Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2005;25:2054-2061
Published online before print July 21, 2005, doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000178991.71605.18
Published online before print July 21, 2005, doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000178991.71605.18
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
© 2005 American Heart Association, Inc.
Brief Reviews |
Atherosclerotic Plaque Progression and Vulnerability to Rupture
Angiogenesis as a Source of Intraplaque Hemorrhage
From the CVPath, International Registry of Pathology (R.V., F.D.K.), Gaithersburg, Md; Department of Pathology (A.P.B.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Cardiac Unit (H.K.G., A.V.F.), Department of Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Surgery (T.N.T.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Chemical Engineering (S.P.W.), Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pa; and Department of Cardiology (J.N.), University of California, Irvine.
Correspondence to Renu Virmani, MD, Medical Director, CVPath, International Registry of Pathology, 19 Firstfield Rd, Gaithersburg, MD 20878. E-mail rvirmani{at}cvpath.org
Observational studies of necrotic core progression identify intraplaque hemorrhage as a critical factor in atherosclerotic plaque growth and destabilization. The rapid accumulation of erythrocyte membranes causes an abrupt change in plaque substrate characterized by increased free cholesterol within the lipid core and excessive macrophage infiltration. Neoangiogenesis is associated closely with plaque progression, and microvascular incompetence is a likely source of intraplaque hemorrhage. Intimal neovascularization is predominantly thought to arise from the adventitia, where there are a plethora of pre-existing vasa vasorum. In lesions that have early necrotic cores, the majority of vessels invading from the adventitia occur at specific sites of medial wall disruption. A breech in the medial wall likely facilitates the rapid in-growth of microvessels from the adventitia, and exposure to an atherosclerotic environment stimulates abnormal vascular development characterized by disorganized branching and immature endothelial tubes with "leaky" imperfect linings. This network of immature blood vessels is a viable source of intraplaque hemorrhage providing erythrocyte-derived phospholipids and free cholesterol. The rapid change in plaque substrate caused by the excessive accumulation of erythrocytes may promote the transition from a stable to an unstable lesion. This review discusses the potential role of intraplaque vasa vasorum in lesion instability as it relates to plaque rupture.
Intraplaque hemorrhage is a major contributor to coronary lesion progression. The formation of immature blood vessels within a plaque promotes red blood cell leakage, an important source of free cholesterol. This review discusses the potential role of angiogenesis in lesion instability as it relates to plaque rupture.
Key Words: angiogenesis • plaque rupture • sudden coronary death • free cholesterol • hemorrhage
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  R. M. Kwee, G. J. J. Teule, R. J. van Oostenbrugge, W. H. Mess, M. H. Prins, R. J. van der Geest, J. W.M. ter Berg, C. L. Franke, A. G.G.C. Korten, B. J. Meems, et al. Multimodality Imaging of Carotid Artery Plaques: 18F-Fluoro-2-Deoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Stroke, December 1, 2009; 40(12): 3718 - 3724. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. K. Shah Imaging Inflammation in Atherosclerosis: Another Step Forward J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., October 1, 2009; 2(10): 1223 - 1225. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Sirol, P. R. Moreno, K.-R. Purushothaman, E. Vucic, V. Amirbekian, H.-J. Weinmann, P. Muntner, V. Fuster, and Z. A. Fayad Increased Neovascularization in Advanced Lipid-Rich Atherosclerotic Lesions Detected by Gadofluorine-M-Enhanced MRI: Implications for Plaque Vulnerability Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, September 1, 2009; 2(5): 391 - 396. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Saraste, S. G. Nekolla, and M. Schwaiger Cardiovascular molecular imaging: an overview Cardiovasc Res, September 1, 2009; 83(4): 643 - 652. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Le Dall, B. Ho-Tin-Noe, L. Louedec, O. Meilhac, C. Roncal, P. Carmeliet, S. Germain, J.-B. Michel, and X. Houard Immaturity of microvessels in haemorrhagic plaques is associated with proteolytic degradation of angiogenic factors Cardiovasc Res, August 13, 2009; (2009) cvp253v2. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Yunoki, T. Naruko, R. Komatsu, S. Ehara, N. Shirai, K. Sugioka, M. Nakagawa, C. Kitabayashi, Y. Ikura, A. Itoh, et al. Enhanced expression of haemoglobin scavenger receptor in accumulated macrophages of culprit lesions in acute coronary syndromes Eur. Heart J., August 1, 2009; 30(15): 1844 - 1852. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Singh, A. R. Moody, D. J. Gladstone, G. Leung, R. Ravikumar, J. Zhan, and R. Maggisano Moderate Carotid Artery Stenosis: MR Imaging-depicted Intraplaque Hemorrhage Predicts Risk of Cerebrovascular Ischemic Events in Asymptomatic Men Radiology, August 1, 2009; 252(2): 502 - 508. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Zhang, K. Sun, Y. Zhen, D. Wang, Y. Wang, J. Chen, J. Xu, F. B. Hu, and R. Hui VEGF Receptor-2 Variants Are Associated With Susceptibility to Stroke and Recurrence Stroke, August 1, 2009; 40(8): 2720 - 2726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Laitinen, A. Saraste, E. Weidl, T. Poethko, A. W. Weber, S. G. Nekolla, P. Leppanen, S. Yla-Herttuala, G. Holzlwimmer, A. Walch, et al. Evaluation of {alpha}v{beta}3 Integrin-Targeted Positron Emission Tomography Tracer 18F-Galacto-RGD for Imaging of Vascular Inflammation in Atherosclerotic Mice Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, July 1, 2009; 2(4): 331 - 338. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. I. Borissoff, H. M.H. Spronk, S. Heeneman, and H. ten Cate Is thrombin a key player in the 'coagulation-atherogenesis' maze? Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 2009; 82(3): 392 - 403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. C. Sluimer, F. D. Kolodgie, A. P.J.J. Bijnens, K. Maxfield, E. Pacheco, B. Kutys, H. Duimel, P. M. Frederik, V. W.M. van Hinsbergh, R. Virmani, et al. Thin-walled microvessels in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques show incomplete endothelial junctions relevance of compromised structural integrity for intraplaque microvascular leakage. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 28, 2009; 53(17): 1517 - 1527. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. B. I. Lobbes, R.-J. J. H. M. Miserus, S. Heeneman, V. Lima Passos, P. H. A. Mutsaers, N. Debernardi, B. Misselwitz, M. Post, M. J. A. P. Daemen, J. M. A. van Engelshoven, et al. Atherosclerosis: Contrast-enhanced MR Imaging of Vessel Wall in Rabbit Model--Comparison of Gadofosveset and Gadopentetate Dimeglumine Radiology, March 1, 2009; 250(3): 682 - 691. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. J. Boyle, H. A. Harrington, E. Piper, K. Elderfield, J. Stark, R. C. Landis, and D. O. Haskard Coronary Intraplaque Hemorrhage Evokes a Novel Atheroprotective Macrophage Phenotype Am. J. Pathol., March 1, 2009; 174(3): 1097 - 1108. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Magnoni, S. Coli, M. M. Marrocco-Trischitta, G. Melisurgo, D. De Dominicis, D. Cianflone, R. Chiesa, S. B. Feinstein, and A. Maseri Contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging of periadventitial vasa vasorum in human carotid arteries Eur J Echocardiogr, March 1, 2009; 10(2): 260 - 264. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Drinane, J. Mollmark, L. Zagorchev, K. Moodie, B. Sun, A. Hall, S. Shipman, P. Morganelli, M. Simons, and M. J. Mulligan-Kehoe The Antiangiogenic Activity of rPAI-123 Inhibits Vasa Vasorum and Growth of Atherosclerotic Plaque Circ. Res., February 13, 2009; 104(3): 337 - 345. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Falk, T. Thim, and I. B. Kristensen Atherosclerotic plaque, adventitia, perivascular fat, and carotid imaging. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., February 1, 2009; 2(2): 183 - 186. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ph. G. Steg, K. A.A. Fox, K. A. Eagle, M. Furman, F. Van de Werf, G. Montalescot, S. G. Goodman, A. Avezum, W. Huang, J. M. Gore, et al. Mortality following placement of drug-eluting and bare-metal stents for ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction in the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events Eur. Heart J., February 1, 2009; 30(3): 321 - 329. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. N. Tziakas, G. K. Chalikias, I. K. Tentes, D. Stakos, S. V. Chatzikyriakou, K. Mitrousi, A. X. Kortsaris, J. C. Kaski, and H. Boudoulas Interleukin-8 is increased in the membrane of circulating erythrocytes in patients with acute coronary syndrome Eur. Heart J., November 2, 2008; 29(22): 2713 - 2722. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. C. Keeley, B. Mehrad, and R. M. Strieter Chemokines as Mediators of Neovascularization Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2008; 28(11): 1928 - 1936. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. S. Leroyer, P.-E. Rautou, J.-S. Silvestre, Y. Castier, G. Leseche, C. Devue, M. Duriez, R. P. Brandes, E. Lutgens, A. Tedgui, et al. CD40 Ligand+ Microparticles From Human Atherosclerotic Plaques Stimulate Endothelial Proliferation and Angiogenesis: A Potential Mechanism for Intraplaque Neovascularization J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 14, 2008; 52(16): 1302 - 1311. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Bitar, A. R. Moody, G. Leung, S. Symons, S. Crisp, J. Butany, C. Rowsell, A. Kiss, A. Nelson, and R. Maggisano In Vivo 3D High-Spatial-Resolution MR Imaging of Intraplaque Hemorrhage Radiology, October 1, 2008; 249(1): 259 - 267. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. P.G. Hoeks, K. D. Reesink, E. Hermeling, and R. S. Reneman Local Blood Pressure Rather Than Shear Stress Should Be Blamed for Plaque Rupture J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 23, 2008; 52(13): 1107 - 1108. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. Sluimer, A.-P. J. Bijnens, and M. J. Daemen Reply J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 9, 2008; 52(11): 968 - 969. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M. Winter, S. D. Caruthers, H. Zhang, T. A. Williams, S. A. Wickline, and G. M. Lanza Antiangiogenic synergism of integrin-targeted fumagillin nanoparticles and atorvastatin in atherosclerosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., September 1, 2008; 1(5): 624 - 634. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Arbustini and F. I. Gambarin Theranostic strategy against plaque angiogenesis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., September 1, 2008; 1(5): 635 - 637. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. R. Underhill, V. L. Yarnykh, T. S. Hatsukami, J. Wang, N. Balu, C. E. Hayes, M. Oikawa, W. Yu, D. Xu, B. Chu, et al. Carotid Plaque Morphology and Composition: Initial Comparison between 1.5- and 3.0-T Magnetic Field Strengths Radiology, August 1, 2008; 248(2): 550 - 560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. M. Biasucci, M. Leo, and G. L. De Maria Local and Systemic Mechanisms of Plaque Rupture Angiology, August 1, 2008; 59(2_suppl): 73S - 76S. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. E. Clouse, A. Sabir, C.-S. Yam, N. Yoshimura, S. Lin, F. Welty, P. Martinez-Clark, and V. Raptopoulos Measuring Noncalcified Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque Using Voxel Analysis with MDCT Angiography: A Pilot Clinical Study Am. J. Roentgenol., June 1, 2008; 190(6): 1553 - 1560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. Sluimer, J.-M. Gasc, J. L. van Wanroij, N. Kisters, M. Groeneweg, M. D. Sollewijn Gelpke, J. P. Cleutjens, L. H. van den Akker, P. Corvol, B. G. Wouters, et al. Hypoxia, Hypoxia-Inducible Transcription Factor, and Macrophages in Human Atherosclerotic Plaques Are Correlated With Intraplaque Angiogenesis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 1, 2008; 51(13): 1258 - 1265. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Johansson, F. Kramer, S. Barnhart, J. E. Kanter, T. Vaisar, R. D. Merrill, L. Geng, K. Oka, L. Chan, A. Chait, et al. Type 1 diabetes promotes disruption of advanced atherosclerotic lesions in LDL receptor-deficient mice PNAS, February 12, 2008; 105(6): 2082 - 2087. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Leclercq, X. Houard, M. Philippe, V. Ollivier, U. Sebbag, O. Meilhac, and J.-B. Michel Involvement of intraplaque hemorrhage in atherothrombosis evolution via neutrophil protease enrichment J. Leukoc. Biol., December 1, 2007; 82(6): 1420 - 1429. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Altaf, S. T. MacSweeney, J. Gladman, and D. P Auer Response to Letters by Hsieh and Chen, and by Tang et al Stroke, December 1, 2007; 38(12): e160 - e161. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S Goode, N Altaf, R A Dineen, S Krishnan, and D Auer Intraplaque haemorrhage mimicking carotid pseudoaneurysm on magnetic resonance angiography Br. J. Radiol., November 1, 2007; 80(959): e271 - e274. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. G. Spagnoli, E. Bonanno, G. Sangiorgi, and A. Mauriello Role of Inflammation in Atherosclerosis J. Nucl. Med., November 1, 2007; 48(11): 1800 - 1815. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Gossl, L. O. Lerman, and A. Lerman Frontiers in Nephrology: Early Atherosclerosis A View Beyond the Lumen J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., November 1, 2007; 18(11): 2836 - 2842. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. R. Chade, J. D. Krier, O. Galili, A. Lerman, and L. O. Lerman Role of Renal Cortical Neovascularization in Experimental Hypercholesterolemia Hypertension, October 1, 2007; 50(4): 729 - 736. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. H. Wang, D. L. Bhatt, K. A.A. Fox, S. R. Steinhubl, D. M. Brennan, W. Hacke, K.-H. Mak, T. A. Pearson, W. E. Boden, P. G. Steg, et al. An analysis of mortality rates with dual-antiplatelet therapy in the primary prevention population of the CHARISMA trial Eur. Heart J., September 2, 2007; 28(18): 2200 - 2207. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 X.-Y. Zhu, M. D. Bentley, A. R. Chade, E. L. Ritman, A. Lerman, and L. O. Lerman Early changes in coronary artery wall structure detected by microcomputed tomography in experimental hypercholesterolemia Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2007; 293(3): H1997 - H2003. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Ohayon, O. Dubreuil, P. Tracqui, S. Le Floc'h, G. Rioufol, L. Chalabreysse, F. Thivolet, R. I. Pettigrew, and G. Finet Influence of residual stress/strain on the biomechanical stability of vulnerable coronary plaques: potential impact for evaluating the risk of plaque rupture Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2007; 293(3): H1987 - H1996. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. L. Ritman and A. Lerman The dynamic vasa vasorum Cardiovasc Res, September 1, 2007; 75(4): 649 - 658. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. C.M. Siow and A. T. Churchman Adventitial growth factor signalling and vascular remodelling: Potential of perivascular gene transfer from the outside-in Cardiovasc Res, September 1, 2007; 75(4): 659 - 668. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. M. Caplice, S. Wang, M. Tracz, A. J. Croatt, J. P. Grande, Z. S. Katusic, and K. A. Nath Neoangiogenesis and the presence of progenitor cells in the venous limb of an arteriovenous fistula in the rat Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, August 1, 2007; 293(2): F470 - F475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. S. Kanwar Functional duality of progenitor cells influxing into arteriovenous fistula during its neoangiogenesis Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, August 1, 2007; 293(2): F468 - F469. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Groyer, A. Nicoletti, H. Ait-Oufella, J. Khallou-Laschet, A. Varthaman, A.-T. Gaston, O. Thaunat, S. V. Kaveri, R. Blatny, H. Stockinger, et al. Atheroprotective Effect of CD31 Receptor Globulin Through Enrichment of Circulating Regulatory T-Cells J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 24, 2007; 50(4): 344 - 350. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. P. Levy, K. R. Purushothaman, N. S. Levy, M. Purushothaman, M. Strauss, R. Asleh, S. Marsh, O. Cohen, S. K. Moestrup, H. J. Moller, et al. Downregulation of the Hemoglobin Scavenger Receptor in Individuals With Diabetes and the Hp 2-2 Genotype: Implications for the Response to Intraplaque Hemorrhage and Plaque Vulnerability Circ. Res., July 6, 2007; 101(1): 106 - 110. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Saam, T. S. Hatsukami, N. Takaya, B. Chu, H. Underhill, W. S. Kerwin, J. Cai, M. S. Ferguson, and C. Yuan The Vulnerable, or High-Risk, Atherosclerotic Plaque: Noninvasive MR Imaging for Characterization and Assessment Radiology, July 1, 2007; 244(1): 64 - 77. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Daghini, X.-Y. Zhu, D. Versari, M. D. Bentley, C. Napoli, A. Lerman, and L. O. Lerman Antioxidant vitamins induce angiogenesis in the normal pig kidney Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, July 1, 2007; 293(1): F371 - F381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Nuotio, P. M. Isoviita, J. Saksi, P. Ijas, J. Pitkaniemi, R. Sonninen, L. Soinne, E. Saimanen, O. Salonen, P. T. Kovanen, et al. Adipophilin Expression Is Increased in Symptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis: Correlation With Red Blood Cells and Cholesterol Crystals * Online Data Stroke, June 1, 2007; 38(6): 1791 - 1798. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Hinz, S. H. Phan, V. J. Thannickal, A. Galli, M.-L. Bochaton-Piallat, and G. Gabbiani The Myofibroblast: One Function, Multiple Origins Am. J. Pathol., June 1, 2007; 170(6): 1807 - 1816. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Herrmann and A. Lerman Atherosclerosis in the Back Yard J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 29, 2007; 49(21): 2102 - 2104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. D. Kolodgie, J. Narula, C. Yuan, A. P. Burke, A. V. Finn, and R. Virmani Elimination of Neoangiogenesis for Plaque Stabilization: Is There a Role for Local Drug Therapy? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 29, 2007; 49(21): 2093 - 2101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J. Petrovan, C. D. Kaplan, R. A. Reisfeld, and L. K. Curtiss DNA Vaccination Against VEGF Receptor 2 Reduces Atherosclerosis in LDL Receptor-Deficient Mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2007; 27(5): 1095 - 1100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Altaf, S. T. MacSweeney, J. Gladman, and D. P. Auer Carotid Intraplaque Hemorrhage Predicts Recurrent Symptoms in Patients With High-Grade Carotid Stenosis Stroke, May 1, 2007; 38(5): 1633 - 1635. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Schwartz, Z. S. Galis, M. E. Rosenfeld, and E. Falk Plaque Rupture in Humans and Mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2007; 27(4): 705 - 713. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X.-Y. Zhu, E. Daghini, A. R. Chade, C. Napoli, E. L. Ritman, A. Lerman, and L. O. Lerman Simvastatin Prevents Coronary Microvascular Remodeling in Renovascular Hypertensive Pigs J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2007; 18(4): 1209 - 1217. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Gongora-Rivera, J. Labreuche, A. Jaramillo, P. G. Steg, J.-J. Hauw, and P. Amarenco Autopsy Prevalence of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Patients With Fatal Stroke Stroke, April 1, 2007; 38(4): 1203 - 1210. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. P. Levy, J. E. Levy, S. Kalet-Litman, R. Miller-Lotan, N. S. Levy, R. Asaf, J. Guetta, C. Yang, K. R. Purushothaman, V. Fuster, et al. Haptoglobin Genotype Is a Determinant of Iron, Lipid Peroxidation, and Macrophage Accumulation in the Atherosclerotic Plaque Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2007; 27(1): 134 - 140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Morel, F. Toti, B. Hugel, B. Bakouboula, L. Camoin-Jau, F. Dignat-George, and J.-M. Freyssinet Procoagulant Microparticles: Disrupting the Vascular Homeostasis Equation? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2006; 26(12): 2594 - 2604. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Houard, A. Leclercq, V. Fontaine, M. Coutard, J.-L. Martin-Ventura, B. Ho-Tin-Noe, Z. Touat, O. Meilhac, and J.-B. Michel Retention and Activation of Blood-Borne Proteases in the Arterial Wall: Implications for Atherothrombosis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 27, 2006; 48(9_Suppl_A): A3 - A9. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.-H. Chen and J. P. Walterscheid Plaque Angiogenesis Versus Compensatory Arteriogenesis in Atherosclerosis Circ. Res., October 13, 2006; 99(8): 787 - 789. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Caligiuri, S. V. Kaveri, and A. Nicoletti IL-20 and Atherosclerosis: Another Brick In the Wall. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2006; 26(9): 1929 - 1930. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Herrmann, L. O. Lerman, D. Mukhopadhyay, C. Napoli, and A. Lerman Angiogenesis in Atherogenesis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2006; 26(9): 1948 - 1957. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M. Winter, A. M. Neubauer, S. D. Caruthers, T. D. Harris, J. D. Robertson, T. A. Williams, A. H. Schmieder, G. Hu, J. S. Allen, E. K. Lacy, et al. Endothelial {alpha}{nu}{beta}3 Integrin-Targeted Fumagillin Nanoparticles Inhibit Angiogenesis in Atherosclerosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2006; 26(9): 2103 - 2109. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. R. Crouse III Thematic review series: Patient-Oriented Research. Imaging atherosclerosis: state of the art J. Lipid Res., August 1, 2006; 47(8): 1677 - 1699. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Napoli, S. Williams-Ignarro, F. de Nigris, L. O. Lerman, F. P. D'Armiento, E. Crimi, R. E. Byrns, A. Casamassimi, A. Lanza, F. Gombos, et al. Physical training and metabolic supplementation reduce spontaneous atherosclerotic plaque rupture and prolong survival in hypercholesterolemic mice PNAS, July 5, 2006; 103(27): 10479 - 10484. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.-o Deguchi, M. Aikawa, C.-H. Tung, E. Aikawa, D.-E. Kim, V. Ntziachristos, R. Weissleder, and P. Libby Inflammation in Atherosclerosis: Visualizing Matrix Metalloproteinase Action in Macrophages In Vivo Circulation, July 4, 2006; 114(1): 55 - 62. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. D. MacDougall, F. Kramer, P. Polinsky, S. Barnhart, B. Askari, F. Johansson, R. Varon, M. E. Rosenfeld, K. Oka, L. Chan, et al. Aggressive Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) and LDL Lowering by Gene Transfer of the VLDL Receptor Combined with a Low-Fat Diet Regimen Induces Regression and Reduces Macrophage Content in Advanced Atherosclerotic Lesions in LDL Receptor-Deficient Mice Am. J. Pathol., June 1, 2006; 168(6): 2064 - 2073. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Qiu, A. Gabrielsen, H. E. Agardh, M. Wan, A. Wetterholm, C.-H. Wong, U. Hedin, J. Swedenborg, G. K. Hansson, B. Samuelsson, et al. Expression of 5-lipoxygenase and leukotriene A4 hydrolase in human atherosclerotic lesions correlates with symptoms of plaque instability PNAS, May 23, 2006; 103(21): 8161 - 8166. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Sata Role of Circulating Vascular Progenitors in Angiogenesis, Vascular Healing, and Pulmonary Hypertension: Lessons From Animal Models Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2006; 26(5): 1008 - 1014. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Falk Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 18, 2006; 47(8 Suppl): C7 - C12. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. A. Jaffer, P. Libby, and R. Weissleder Molecular and Cellular Imaging of Atherosclerosis: Emerging Applications J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 4, 2006; 47(7): 1328 - 1338. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. J. Byfield, S. Tikku, G. H. Rothblat, K. J. Gooch, and I. Levitan OxLDL increases endothelial stiffness, force generation, and network formation J. Lipid Res., April 1, 2006; 47(4): 715 - 723. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Tedgui and Z. Mallat Cytokines in Atherosclerosis: Pathogenic and Regulatory Pathways Physiol Rev, April 1, 2006; 86(2): 515 - 581. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. C. Langheinrich, A. Michniewicz, D. G. Sedding, G. Walker, P. E. Beighley, W. S. Rau, R. M. Bohle, and E. L. Ritman Correlation of Vasa Vasorum Neovascularization and Plaque Progression in Aortas of Apolipoprotein E-/-/Low-Density Lipoprotein-/- Double Knockout Mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2006; 26(2): 347 - 352. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|