Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2001;21:365-371
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Atherosclerosis and Lipoproteins |
Troglitazone Inhibits Formation of Early Atherosclerotic Lesions in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor–Deficient Mice
From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.R.C., W.P.M., U.K., S.J., S.W., G.N., W.A.H., R.E.L.), Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif; the Molecular Biology Institute (W.A.H., R.E.L.), Los Angeles, Calif; the Department of Medicine/Cardiology (U.K.), Virchow-Klinikum, Humboldt University, and the German Heart Institute (U.K.), Berlin, Germany; and the Department of Medicine (W.P.), UCSD, La Jolla, Calif.
Correspondence to Ronald E. Law, PhD, University of California, Los Angeles, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, 900 Veteran Ave, Suite 24-130, Box 957073, Los Angeles, CA 90095. E-mail rlaw{at}mednet.ucla.edu
Abstract—Peroxisome
proliferator–activated receptor-
(PPAR) is a
ligand-activated nuclear receptor expressed in all of the major
cell types found in atherosclerotic lesions:
monocytes/macrophages, endothelial cells, and
smooth muscle cells. In vitro, PPAR ligands inhibit cell
proliferation and migration, 2 processes critical for vascular lesion
formation. In contrast to these putative antiatherogenic activities,
PPAR has been shown in vitro to upregulate the CD36 scavenger
receptor, which could promote foam cell formation. Thus, it is unclear
what impact PPAR activation will have on the development and
progression of atherosclerosis. This issue is important
because thiazolidinediones, which are ligands for PPAR, have
recently been approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, a state of
accelerated atherosclerosis. We report herein that the
PPAR ligand, troglitazone, inhibited lesion formation in male low
density lipoprotein receptor–deficient mice fed either a high-fat
diet, which also induces type 2 diabetes, or a high-fructose diet.
Troglitazone decreased the accumulation of macrophages in
intimal xanthomas, consistent with our in vitro observation
that troglitazone and another thiazolidinedione, rosiglitazone,
inhibited monocyte chemoattractant protein-1–directed
transendothelial migration of monocytes. Although
troglitazone had some beneficial effects on metabolic risk
factors (in particular, a reduction of insulin levels in the diabetic
model), none of the systemic cardiovascular risk
factors was consistently improved in either model. These
observations suggest that the inhibition of early atherosclerotic
lesion formation by troglitazone may result, at least in part, from
direct effects of PPAR activation in the artery
wall.
Key Words: atherosclerosis • diabetes mellitus • pharmacology
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