Published online before print March 3, 2005, doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000161048.72004.c2
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© 2005 American Heart Association, Inc.
Brief Reviews |
NO Generation From Nitrite and Its Role in Vascular Control
From the Department Physiology and Pharmacology (J.O.L.), Karolinska Institutet, and the Department of Surgical Science (E.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
Correspondence to Jon Lundberg, Professor, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail jon.lundberg{at}fyfa.ki.se
NO generated from L-arginine by NO synthases (NOSs) in the endothelium and in other cells plays a central role in several aspects of vascular biology. The biological activity of NO is acutely terminated by oxidation to nitrite and nitrate, and these compounds have long been considered only as inert end-products of NO. However, this dogma is now being challenged because recent research convincingly has shown that the nitrite ion can be recycled back to bioactive NO again in blood and tissues. Nitrite reduction to NO can occur via several routes involving enzymes, proteins, vitamins, or even simple protons. This pathway may serve as a backup system for NO generation in conditions such as hypoxia, in which the NOS/L-arginine system is compromised, but detrimental effects can also be foreseen. With this new knowledge, nitrate and nitrite should probably be viewed as storage pools for NO rather than inert waste products. Here we discuss novel aspects of nitrite-dependent NO generation in vivo and its role in vascular control.
NO generated from L-arginine by NO synthases in the endothelium and in other cells plays a central role in several aspects of vascular biology. The biological activity of NO is acutely terminated by oxidation to nitrite and nitrate, and these compounds have long been considered only as inert end-products of NO. However, this dogma is now being challenged, as new knowledge suggests that nitrate and nitrite should probably be viewed as storage pools for NO rather than inert waste products. Here we discuss novel aspects of nitrite-dependent NO generation in vivo and its role in vascular control.
Key Words: nitric oxide • nitrite • nitrate • S-nitrosothiol • superoxide • xanthine oxidase • hemoglobin
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