Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2002;22:1257-1266
Published online before print May 9, 2002, doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000021412.56621.A2
Published online before print May 9, 2002, doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000021412.56621.A2
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.
ATVB In Focus |
Vascular Inflammation and the Renin-Angiotensin System
From the Departments of Medicine (A.R.B., A.R., M.S.E.) and Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics (A.R.B.) and the Sealy Center for Molecular Sciences (A.R.B.), The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.
Correspondence to Allan R. Brasier, Division of Endocrinology, MRB 8.138, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-1060. E-mail arbrasie{at}utmb.edu
Abstract
It is now well established that vascular inflammation is an independent risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. In otherwise healthy patients, chronic elevations of circulating interleukin-6 or its biomarkers are predictors for increased risk in the development and progression of ischemic heart disease. Although multifactorial in etiology, vascular inflammation produces atherosclerosis by the continuous recruitment of circulating monocytes into the vessel wall and by contributing to an oxidant-rich inflammatory milieu that induces phenotypic changes in resident (noninflammatory) cells. In addition, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has important modulatory activities in the atherogenic process. Recent work has shown that angiotensin II (Ang II) has significant proinflammatory actions in the vascular wall, inducing the production of reactive oxygen species, inflammatory cytokines, and adhesion molecules. These latter effects on gene expression are mediated, at least in part, through the cytoplasmic nuclear factor-
B transcription factor. Through these actions, Ang II augments vascular inflammation, induces endothelial dysfunction, and, in so doing, enhances the atherogenic process. Our recent studies have defined a molecular mechanism for a biological positive-feedback loop that explains how vascular inflammation can be self-sustaining through upregulation of the vessel wall Ang II tone. Ang II produced locally by the inflamed vessel induces the synthesis and secretion of interleukin-6, a cytokine that induces synthesis of angiotensinogen in the liver through a janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 pathway. Enhanced angiotensinogen production, in turn, supplies more substrate to the activated vascular RAS, where locally produced Ang II synergizes with oxidized lipid to perpetuate atherosclerotic vascular inflammation. These observations suggest that one mechanism by which RAS antagonists prevent atherosclerosis is by reducing vascular inflammation. Moreover, antagonizing the vascular nuclear factor-B and/or hepatic JAK/STAT pathways may modulate the atherosclerotic process.
Key Words: atherosclerosis • interleukin-6 • angiotensin II • angiotensinogen • hepatic acute-phase response
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  K. Turkmen, H. Oflaz, B. Uslu, A. O. Cimen, A. Elitok, E. Kasikcioglu, S. Alisir, F. Tufan, S. Namli, M. Uysal, et al. Coronary Flow Velocity Reserve and Carotid Intima Media Thickness in Patients with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: From Impaired Tubules to Impaired Carotid and Coronary Arteries Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., July 1, 2008; 3(4): 986 - 991. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Satou, R. A. Gonzalez-Villalobos, K. Miyata, N. Ohashi, A. Katsurada, L. G. Navar, and H. Kobori Costimulation with angiotensin II and interleukin 6 augments angiotensinogen expression in cultured human renal proximal tubular cells Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, July 1, 2008; 295(1): F283 - F289. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. L. Serra and M. Bendersky Review: Atrial fibrillation and renin-angiotensin system Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease, June 1, 2008; 2(3): 215 - 223. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. S. Vasan, S. Demissie, M. Kimura, L. A. Cupples, N. Rifai, C. White, T. J. Wang, J. P. Gardner, X. Cao, E. J. Benjamin, et al. Association of Leukocyte Telomere Length With Circulating Biomarkers of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: The Framingham Heart Study Circulation, March 4, 2008; 117(9): 1138 - 1144. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. E Johansson, B. Fagerberg, and G. Bergstrom Angiotensin type 2 receptor is expressed in human atherosclerotic lesions Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2008; 9(1): 17 - 21. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Ogawa, T. Mori, K. Nako, T. Ishizuka, and S. Ito Reduced Albuminuria with Sarpogrelate Is Accompanied by a Decrease in Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2008; 3(2): 362 - 368. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Wei, K. Chen, A. T. Whaley-Connell, C. S. Stump, J. A. Ibdah, and J. R. Sowers Skeletal muscle insulin resistance: role of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, March 1, 2008; 294(3): R673 - R680. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Hagita, M. Osaka, K. Shimokado, and M. Yoshida Oxidative Stress in Mononuclear Cells Plays a Dominant Role in Their Adhesion to Mouse Femoral Artery After Injury Hypertension, March 1, 2008; 51(3): 797 - 802. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Brili, D. Tousoulis, C. Antoniades, C. Vasiliadou, M. Karali, N. Papageorgiou, N. Ioakeimidis, K. Marinou, E. Stefanadi, and C. Stefanadis Effects of Ramipril on Endothelial Function and the Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Adhesion Molecules in Young Normotensive Subjects With Successfully Repaired Coarctation of Aorta A Randomized Cross-Over Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 19, 2008; 51(7): 742 - 749. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Tang, K. Kitisin, W. Jogunoori, C. Li, C.-X. Deng, S. C. Mueller, H. W. Ressom, A. Rashid, A. R. He, J. S. Mendelson, et al. Progenitor/stem cells give rise to liver cancer due to aberrant TGF-{beta} and IL-6 signaling PNAS, February 19, 2008; 105(7): 2445 - 2450. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. B. Morris, A. R. Olzinski, R. E. Bernard, K. Aravindhan, R. C. Mirabile, R. Boyce, R. N. Willette, and B. M. Jucker p38 MAPK Inhibition Reduces Aortic Ultrasmall Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Uptake in a Mouse Model of Atherosclerosis: MRI Assessment Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., February 1, 2008; 28(2): 265 - 271. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Q. Zhang, F. He, R. Kuruba, X. Gao, A. Wilson, J. Li, T. R. Billiar, B. R. Pitt, W. Xie, and S. Li FXR-mediated regulation of angiotensin type 2 receptor expression in vascular smooth muscle cells Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2008; 77(3): 560 - 569. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Fukuda, M. Sata, N. Ishizaka, and R. Nagai Critical Role of Bone Marrow Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E Deficient Mice Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., January 1, 2008; 28(1): 90 - 96. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G.-X. Zhang, X.-M. Lu, S. Kimura, and A. Nishiyama Role of mitochondria in angiotensin II-induced reactive oxygen species and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 2007; 76(2): 204 - 212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Choudhary, M. Lu, R. Cui, and A. R. Brasier Involvement of a Novel Rac/RhoA Guanosine Triphosphatase-Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B Inducing Kinase Signaling Pathway Mediating Angiotensin II-Induced RelA Transactivation Mol. Endocrinol., September 1, 2007; 21(9): 2203 - 2217. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Wei, A. T. Whaley-Connell, K. Chen, J. Habibi, G. M.-E. Uptergrove, S. E. Clark, C. S. Stump, C. M. Ferrario, and J. R. Sowers NADPH Oxidase Contributes to Vascular Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, and Remodeling in the Transgenic (mRen2) Rat Hypertension, August 1, 2007; 50(2): 384 - 391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Sahar, M. A. Reddy, C. Wong, L. Meng, M. Wang, and R. Natarajan Cooperation of SRC-1 and p300 With NF-{kappa}B and CREB in Angiotensin II-Induced IL-6 Expression in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., July 1, 2007; 27(7): 1528 - 1534. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Yu, R. Gong, A. Rifai, E. M. Tolbert, and L. D. Dworkin Long-Term, High-Dosage Candesartan Suppresses Inflammation and Injury in Chronic Kidney Disease: Nonhemodynamic Renal Protection J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2007; 18(3): 750 - 759. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. J. Wang, P. Gona, M. G. Larson, D. Levy, E. J. Benjamin, G. H. Tofler, P. F. Jacques, J. B. Meigs, N. Rifai, J. Selhub, et al. Multiple Biomarkers and the Risk of Incident Hypertension Hypertension, March 1, 2007; 49(3): 432 - 438. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Ruef, M. Browatzki, C. A. Pfeiffer, J. Schmidt, and R. Kranzhofer Angiotensin II promotes the inflammatory response to CD40 ligation via TRAF-2 Vascular Medicine, February 1, 2007; 12(1): 23 - 27. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. L. Mundy, E. Haas, I. Bhattacharya, C. C. Widmer, M. Kretz, R. Hofmann-Lehmann, R. Minotti, and M. Barton Fat intake modifies vascular responsiveness and receptor expression of vasoconstrictors: Implications for diet-induced obesity Cardiovasc Res, January 15, 2007; 73(2): 368 - 375. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Rodriguez-Yanez, M. Castellanos, M. Blanco, M. M. Garcia, F. Nombela, J. Serena, R. Leira, I. Lizasoain, A. Davalos, and J. Castillo New-onset hypertension and inflammatory response/poor outcome in acute ischemic stroke Neurology, December 12, 2006; 67(11): 1973 - 1978. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Persson, P. Rossing, P. Hovind, C. D.A. Stehouwer, C. Schalkwijk, L. Tarnow, and H.-H. Parving Irbesartan Treatment Reduces Biomarkers of Inflammatory Activity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria: An IRMA 2 Substudy Diabetes, December 1, 2006; 55(12): 3550 - 3555. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Tsuchiya, T. Yoshimoto, Y. Hirono, T. Tateno, T. Sugiyama, and Y. Hirata Angiotensin II induces monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression via a nuclear factor-{kappa}B-dependent pathway in rat preadipocytes Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, October 1, 2006; 291(4): E771 - E778. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Cui, B. Tieu, A. Recinos, R. G. Tilton, and A. R. Brasier RhoA Mediates Angiotensin II-Induced Phospho-Ser536 Nuclear Factor {kappa}B/RelA Subunit Exchange on the Interleukin-6 Promoter in VSMCs Circ. Res., September 29, 2006; 99(7): 723 - 730. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Takahashi, H. Takase, T. Toriyama, T. Sugiura, Y. Kurita, R. Ueda, and Y. Dohi Candesartan, an angiotensin II type-1 receptor blocker, reduces cardiovascular events in patients on chronic haemodialysis--a randomized study Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., September 1, 2006; 21(9): 2507 - 2512. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Kunieda, T. Minamino, J.-i. Nishi, K. Tateno, T. Oyama, T. Katsuno, H. Miyauchi, M. Orimo, S. Okada, M. Takamura, et al. Angiotensin II Induces Premature Senescence of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Accelerates the Development of Atherosclerosis via a p21-Dependent Pathway Circulation, August 29, 2006; 114(9): 953 - 960. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Zhang, W.H. L. Kao, Y. Berthier-Schaad, Y. Liu, L. Plantinga, B. G. Jaar, N. Fink, N. Powe, M. J. Klag, M. W. Smith, et al. Haplotype of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Gene Predicts Cardiovascular Disease in Dialysis Patients J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., August 1, 2006; 17(8): 2285 - 2292. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M Ridker, E. Danielson, N. Rifai, R. J. Glynn, and for the Val-MARC Investigators Valsartan, Blood Pressure Reduction, and C-Reactive Protein: Primary Report of the Val-MARC Trial Hypertension, July 1, 2006; 48(1): 73 - 79. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Douillette, A. Bibeau-Poirier, S.-P. Gravel, J.-F. Clement, V. Chenard, P. Moreau, and M. J. Servant The Proinflammatory Actions of Angiotensin II Are Dependent on p65 Phosphorylation by the I{kappa}B Kinase Complex J. Biol. Chem., May 12, 2006; 281(19): 13275 - 13284. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Petnehazy, K. Y. Stokes, K. C. Wood, J. Russell, and D. N. Granger Role of Blood Cell-Associated AT1 Receptors in the Microvascular Responses to Hypercholesterolemia Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., February 1, 2006; 26(2): 313 - 318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. D.M. Engelmann and J. H. Svendsen Inflammation in the genesis and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation Eur. Heart J., October 2, 2005; 26(20): 2083 - 2092. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. De Ciuceis, F. Amiri, P. Brassard, D. H. Endemann, R. M. Touyz, and E. L. Schiffrin Reduced Vascular Remodeling, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Oxidative Stress in Resistance Arteries of Angiotensin II-Infused Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor-Deficient Mice: Evidence for a Role in Inflammation in Angiotensin-Induced Vascular Injury Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., October 1, 2005; 25(10): 2106 - 2113. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Amar, J.-B. Ruidavets, J.-C. Peyrieux, J.-M. Mallion, J. Ferrieres, M. E. Safar, and B. Chamontin C-Reactive Protein Elevation Predicts Pulse Pressure Reduction in Hypertensive Subjects Hypertension, July 1, 2005; 46(1): 151 - 155. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Kanda, K. Hayashi, S. Wakino, K. Homma, K. Yoshioka, K. Hasegawa, N. Sugano, S. Tatematsu, I. Takamatsu, T. Mitsuhashi, et al. Role of Rho-Kinase and p27 in Angiotensin II-Induced Vascular Injury Hypertension, April 1, 2005; 45(4): 724 - 729. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Morrow Quantification of Isoprostanes as Indices of Oxidant Stress and the Risk of Atherosclerosis in Humans Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., February 1, 2005; 25(2): 279 - 286. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Petnehazy, K. Y. Stokes, J. M. Russell, and D. N. Granger Angiotensin II Type-1 Receptor Antagonism Attenuates the Inflammatory and Thrombogenic Responses to Hypercholesterolemia in Venules Hypertension, February 1, 2005; 45(2): 209 - 215. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. S. Heimann, M. H. Favarato, F. C. Gozzo, V. Rioli, F. R. Carreno, M. N. Eberlin, E. S. Ferro, J. H. Krege, and J. E. Krieger ACE gene titration in mice uncovers a new mechanism for ACE on the control of body weight Physiol Genomics, January 20, 2005; 20(2): 173 - 182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Sanz-Rosa, M. P. Oubina, E. Cediel, N. de las Heras, O. Vegazo, J. Jimenez, V. Lahera, and V. Cachofeiro Effect of AT1 receptor antagonism on vascular and circulating inflammatory mediators in SHR: role of NF-{kappa}B/I{kappa}B system Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2005; 288(1): H111 - H115. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Sironi, P. Gelosa, U. Guerrini, C. Banfi, V. Crippa, M. Brioschi, E. Gianazza, E. Nobili, A. Gianella, M. de Gasparo, et al. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of AT1 Receptor Blockade Provide End-Organ Protection in Stroke-Prone Rats Independently from Blood Pressure Fall J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., December 1, 2004; 311(3): 989 - 995. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Ishibashi, K. Egashira, Q. Zhao, K.-i. Hiasa, K. Ohtani, Y. Ihara, I. F. Charo, S. Kura, T. Tsuzuki, A. Takeshita, et al. Bone Marrow-Derived Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Receptor CCR2 Is Critical in Angiotensin II-Induced Acceleration of Atherosclerosis and Aneurysm Formation in Hypercholesterolemic Mice Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., November 1, 2004; 24(11): e174 - e178. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Hansel, P. Giral, E. Nobecourt, S. Chantepie, E. Bruckert, M. J. Chapman, and A. Kontush Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated with Elevated Oxidative Stress and Dysfunctional Dense High-Density Lipoprotein Particles Displaying Impaired Antioxidative Activity J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2004; 89(10): 4963 - 4971. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Recinos III, B. K. Carr, D. B. Bartos, I. Boldogh, J. R. Carmical, L. M. Belalcazar, and A. R. Brasier Liver gene expression associated with diet and lesion development in atherosclerosis-prone mice: induction of components of alternative complement pathway Physiol Genomics, September 16, 2004; 19(1): 131 - 142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Suvorava, N. Lauer, and G. Kojda Physical inactivity causes endothelial dysfunction in healthy young mice J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 15, 2004; 44(6): 1320 - 1327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Fliser, K. Buchholz, H. Haller, and for the EUropean Trial on Olmesartan and Pravastat Antiinflammatory Effects of Angiotensin II Subtype 1 Receptor Blockade in Hypertensive Patients With Microinflammation Circulation, August 31, 2004; 110(9): 1103 - 1107. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. M. Doherty, L. A. Fitzpatrick, D. Inoue, J.-H. Qiao, M. C. Fishbein, R. C. Detrano, P. K. Shah, and T. B. Rajavashisth Molecular, Endocrine, and Genetic Mechanisms of Arterial Calcification Endocr. Rev., August 1, 2004; 25(4): 629 - 672. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. L. Schiffrin and R. M. Touyz From bedside to bench to bedside: role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in remodeling of resistance arteries in hypertension Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2004; 287(2): H435 - H446. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C Roncal, J Orbe, J.A Rodriguez, M Belzunce, O Beloqui, J Diez, and J.A Paramo Influence of the 4G/5G PAI-1 genotype on angiotensin II-stimulated human endothelial cells and in patients with hypertension Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 2004; 63(1): 176 - 185. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. G. Neri Serneri, M. Boddi, P. A. Modesti, M. Coppo, I. Cecioni, T. Toscano, M. L. Papa, M. Bandinelli, G. F. Lisi, and M. Chiavarelli Cardiac Angiotensin II Participates in Coronary Microvessel Inflammation of Unstable Angina and Strengthens the Immunomediated Component Circ. Res., June 25, 2004; 94(12): 1630 - 1637. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Jiang, S. Xu, X. Hou, D. R. Pimentel, and R. A. Cohen Angiotensin II Differentially Regulates Interleukin-1-{beta}-inducible NO Synthase (iNOS) and Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) Expression: ROLE OF p38 MAPK J. Biol. Chem., May 7, 2004; 279(19): 20363 - 20368. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Guo, E. Mascareno, and M. A. Q. Siddiqui Distinct Components of Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Signaling Pathway Mediate the Regulation of Systemic and Tissue Localized Renin-Angiotensin System Mol. Endocrinol., April 1, 2004; 18(4): 1033 - 1041. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Wassmann, M. Stumpf, K. Strehlow, A. Schmid, B. Schieffer, M. Bohm, and G. Nickenig Interleukin-6 Induces Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction by Overexpression of the Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Circ. Res., March 5, 2004; 94(4): 534 - 541. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Tokuda, H. Kai, F. Kuwahara, H. Yasukawa, N. Tahara, H. Kudo, K. Takemiya, M. Koga, T. Yamamoto, and T. Imaizumi Pressure-Independent Effects of Angiotensin II on Hypertensive Myocardial Fibrosis Hypertension, February 1, 2004; 43(2): 499 - 503. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. D. Sesso, J. E. Buring, N. Rifai, G. J. Blake, J. M. Gaziano, and P. M. Ridker C-Reactive Protein and the Risk of Developing Hypertension JAMA, December 10, 2003; 290(22): 2945 - 2951. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|