| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Atherosclerosis and Lipoproteins |
Metabolic Cardiovascular Syndrome and Risk of Dementia in Japanese-American Elderly Men
The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study
From the Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology (S.K.), National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Epidemiology, Demography and Biometry Program (D.F., R.J.H., L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md; Division of Clinical Epidemiology (L.W., J.D.C., H.P., G.W.R.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Manoa, Hawaii; Epidemiology and Biometry Program (C.M.B.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Jackson, Miss; and the Department of Veterans Affairs (G.W.R.), Honolulu, Hawaii.
Abstract—Cardiovascular risk factors often cluster into a metabolic syndrome that may increase the risk of dementia. The objective of the present study was to assess the long-term association between clustered metabolic cardiovascular risk factors measured at middle age and the risk of dementia in old age. This prospective cohort study of cardiovascular disease was started in 1965 and was extended to a study of dementia in 1991. The subjects were Japanese-American men with an average age of 52.7±4.7 (mean±SD) years at baseline. Dementia was diagnosed in 215 men, according to international criteria, and was based on a clinical examination, neuropsychological testing, and an informant interview. The z scores were calculated for 7 risk factors (random postload glucose, diastolic and systolic blood pressures, body mass index, subscapular skinfold thickness, random triglycerides, and total cholesterol). The relative risk (RR [95% CI]) of dementia (subtypes) per 1 SD increase in the sum of the z scores was assessed after adjustment for age, education, occupation, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and years of childhood lived in Japan. The z-score sum was higher in demented subjects than in nondemented subjects, indicating a higher risk factor burden (0.74 versus -0.06, respectively; P=0.008). Per SD increase in the z-score sum, the risk of dementia was increased by 5% (RR 1.05, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.09). The z-score sum was specifically associated with vascular dementia (RR 1.11, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.18) but not with Alzheimer’s disease (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.05). Clustering of metabolic cardiovascular risk factors increases the risk of dementia (mainly, dementia of vascular origin).
Key Words: Alzheimer’s disease • dementia • elderly • epidemiology • insulin resistance syndrome
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  A Alonso, T H Mosley Jr, R F Gottesman, D Catellier, A R Sharrett, and J Coresh Risk of dementia hospitalisation associated with cardiovascular risk factors in midlife and older age: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, November 1, 2009; 80(11): 1194 - 1201. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Yaffe, A. L. Weston, T. Blackwell, and K. A. Krueger The Metabolic Syndrome and Development of Cognitive Impairment Among Older Women Arch Neurol, March 1, 2009; 66(3): 324 - 328. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Kanaya, K. Lindquist, T. B. Harris, L. Launer, C. Rosano, S. Satterfield, K. Yaffe, and for the Health ABC Study Total and Regional Adiposity and Cognitive Change in Older Adults: The Health, Aging and Body Composition (ABC) Study Arch Neurol, March 1, 2009; 66(3): 329 - 335. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Sabia, M. Kivimaki, M. J Shipley, M. G Marmot, and A. Singh-Manoux Body mass index over the adult life course and cognition in late midlife: the Whitehall II Cohort Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2009; 89(2): 601 - 607. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Raffaitin, H. Gin, J.-P. Empana, C. Helmer, C. Berr, C. Tzourio, F. Portet, J.-F. Dartigues, A. Alperovitch, and P. Barberger-Gateau Metabolic Syndrome and Risk for Incident Alzheimer's Disease or Vascular Dementia: The Three-City Study Diabetes Care, January 1, 2009; 32(1): 169 - 174. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A. Beydoun, A. Lhotsky, Y. Wang, G. D. Forno, Y. An, E. J. Metter, L. Ferrucci, R. O'Brien, and A. B. Zonderman Association of Adiposity Status and Changes in Early to Mid-Adulthood With Incidence of Alzheimer's Disease Am. J. Epidemiol., November 15, 2008; 168(10): 1179 - 1189. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. R. Taaffe, F. Irie, K. H. Masaki, R. D. Abbott, H. Petrovitch, G. W. Ross, and L. R. White Physical Activity, Physical Function, and Incident Dementia in Elderly Men: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., May 1, 2008; 63(5): 529 - 535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. L. Furie and E. E. Smith Metabolic syndrome: A target for preventing leukoaraiosis and age-related dementia? Neurology, September 4, 2007; 69(10): 951 - 952. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. van den Berg, G. J. Biessels, A. J.M de Craen, J. Gussekloo, and R.G.J. Westendorp The metabolic syndrome is associated with decelerated cognitive decline in the oldest old Neurology, September 4, 2007; 69(10): 979 - 985. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. T. Haltia, A. Viljanen, R. Parkkola, N. Kemppainen, J. O. Rinne, P. Nuutila, and V. Kaasinen Brain White Matter Expansion in Human Obesity and the Recovering Effect of Dieting J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2007; 92(8): 3278 - 3284. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Scarmeas Invited Commentary: Lipoproteins and Dementia--Is It the Apolipoprotein A-I? Am. J. Epidemiol., May 1, 2007; 165(9): 993 - 997. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Solomon, I. Kareholt, T. Ngandu, B. Winblad, A. Nissinen, J. Tuomilehto, H. Soininen, and M. Kivipelto Serum cholesterol changes after midlife and late-life cognition: Twenty-one-year follow-up study Neurology, March 6, 2007; 68(10): 751 - 756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Luchsinger, B. Patel, M.-X. Tang, N. Schupf, and R. Mayeux Measures of Adiposity and Dementia Risk in Elderly Persons Arch Neurol, March 1, 2007; 64(3): 392 - 398. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Razay, A. Vreugdenhil, and G. Wilcock The Metabolic Syndrome and Alzheimer Disease Arch Neurol, January 1, 2007; 64(1): 93 - 96. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. C. Gorospe and J. K. Dave The risk of dementia with increased body mass index Age Ageing, January 1, 2007; 36(1): 23 - 29. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. L. Xiong, B. L. Plassman, M. J. Helms, and D. C. Steffens Vascular risk factors and cognitive decline among elderly male twins. Neurology, November 14, 2006; 67(9): 1586 - 1591. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Vanhanen, K. Koivisto, L. Moilanen, E. L. Helkala, T. Hanninen, H. Soininen, K. Kervinen, Y. A. Kesaniemi, M. Laakso, and J. Kuusisto Association of metabolic syndrome with Alzheimer disease: a population-based study. Neurology, September 12, 2006; 67(5): 843 - 847. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Jagust, D. Harvey, D. Mungas, and M. Haan Central Obesity and the Aging Brain Arch Neurol, October 1, 2005; 62(10): 1545 - 1548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Kivipelto, T. Ngandu, L. Fratiglioni, M. Viitanen, I. Kareholt, B. Winblad, E.-L. Helkala, J. Tuomilehto, H. Soininen, and A. Nissinen Obesity and Vascular Risk Factors at Midlife and the Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer Disease Arch Neurol, October 1, 2005; 62(10): 1556 - 1560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Geroldi, G. B. Frisoni, G. Paolisso, S. Bandinelli, M. Lamponi, A. M. Abbatecola, O. Zanetti, J. M. Guralnik, and L. Ferrucci Insulin Resistance in Cognitive Impairment: The InCHIANTI Study Arch Neurol, July 1, 2005; 62(7): 1067 - 1072. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. Mielke, P. P. Zandi, M. Sjogren, D. Gustafson, S. Ostling, B. Steen, and I. Skoog High total cholesterol levels in late life associated with a reduced risk of dementia Neurology, May 24, 2005; 64(10): 1689 - 1695. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Rosengren, I. Skoog, D. Gustafson, and L. Wilhelmsen Body Mass Index, Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Hospitalization for Dementia Arch Intern Med, February 14, 2005; 165(3): 321 - 326. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. K. Roberts and R. J. Barnard Effects of exercise and diet on chronic disease J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2005; 98(1): 3 - 30. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Gustafson, L. Lissner, C. Bengtsson, C. Bjorkelund, and I. Skoog A 24-year follow-up of body mass index and cerebral atrophy Neurology, November 23, 2004; 63(10): 1876 - 1881. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Yaffe, A. Kanaya, K. Lindquist, E. M. Simonsick, T. Harris, R. I. Shorr, F. A. Tylavsky, and A. B. Newman The Metabolic Syndrome, Inflammation, and Risk of Cognitive Decline JAMA, November 10, 2004; 292(18): 2237 - 2242. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. S. Daskalopoulou, D. P. Mikhailidis, and M. Elisaf Prevention and Treatment of the Metabolic Syndrome Angiology, November 1, 2004; 55(6): 589 - 612. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. S. Daskalopoulou, D. P. Mikhailidis, and M. Elisaf Prevention and Treatment of the Metabolic Syndrome Angiology, November 1, 2004; 55(6): 589 - 612. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Luchsinger, M.-X. Tang, S. Shea, and R. Mayeux Hyperinsulinemia and risk of Alzheimer disease Neurology, October 12, 2004; 63(7): 1187 - 1192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Laurin, K. H. Masaki, L. R. White, and L. J. Launer FOUR AUTHORS REPLY Am. J. Epidemiol., October 1, 2004; 160(7): 718 - 718. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. D. Abbott, L. R. White, G. W. Ross, K. H. Masaki, J. D. Curb, and H. Petrovitch Walking and Dementia in Physically Capable Elderly Men JAMA, September 22, 2004; 292(12): 1447 - 1453. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Gustafson and I. Skoog Obesity and Alzheimer Disease: Roles of Diet and Genetics--Reply Arch Intern Med, January 12, 2004; 164(1): 110 - 110. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. E. Roher, C. Esh, T. A. Kokjohn, W. Kalback, D. C. Luehrs, J. D. Seward, L. I. Sue, and T. G. Beach Circle of Willis Atherosclerosis Is a Risk Factor for Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2003; 23(11): 2055 - 2062. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Gustafson, E. Rothenberg, K. Blennow, B. Steen, and I. Skoog An 18-Year Follow-up of Overweight and Risk of Alzheimer Disease Arch Intern Med, July 14, 2003; 163(13): 1524 - 1528. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Hajjar, J. Schumpert, V. Hirth, D. Wieland, and G. P. Eleazer The Impact of the Use of Statins on the Prevalence of Dementia and the Progression of Cognitive Impairment J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., July 1, 2002; 57(7): M414 - 418. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|