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Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1999;19:972-978

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(Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1999;19:972-978.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.


Original Contributions

C-Reactive Protein in Healthy Subjects: Associations With Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Endothelial Dysfunction

A Potential Role for Cytokines Originating From Adipose Tissue?

John S. Yudkin; C. D. A. Stehouwer; J. J. Emeis; S. W. Coppack

From the Centre for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk, Department of Medicine, University College London Medical School, G Block, Archway Wing, Whittington Hospital, Archway Road, London N19 3UA, UK (J.S.Y., S.W.C.); the Department of Medicine, Academic Hospital Vrije Universiteit and the Institute for Cardiovascular Research Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands (C.D.A.S.); and the Gaubius Laboratory, TNO-PG, 2301 CE Leiden, Netherlands (J.J.E.).

Correspondence to Professor John S. Yudkin, Centre for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk, Department of Medicine, University College London Medical School, G Block, Archway Wing, Whittington Hospital, Archway Road, London N19 3UA, UK. E-mail j.yudkin{at}ucl.ac.uk

Abstract—C-reactive protein, a hepatic acute phase protein largely regulated by circulating levels of interleukin-6, predicts coronary heart disease incidence in healthy subjects. We have shown that subcutaneous adipose tissue secretes interleukin-6 in vivo. In this study we have sought associations of levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 with measures of obesity and of chronic infection as their putative determinants. We have also related levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 to markers of the insulin resistance syndrome and of endothelial dysfunction. We performed a cross-sectional study in 107 nondiabetic subjects: (1) Levels of C-reactive protein, and concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-{alpha}, were related to all measures of obesity, but titers of antibodies to Helicobacter pylori were only weakly and those of Chlamydia pneumoniae and cytomegalovirus were not significantly correlated with levels of these molecules. Levels of C-reactive protein were significantly related to those of interleukin-6 (r=0.37, P<0.0005) and tumor necrosis factor-{alpha} (r=0.46, P<0.0001). (2) Concentrations of C-reactive protein were related to insulin resistance as calculated from the homoeostasis model assessment model, blood pressure, HDL, and triglyceride, and to markers of endothelial dysfunction (plasma levels of von Willebrand factor, tissue plasminogen activator, and cellular fibronectin). A mean standard deviation score of levels of acute phase markers correlated closely with a similar score of insulin resistance syndrome variables (r=0.59, P<0.00005), this relationship being weakened only marginally by removing measures of obesity from the insulin resistance score (r=0.53, P<0.00005). These data suggest that adipose tissue is an important determinant of a low level, chronic inflammatory state as reflected by levels of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-{alpha}, and C-reactive protein, and that infection with H pylori, C pneumoniae, and cytomegalovirus is not. Moreover, our data support the concept that such a low-level, chronic inflammatory state may induce insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction and thus link the latter phenomena with obesity and cardiovascular disease.


Key Words: C-reactive protein • insulin resistance • obesity • endothelial dysfunction • interleukin-6




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HypertensionHome page
H. D. Sesso, L. Wang, J. E. Buring, P. M Ridker, and J. M. Gaziano
Comparison of Interleukin-6 and C-Reactive Protein for the Risk of Developing Hypertension in Women
Hypertension, February 1, 2007; 49(2): 304 - 310.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Arch Intern MedHome page
N. Ranjit, A. V. Diez-Roux, S. Shea, M. Cushman, T. Seeman, S. A. Jackson, and H. Ni
Psychosocial Factors and Inflammation in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
Arch Intern Med, January 22, 2007; 167(2): 174 - 181.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Biol Res NursHome page
C. Power, S. K. Miller, and P. T. Alpert
Promising New Causal Explanations for Obesity and Obesity-Related Diseases
Biol Res Nurs, January 1, 2007; 8(3): 223 - 233.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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Diabetes and Vascular Disease ResearchHome page
R. A Ajjan and P. J Grant
Cardiovascular disease prevention in patients with type 2 diabetes: the role of oral anti-diabetic agents
Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, December 1, 2006; 3(3): 147 - 158.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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J. Lipid Res.Home page
M.-E. Paradis, K. O. Badellino, D. J. Rader, Y. Deshaies, P. Couture, W. R. Archer, N. Bergeron, and B. Lamarche
Endothelial lipase is associated with inflammation in humans
J. Lipid Res., December 1, 2006; 47(12): 2808 - 2813.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
K. M. Utzschneider and S. E. Kahn
The Role of Insulin Resistance in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2006; 91(12): 4753 - 4761.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. P. Warne, C. D. John, H. C. Christian, J. F. Morris, R. J. Flower, D. Sugden, E. Solito, G. E. Gillies, and J. C. Buckingham
Gene deletion reveals roles for annexin A1 in the regulation of lipolysis and IL-6 release in epididymal adipose tissue
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, December 1, 2006; 291(6): E1264 - E1273.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
S. Kapiotis, G. Holzer, G. Schaller, M. Haumer, H. Widhalm, D. Weghuber, B. Jilma, G. Roggla, M. Wolzt, K. Widhalm, et al.
A Proinflammatory State Is Detectable in Obese Children and Is Accompanied by Functional and Morphological Vascular Changes
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2006; 26(11): 2541 - 2546.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
Y.-P. Lu, Y.-R. Lou, B. Nolan, Q.-Y. Peng, J.-G. Xie, G. C. Wagner, and A. H. Conney
Stimulatory effect of voluntary exercise or fat removal (partial lipectomy) on apoptosis in the skin of UVB light-irradiated mice
PNAS, October 31, 2006; 103(44): 16301 - 16306.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Physiol. GenomicsHome page
T. A. Lakka, T. Rankinen, T. Rice, A. S. Leon, D. C. Rao, J. S. Skinner, and C. Bouchard
Quantitative trait locus on chromosome 20q13 for plasma levels of C-reactive protein in healthy whites: the HERITAGE Family Study
Physiol Genomics, October 11, 2006; 27(2): 103 - 107.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
I. Aeberli, L. Molinari, G. Spinas, R. Lehmann, D. l'Allemand, and M. B Zimmermann
Dietary intakes of fat and antioxidant vitamins are predictors of subclinical inflammation in overweight Swiss children.
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2006; 84(4): 748 - 755.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Arch Intern MedHome page
R. Mehra, A. Storfer-Isser, H. L. Kirchner, N. Johnson, N. Jenny, R. P. Tracy, and S. Redline
Soluble interleukin 6 receptor: a novel marker of moderate to severe sleep-related breathing disorder.
Arch Intern Med, September 18, 2006; 166(16): 1725 - 1731.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
J. Warnberg, E. Nova, L. A Moreno, J. Romeo, M. I Mesana, J. R Ruiz, F. B Ortega, M. Sjostrom, M. Bueno, A. Marcos, et al.
Inflammatory proteins are related to total and abdominal adiposity in a healthy adolescent population: the AVENA Study.
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2006; 84(3): 505 - 512.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Endocr. Rev.Home page
A. Schaffler, U. Muller-Ladner, J. Scholmerich, and C. Buchler
Role of Adipose Tissue as an Inflammatory Organ in Human Diseases
Endocr. Rev., August 1, 2006; 27(5): 449 - 467.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Diabetes CareHome page
N. de Rekeneire, R. Peila, J. Ding, L. H. Colbert, M. Visser, R. I. Shorr, S. B. Kritchevsky, L. H. Kuller, E. S. Strotmeyer, A. V. Schwartz, et al.
Diabetes, Hyperglycemia, and Inflammation in Older Individuals: The Health, Aging and Body Composition study
Diabetes Care, August 1, 2006; 29(8): 1902 - 1908.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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DiabetesHome page
S. E. Kahn, B. Zinman, S. M. Haffner, M. C. O'Neill, B. G. Kravitz, D. Yu, M. I. Freed, W. H. Herman, R. R. Holman, N. P. Jones, et al.
Obesity is a major determinant of the association of C-reactive protein levels and the metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes, August 1, 2006; 55(8): 2357 - 2364.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Int J EpidemiolHome page
B. Thyagarajan, D. R Jacobs, G. G Apostol, L. J Smith, C. E Lewis, and O D. Williams
Plasma fibrinogen and lung function: the CARDIA Study
Int. J. Epidemiol., August 1, 2006; 35(4): 1001 - 1008.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Eur J EndocrinolHome page
D M Wunder, M Yared, N A Bersinger, D Widmer, R Kretschmer, and M H Birkhauser
Serum leptin and C-reactive protein levels in the physiological spontaneous menstrual cycle in reproductive age women.
Eur. J. Endocrinol., July 1, 2006; 155(1): 137 - 142.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Nutr.Home page
P. Trayhurn, C. Bing, and I. S. Wood
Adipose Tissue and Adipokines--Energy Regulation from the Human Perspective
J. Nutr., July 1, 2006; 136(7): 1935S - 1939S.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J Am Coll CardiolHome page
M. Briand, I. Lemieux, J. G. Dumesnil, P. Mathieu, A. Cartier, J.-P. Despres, M. Arsenault, J. Couet, and P. Pibarot
Metabolic Syndrome Negatively Influences Disease Progression and Prognosis in Aortic Stenosis
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 6, 2006; 47(11): 2229 - 2236.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
T. Yoshida, T. Kaneshi, T. Shimabukuro, M. Sunagawa, and T. Ohta
Serum C-Reactive Protein and Its Relation to Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Adipocytokines in Japanese Children
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2006; 91(6): 2133 - 2137.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BMJHome page
J. S Yudkin
Confounders in chronic stress at work and metabolic syndrome.
BMJ, May 13, 2006; 332(7550): 1153 - 1154.
[Full Text]


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Eur Respir JHome page
M. Takemura, H. Matsumoto, A. Niimi, T. Ueda, H. Matsuoka, M. Yamaguchi, M. Jinnai, S. Muro, T. Hirai, Y. Ito, et al.
High sensitivity C-reactive protein in asthma.
Eur. Respir. J., May 1, 2006; 27(5): 908 - 912.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Diabetes CareHome page
J.-M. Fernandez-Real, A. Lopez-Bermejo, J. Vendrell, M.-J. Ferri, M. Recasens, and W. Ricart
Burden of Infection and Insulin Resistance in Healthy Middle-Aged Men
Diabetes Care, May 1, 2006; 29(5): 1058 - 1064.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Diabetes CareHome page
L. G. K. de Aguiar, L. R. Bahia, N. Villela, C. Laflor, F. Sicuro, N. Wiernsperger, D. Bottino, and E. Bouskela
Metformin Improves Endothelial Vascular Reactivity in First-Degree Relatives of Type 2 Diabetic Patients With Metabolic Syndrome and Normal Glucose Tolerance
Diabetes Care, May 1, 2006; 29(5): 1083 - 1089.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
C. K. Roberts, D. Won, S. Pruthi, S. Kurtovic, R. K. Sindhu, N. D. Vaziri, and R. J. Barnard
Effect of a short-term diet and exercise intervention on oxidative stress, inflammation, MMP-9, and monocyte chemotactic activity in men with metabolic syndrome factors
J Appl Physiol, May 1, 2006; 100(5): 1657 - 1665.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Arch Intern MedHome page
L. E. Bernstein, J. Berry, S. Kim, B. Canavan, and S. K. Grinspoon
Effects of Etanercept in Patients With the Metabolic Syndrome.
Arch Intern Med, April 24, 2006; 166(8): 902 - 908.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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CirculationHome page
A. Festa, K. Williams, R. P. Tracy, L. E. Wagenknecht, and S. M. Haffner
Progression of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 and Fibrinogen Levels in Relation to Incident Type 2 Diabetes
Circulation, April 11, 2006; 113(14): 1753 - 1759.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Eur J EndocrinolHome page
J. Bollerslev, T. Ueland, A. P Jorgensen, K. J Fougner, R. Wergeland, T. Schreiner, and P. Burman
Positive effects of a physiological dose of GH on markers of atherogenesis: a placebo-controlled study in patients with adult-onset GH deficiency.
Eur. J. Endocrinol., April 1, 2006; 154(4): 537 - 543.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Diabetes CareHome page
M. Hassinen, T. A. Lakka, P. Komulainen, H. Gylling, A. Nissinen, and R. Rauramaa
C-Reactive Protein and Metabolic Syndrome in Elderly Women: A 12-year follow-up study
Diabetes Care, April 1, 2006; 29(4): 931 - 932.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. R. Smith, H. Lee, and D. M. Nathan
Insulin Sensitivity during Combined Androgen Blockade for Prostate Cancer
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2006; 91(4): 1305 - 1308.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J EndocrinolHome page
F Gonzalez, N S Rote, J Minium, and J P Kirwan
In vitro evidence that hyperglycemia stimulates tumor necrosis factor-{alpha} release in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
J. Endocrinol., March 1, 2006; 188(3): 521 - 529.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Diabetes CareHome page
D.-J. Kim and E. Barrett-Connor
Association of serum proinsulin with hormone replacement therapy in nondiabetic older women: the rancho bernardo study.
Diabetes Care, March 1, 2006; 29(3): 618 - 624.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular DiseaseHome page
S. B Wheatcroft and M. T Kearney
Understanding cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes
The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease, March 1, 2006; 6(2_suppl): S7 - S11.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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CirculationHome page
P. Poirier, T. D. Giles, G. A. Bray, Y. Hong, J. S. Stern, F. X. Pi-Sunyer, and R. H. Eckel
Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Effect of Weight Loss: An Update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease From the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism
Circulation, February 14, 2006; 113(6): 898 - 918.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J Am Coll CardiolHome page
A. A. Quyyumi
Women and Ischemic Heart Disease: Pathophysiologic Implications From the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study and Future Research Steps
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 7, 2006; 47(3_Suppl_S): S66 - S71.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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DiabetesHome page
J. B. Meigs, C. J. O'Donnell, G. H. Tofler, E. J. Benjamin, C. S. Fox, I. Lipinska, D. M. Nathan, L. M. Sullivan, R. B. D'Agostino, and P. W.F. Wilson
Hemostatic Markers of Endothelial Dysfunction and Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes: The Framingham Offspring Study
Diabetes, February 1, 2006; 55(2): 530 - 537.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.Home page
F. Stam, C. van Guldener, A. Becker, J. M. Dekker, R. J. Heine, L. M. Bouter, and C. D.A. Stehouwer
Endothelial Dysfunction Contributes to Renal Function-Associated Cardiovascular Mortality in a Population with Mild Renal Insufficiency: The Hoorn Study
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., February 1, 2006; 17(2): 537 - 545.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]