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(Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2001;21:746.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.

Vascular Biology

Retinoids Inhibit Proliferation of Human Coronary Smooth Muscle Cells by Modulating Cell Cycle Regulators

Shu Wakino; Ulrich Kintscher; Sarah Kim; Simon Jackson; Fen Yin; Sunil Nagpal; Roshantha A. S. Chandraratna; Willa A. Hsueh; Ronald E. Law

From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (S.W., U.K., S.K., S.J., F.Y., W.A.H., R.E.L.); the Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Virchowklinikum, Humboldt University Berlin and German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany (U.K.); and Retinoid Research, Allergan Inc, Irvine, Calif (S.N., R.A.S.C.).

Correspondence to Ronald E. Law, PhD, UCLA School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Warren Hall, Second Floor, Suite 24-130, 900 Veteran Ave, Box 957073, Los Angeles, CA 90095. E-mail rlaw{at}mednet.ucla.edu

Abstract—Retinoids inhibit rat vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation in vitro and intimal hyperplasia in vivo. We examined the mechanism of the antiproliferative effect of retinoids on human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (human CASMCs). The RAR ligands all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) and ethyl-p-[(E)-2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthyl)-l-propenyl]-benzoic acid (TTNPB); a pan-RXR/RAR agonist, 9-cis-retinoic acid (9cRA); and the RXR-selective ligand AGN4204 all inhibited DNA synthesis stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor and insulin (IC₅₀: TTNPB 63 nmol/L, atRA 120 nmol/L, AGN4204 460 nmol/L, 9cRA 1.5 µmol/L). All retinoids blocked cell cycle progression as determined by flow cytometry and inhibited retinoblastoma protein (Rb) phosphorylation. TTNPB, atRA, and AGN4204 inhibited the mitogenic induction of cyclin D1, whereas 9cRA had no effect. None of the retinoids affected the expression of CDK 2, 4, or 6 or cyclin E. All retinoids attenuated mitogen-induced downregulation of CDKI p27^Kip1, a major negative regulator of Rb phosphorylation, partly through stabilizing p27^Kip1 turnover. These data demonstrate that retinoids have antiproliferative activity by modulating G₁ S cell cycle regulators in human CASMCs through inhibition of Rb phosphorylation and elevation of p27^Kip1 levels.

Key Words: retinoid • human coronary smooth muscle cell • p27^Kip1, Rb • cell cycle

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