Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1999;19:1623-1629
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Vascular Biology |
Angiotensin Induces Inflammatory Activation of Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Presented in part at the annual spring meeting of the German Society of Heart Research, Mannheim, Germany, April 3–5, 1997, and at the 70th Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association, Orlando, Florida, November 9–12, 1997.
From the Departments of Cardiology (R.K., J.S., C.A.H.P, W.K.) and Cardiac Surgery (S.H.), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; and the Vascular Medicine and Atherosclerosis Unit (P.L.), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
Correspondence to Roger Kranzhöfer, MD, Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Bergheimer Str 58, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany. E-mail roger_kranzhoefer{at}med.uni-heidelberg.de
Abstract—Multiple data suggest
that the renin-angiotensin system contributes to the
pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The atherogenic effect
of the renin-angiotensin system can only in part be
explained by the influence of its effector angiotensin II
on blood pressure, smooth muscle cell (SMC) growth, or antifibrinolytic
activity. Because chronic inflammation of the vessel wall is a hallmark
of atherosclerosis, we hypothesized that
angiotensin II may elicit inflammatory signals in vascular
SMCs. Human vascular SMCs were stimulated with angiotensin.
Inflammatory activation was assessed by determination of interleukin-6
(IL-6) release into the culture medium, detection of IL-6 mRNA by
RT-PCR, and demonstration of activation of nuclear factor-
B in
electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Angiotensin II
concentration-dependently (1 nmol/L to 1 µmol/L) stimulated IL-6
production by SMCs via activation of the
angiotensin II type 1 receptor (demonstrated by the
inhibitory action of the receptor antagonist
losartan). Angiotensin I increased IL-6
production by SMCs, too. This effect was inhibited by captopril
and ramiprilat, suggesting conversion of
angiotensin I to angiotensin II by
angiotensin-converting enzyme in SMCs. Steady-state mRNA
for IL-6 was augmented after stimulation with angiotensin
II, suggesting regulation of angiotensin-induced IL-6
release at the pretranslational level. Moreover, the proinflammatory
transcription factor nuclear factor-B, which is necessary for
transcription of most cytokine genes, was also
activated by angiotensin II. Pyrrolidine
dithiocarbamate suppressed angiotensin II–induced IL-6
release, a finding compatible with involvement of reactive oxygen
species as second messengers in cytokine production
mediated by angiotensin. The data demonstrate the ability
of angiotensin to elicit an inflammatory response in human
vascular SMCs by stimulation of cytokine production and
activation of nuclear factor-B. Inflammatory activation of the
vessel wall by a dysregulated renin-angiotensin system may
contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Key Words: angiotensin • atherosclerosis • inflammation • interleukins • smooth muscle • nuclear factor-B
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