigidly evaluated sandwich ELISAs. Serum levels of IP-10 and IL-8 were higher, and serum levels of RANTES were lower in CHD patients when compared with age- and gender-matched controls. In addition, values in the second and top tertile of IP-10 and IL-8 were associated with an increased OR for CHD when compared with values in the bottom tertile [OR for IP-10 (top tertile) was 2.62 (95% CI, 1.79 to 3.85) in the age- and gender-adjusted model and 1.93 (95% CI, 1.23 to 3.04) in the fully adjusted model, and for IL-8, the OR was 1.77 (95% CI, 1.20 to 2.59) and 1.53 (95% CI, 0.98 to 2.39), respectively]; increased RANTES values were associated with a lower OR for CHD [OR, 0.67 (95% CI, 0.47 to 0.96) and 0.61 (95% CI, 0.40 to 0.94)]. Furthermore, positive correlations of IP-10 and IL-8 with several acute-phase proteins or inflammation-associated cytokines were evident, and positive correlations for IP-10 plasma viscosity and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 were also present.
Conclusions— The current study suggests that there may be no universal upregulation of chemokines in CHD-associated inflammation but different upregulation of IP-10 and IL-8 versus downregulation of RANTES; there was no clear disease association for MCP-1, MIP-1, or eotaxin.
In this large, case–control study including patients with angiographically defined stable CHD, we found evidence of a differential expression of chemokines associated with the risk for CHD.
Key Words: chemokines • coronary heart disease • inflammation • case-control study
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