Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2001;21:481-488
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Brief Review |
HDL and the Inflammatory Response Induced by LDL-Derived Oxidized Phospholipids
From the Departments of Medicine (M.N., J.A.B., G.S., S.H., A.J.L., L.W.C., S.R., D.S., W.S., A.D.W., B.J.V.L., D.V., A.M.F.); Pathology (J.A.B.); Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics (A.J.L.); and Human Genetics (A.J.L.), UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif.
Correspondence to Alan M. Fogelman, MD, Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736. E-mail afogelman{at}mednet.ucla.edu
Abstract—Oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) phospholipids containing arachidonic acid at the sn-2 position occurs when a critical concentration of "seeding molecules" derived from the lipoxygenase pathway is reached in LDL. When this critical concentration is reached, the nonenzymatic oxidation of LDL phospholipids produces a series of biologically active, oxidized phospholipids that mediate the cellular events seen in the developing fatty streak. Normal high density lipoprotein (HDL) contains at least 4 enzymes as well as apolipoproteins that can prevent the formation of the LDL-derived oxidized phospholipids or inactivate them after they are formed. In the sense that normal HDL can prevent the formation of or inactivate these inflammatory LDL-derived oxidized phospholipids, normal HDL is anti-inflammatory. HDL from mice that are genetically predisposed to diet-induced atherosclerosis became proinflammatory when the mice are fed an atherogenic diet, injected with LDL-derived oxidized phospholipids, or infected with influenza A virus. Mice that were genetically engineered to be hyperlipidemic on a chow diet and patients with coronary atherosclerosis, despite normal lipid levels, also had proinflammatory HDL. It is proposed that LDL-derived oxidized phospholipids and HDL may be part of a system of nonspecific innate immunity and that the detection of proinflammatory HDL may be a useful marker of susceptibility to atherosclerosis.
Key Words: HDL • LDL • atherosclerosis • oxidized phospholipids
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  S. I. van Leuven, R. Hezemans, J. H. Levels, S. Snoek, P. C. Stokkers, G. K. Hovingh, J. J. P. Kastelein, E. S. Stroes, E. de Groot, and D. W. Hommes Enhanced atherogenesis and altered high density lipoprotein in patients with Crohn's disease J. Lipid Res., December 1, 2007; 48(12): 2640 - 2646. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Weihrauch, H. Xu, Y. Shi, J. Wang, J. Brien, D. W. Jones, S. Kaul, R. A. Komorowski, M. E. Csuka, K. T. Oldham, et al. Effects of D-4F on vasodilation, oxidative stress, angiostatin, myocardial inflammation, and angiogenic potential in tight-skin mice Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2007; 293(3): H1432 - H1441. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Watanabe, K. J. Chou, J. C. Liao, Y. Miao, H.-H. Meng, H. Ge, V. Grijalva, S. Hama, K. Kozak, G. Buga, et al. Differential Association of Hemoglobin with Proinflammatory High Density Lipoproteins in Atherogenic/Hyperlipidemic Mice: A NOVEL BIOMARKER OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS J. Biol. Chem., August 10, 2007; 282(32): 23698 - 23707. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. M. Gharavi, P. S. Gargalovic, I. Chang, J. A. Araujo, M. J. Clark, W. L. Szeto, A. D. Watson, A. J. Lusis, and J. A. Berliner High-Density Lipoprotein Modulates Oxidized Phospholipid Signaling in Human Endothelial Cells From Proinflammatory to Anti-inflammatory Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., June 1, 2007; 27(6): 1346 - 1353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J. Ng, N. Bourquard, S. Y. Hama, D. Shih, V. R. Grijalva, M. Navab, A. M. Fogelman, and S. T. Reddy Adenovirus-Mediated Expression of Human Paraoxonase 3 Protects Against the Progression of Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., June 1, 2007; 27(6): 1368 - 1374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Moumtzi, M. Trenker, K. Flicker, E. Zenzmaier, R. Saf, and A. Hermetter Import and fate of fluorescent analogs of oxidized phospholipids in vascular smooth muscle cells J. Lipid Res., March 1, 2007; 48(3): 565 - 582. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Shor, J. Wainstein, D. Oz, M. Boaz, Z. Matas, A. Fux, and A. Halabe Low Serum LDL Cholesterol Levels and the Risk of Fever, Sepsis, and Malignancy Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci., January 1, 2007; 37(4): 343 - 348. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J. Ng, N. Bourquard, V. Grijalva, S. Hama, D. M. Shih, M. Navab, A. M. Fogelman, A. J. Lusis, S. Young, and S. T. Reddy Paraoxonase-2 Deficiency Aggravates Atherosclerosis in Mice Despite Lower Apolipoprotein-B-containing Lipoproteins: ANTI-ATHEROGENIC ROLE FOR PARAOXONASE-2 J. Biol. Chem., October 6, 2006; 281(40): 29491 - 29500. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. M. Buga, J. S. Frank, G. A. Mottino, M. Hendizadeh, A. Hakhamian, J. H. Tillisch, S. T. Reddy, M. Navab, G. M. Anantharamaiah, L. J. Ignarro, et al. D-4F decreases brain arteriole inflammation and improves cognitive performance in LDL receptor-null mice on a Western diet J. Lipid Res., October 1, 2006; 47(10): 2148 - 2160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Kontush and M. J. Chapman Functionally Defective High-Density Lipoprotein: A New Therapeutic Target at the Crossroads of Dyslipidemia, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis Pharmacol. Rev., September 1, 2006; 58(3): 342 - 374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. J. Van Lenten, S. T. Reddy, M. Navab, and A. M. Fogelman Understanding changes in high density lipoproteins during the acute phase response. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., August 1, 2006; 26(8): 1687 - 1688. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. D. Vaziri Dyslipidemia of chronic renal failure: the nature, mechanisms, and potential consequences Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, February 1, 2006; 290(2): F262 - F272. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Ohashi, H. Mu, X. Wang, Q. Yao, and C. Chen Reverse cholesterol transport and cholesterol efflux in atherosclerosis QJM, December 1, 2005; 98(12): 845 - 856. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. J. Ansell, K. E. Watson, A. M. Fogelman, M. Navab, and G. C. Fonarow High-Density Lipoprotein Function: Recent Advances J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 15, 2005; 46(10): 1792 - 1798. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Margeli, K. Skenderi, M. Tsironi, E. Hantzi, A.-L. Matalas, C. Vrettou, E. Kanavakis, G. Chrousos, and I. Papassotiriou Dramatic Elevations of Interleukin-6 and Acute-Phase Reactants in Athletes Participating in the Ultradistance Foot Race Spartathlon: Severe Systemic Inflammation and Lipid and Lipoprotein Changes in Protracted Exercise J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2005; 90(7): 3914 - 3918. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Robbesyn, N. Auge, C. Vindis, A.-V. Cantero, R. Barbaras, A. Negre-Salvayre, and R. Salvayre High-Density Lipoproteins Prevent the Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein-Induced Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Activation and Subsequent Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Upregulation Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., June 1, 2005; 25(6): 1206 - 1212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Barter Role of nicotinic acid in raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) to reduce cardiovascular risk: an Asian/Pacific consensus: The Pan-Asian Consensus Panel On Hdl-C The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease, March 1, 2005; 5(2_suppl): S1 - S15. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Verreth, D. De Keyzer, M. Pelat, P. Verhamme, J. Ganame, J. K. Bielicki, A. Mertens, R. Quarck, N. Benhabiles, G. Marguerie, et al. Weight Loss-Associated Induction of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{alpha} and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma} Correlate With Reduced Atherosclerosis and Improved Cardiovascular Function in Obese Insulin-Resistant Mice Circulation, November 16, 2004; 110(20): 3259 - 3269. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. J. Barter, S. Nicholls, K.-A. Rye, G.M. Anantharamaiah, M. Navab, and A. M. Fogelman Antiinflammatory Properties of HDL Circ. Res., October 15, 2004; 95(8): 764 - 772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Herrington and J. S. Parks Estrogen and HDL: All that Glitters Is not Gold Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., October 1, 2004; 24(10): 1741 - 1742. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Abbas, P. J. Fadel, Z. Wang, D. Arbique, I. Jialal, and W. Vongpatanasin Contrasting Effects of Oral Versus Transdermal Estrogen on Serum Amyloid A (SAA) and High-Density Lipoprotein-SAA in Postmenopausal Women Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., October 1, 2004; 24(10): e164 - e167. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Zhang, P. Fan, E. Shimoji, H. Xu, K. Takeuchi, C. Bian, and K. Saku Inhibition of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Activity by JTT-705 Increases Apolipoprotein E-Containing High-Density Lipoprotein and Favorably Affects the Function and Enzyme Composition of High-Density Lipoprotein in Rabbits Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., October 1, 2004; 24(10): 1910 - 1915. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. T. Reddy, J. T. Nguyen, V. Grijalva, G. Hough, S. Hama, M. Navab, and A. M. Fogelman Potential Role for Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase-1 in the Development of Atherosclerotic Lesions in Mouse Models Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., September 1, 2004; 24(9): 1676 - 1681. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Navab, G.M. Anantharamaiah, S. T. Reddy, S. Hama, G. Hough, V. R. Grijalva, A. C. Wagner, J. S. Frank, G. Datta, D. Garber, et al. Oral D-4F Causes Formation of Pre-{beta} High-Density Lipoprotein and Improves High-Density Lipoprotein-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux and Reverse Cholesterol Transport From Macrophages in Apolipoprotein E-Null Mice Circulation, June 29, 2004; 109(25): 3215 - 3220. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Assmann and A. M. Gotto Jr HDL Cholesterol and Protective Factors in Atherosclerosis Circulation, June 15, 2004; 109(23_suppl_1): III-8 - III-14. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Paoletti, A. M. Gotto Jr, and D. P. Hajjar Inflammation in Atherosclerosis and Implications for Therapy Circulation, June 15, 2004; 109(23_suppl_1): III-20 - III-26. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Navab, G. M. Ananthramaiah, S. T. Reddy, B. J. Van Lenten, B. J. Ansell, G. C. Fonarow, K. Vahabzadeh, S. Hama, G. Hough, N. Kamranpour, et al. Thematic review series: The Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis The oxidation hypothesis of atherogenesis: the role of oxidized phospholipids and HDL J. Lipid Res., June 1, 2004; 45(6): 993 - 1007. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Vattikuti and D. A. Towler Osteogenic regulation of vascular calcification: an early perspective Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, May 1, 2004; 286(5): E686 - E696. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Holvoet, S. B. Kritchevsky, R. P. Tracy, A. Mertens, S. M. Rubin, J. Butler, B. Goodpaster, and T. B. Harris The Metabolic Syndrome, Circulating Oxidized LDL, and Risk of Myocardial Infarction in Well-Functioning Elderly People in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Cohort Diabetes, April 1, 2004; 53(4): 1068 - 1073. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. J. Ansell, M. Navab, S. Hama, N. Kamranpour, G. Fonarow, G. Hough, S. Rahmani, R. Mottahedeh, R. Dave, S. T. Reddy, et al. Inflammatory/Antiinflammatory Properties of High-Density Lipoprotein Distinguish Patients From Control Subjects Better Than High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels and Are Favorably Affected by Simvastatin Treatment Circulation, December 2, 2003; 108(22): 2751 - 2756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. I. Kakafika, S. Xenofontos, V. Tsimihodimos, A. P. Tambaki, E. S. Lourida, R. Kalaitzidis, M. A. Cariolou, M. Elisaf, and A. D. Tselepis The PON1 M55L gene polymorphism is associated with reduced HDL-associated PAF-AH activity J. Lipid Res., October 1, 2003; 44(10): 1919 - 1926. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. E. Moore, M.-a. Kawashiri, K. Kitajima, A. Secreto, J. S. Millar, D. Pratico, and D. J. Rader Apolipoprotein A-I Deficiency Results in Markedly Increased Atherosclerosis in Mice Lacking the LDL Receptor Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., October 1, 2003; 23(10): 1914 - 1920. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Calabresi, M. Gomaraschi, and G. Franceschini Endothelial Protection by High-Density Lipoproteins: From Bench to Bedside Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., October 1, 2003; 23(10): 1724 - 1731. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Benitez, J. L. Sanchez-Quesada, V. Ribas, O. Jorba, F. Blanco-Vaca, F. Gonzalez-Sastre, and J. Ordonez-Llanos Platelet-Activating Factor Acetylhydrolase Is Mainly Associated With Electronegative Low-Density Lipoprotein Subfraction Circulation, July 8, 2003; 108(1): 92 - 96. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Ou, Z. Ou, D. W. Jones, S. Holzhauer, O. A. Hatoum, A. W. Ackerman, D. W. Weihrauch, D. D. Gutterman, K. Guice, K. T. Oldham, et al. L-4F, an Apolipoprotein A-1 Mimetic, Dramatically Improves Vasodilation in Hypercholesterolemia and Sickle Cell Disease Circulation, May 13, 2003; 107(18): 2337 - 2341. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Tsimihodimos, A. Kakafika, A. P. Tambaki, E. Bairaktari, M. J. Chapman, M. Elisaf, and A. D. Tselepis Fenofibrate induces HDL-associated PAF-AH but attenuates enzyme activity associated with apoB-containing lipoproteins J. Lipid Res., May 1, 2003; 44(5): 927 - 934. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Ou, J. Ou, A. W. Ackerman, K. T. Oldham, and K. A. Pritchard Jr L-4F, an Apolipoprotein A-1 Mimetic, Restores Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Anion Balance in Low-Density Lipoprotein-Treated Endothelial Cells Circulation, March 25, 2003; 107(11): 1520 - 1524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Rezaie-Majd, G. W. Prager, R. A. Bucek, G. H. Schernthaner, T. Maca, H.-G. Kress, P. Valent, B. R. Binder, E. Minar, and M. Baghestanian Simvastatin Reduces the Expression of Adhesion Molecules in Circulating Monocytes From Hypercholesterolemic Patients Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., March 1, 2003; 23(3): 397 - 403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Sher, A. Pronczuk, T. Hajri, and K. C. Hayes Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid Lowers Plasma Cholesterol during Cholesterol Supplementation, but Accentuates the Atherogenic Lipid Profile during the Acute Phase Response in Hamsters J. Nutr., February 1, 2003; 133(2): 456 - 460. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.-Z. Cui, G. Zhao, A. L. Winokur, E. Laag, J. R. Bydash, M. S. Penn, G. M. Chisolm, and X. Xu Lysophosphatidic Acid Induction of Tissue Factor Expression in Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., February 1, 2003; 23(2): 224 - 230. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. Ahmed, S. Babaei, G. F. Maguire, D. Draganov, A. Kuksis, B. N. La Du, and P. W. Connelly Paraoxonase-1 reduces monocyte chemotaxis and adhesion to endothelial cells due to oxidation of palmitoyl, linoleoyl glycerophosphorylcholine Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2003; 57(1): 225 - 231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. van Haperen, A. van Tol, T. van Gent, L. Scheek, P. Visser, A. van der Kamp, F. Grosveld, and R. de Crom Increased Risk of Atherosclerosis by Elevated Plasma Levels of Phospholipid Transfer Protein J. Biol. Chem., December 6, 2002; 277(50): 48938 - 48943. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. T. Reddy, S. Hama, C. Ng, V. Grijalva, M. Navab, and A. M. Fogelman ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter 1 Participates in LDL Oxidation by Artery Wall Cells Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., November 1, 2002; 22(11): 1877 - 1883. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Parhami, B. Basseri, J. Hwang, Y. Tintut, and L. L. Demer High-Density Lipoprotein Regulates Calcification of Vascular Cells Circ. Res., October 4, 2002; 91(7): 570 - 576. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Wang and B. Paigen Quantitative Trait Loci and Candidate Genes Regulating HDL Cholesterol: A Murine Chromosome Map Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., September 1, 2002; 22(9): 1390 - 1401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Wilhelmsen Inflammation, infection, and coronary heart disease Eur. Heart J., March 1, 2002; 23(5): 343 - 344. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Tsimihodimos, S.-A. P. Karabina, A. P. Tambaki, E. Bairaktari, G. Miltiadous, J. A. Goudevenos, M. A. Cariolou, M. J. Chapman, A. D. Tselepis, and M. Elisaf Altered distribution of platelet-activating factor- acetylhydrolase activity between LDL and HDL as a function of the severity of hypercholesterolemia J. Lipid Res., February 1, 2002; 43(2): 256 - 263. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Tsimihodimos, S.-A. P. Karabina, A. P. Tambaki, E. Bairaktari, J. A. Goudevenos, M. J. Chapman, M. Elisaf, and A. D. Tselepis Atorvastatin Preferentially Reduces LDL-Associated Platelet-Activating Factor Acetylhydrolase Activity in Dyslipidemias of Type IIA and Type IIB Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., February 1, 2002; 22(2): 306 - 311. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Deakin, I. Leviev, M. Gomaraschi, L. Calabresi, G. Franceschini, and R. W. James Enzymatically Active Paraoxonase-1 Is Located at the External Membrane of Producing Cells and Released by a High Affinity, Saturable, Desorption Mechanism J. Biol. Chem., February 1, 2002; 277(6): 4301 - 4308. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Navab, G.M. Anantharamaiah, S. Hama, D. W. Garber, M. Chaddha, G. Hough, R. Lallone, and A. M. Fogelman Oral Administration of an Apo A-I Mimetic Peptide Synthesized From D-Amino Acids Dramatically Reduces Atherosclerosis in Mice Independent of Plasma Cholesterol Circulation, January 22, 2002; 105(3): 290 - 292. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Sampietro, F. Bigazzi, B. Dal Pino, S. Fusaro, F. Greco, M. Tuoni, and A. Bionda Increased Plasma C-Reactive Protein in Familial Hypoalphalipoproteinemia: A Proinflammatory Condition? Circulation, January 1, 2002; 105(1): 11 - 14. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Navab, B. J. Van Lenten, S. T. Reddy, and A. M. Fogelman High-Density Lipoprotein and the Dynamics of Atherosclerotic Lesions Circulation, November 13, 2001; 104(20): 2386 - 2387. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. X. Rong, J. Li, E. D. Reis, R. P. Choudhury, H. M. Dansky, V. I. Elmalem, J. T. Fallon, J. L. Breslow, and E. A. Fisher Elevating High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Remodels Advanced Atherosclerotic Lesions by Decreasing Macrophage and Increasing Smooth Muscle Cell Content Circulation, November 13, 2001; 104(20): 2447 - 2452. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. D. Tselepis, S.-A. P. Karabina, D. Stengel, R. Piedagnel, M. J. Chapman, and E. Ninio N-linked glycosylation of macrophage-derived PAF-AH is a major determinant of enzyme association with plasma HDL J. Lipid Res., October 1, 2001; 42(10): 1645 - 1654. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J. Ng, D. J. Wadleigh, A. Gangopadhyay, S. Hama, V. R. Grijalva, M. Navab, A. M. Fogelman, and S. T. Reddy Paraoxonase-2 Is a Ubiquitously Expressed Protein with Antioxidant Properties and Is Capable of Preventing Cell-mediated Oxidative Modification of Low Density Lipoprotein J. Biol. Chem., November 21, 2001; 276(48): 44444 - 44449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|