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(Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1999;19:3025.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.

Thrombosis

Oxidized LDL and Lysophosphatidylcholine Stimulate Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Expression in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Wolfgang Dichtl; Ann Stiko; Per Eriksson; Isabel Goncalves; Federico Calara; Cristina Banfi; Mikko P. S. Ares; Anders Hamsten; Jan Nilsson

From the Department of Medicine (W.D., I.G., F.C., M.P.S.A., J.N.), Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; King Gustaf V Research Institute (W.D., A.S., P.E., A.H.), Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; and Institute of Pharmacological Science (C.B.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.

Correspondence to Wolfgang Dichtl, MD, Wallenberg Laboratory, Plan 1, Department of Medicine, Malmö University Hospital, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden. E-mail wolfgang.dichtl{at}medforsk.mas.lu.se

Abstract—Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) functions as an important regulator of fibrinolysis by inhibiting both tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activator. PAI-1 is produced by smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in atherosclerotic arteries, but the mechanisms responsible for induction of PAI-1 in SMCs are less well understood. In cultured human aortic SMCs, PAI-1 mRNA expression and protein secretion were increased after incubation with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and the lipid peroxidation product lysophosphatidylcholine, whereas the effects of native LDL on PAI-1 production and release were more variable and did not reach statistical significance. The effect of LDL on arterial expression of PAI-1 in vivo was also studied in an animal model. Intravenous injection of human LDL in Sprague-Dawley rats resulted in accumulation of apolipoprotein B in the aorta within 12 hours as assessed by immunohistochemical testing. Epitopes specific for oxidized LDL began to develop in the aorta 12 hours after injection of LDL and peaked at 24 hours; this peak was accompanied by intense expression of PAI-1 immunoreactivity in the media. Also, increased aortic expression of PAI-1 mRNA after LDL injection was detected by using in situ hybridization. The transcription factor activator protein-1, which is known to bind to the promoter of the PAI-1 gene, was activated in the aortic wall 24 hours after LDL injection as assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Pretreatment of LDL with the antioxidant probucol decreased expression of oxidized LDL and PAI-1 immunoreactivity and activator protein-1 induction in the aorta but did not affect expression of apolipoprotein B immunoreactivity. These findings demonstrate that LDL oxidation enhances secretion of PAI-1 from cultured SMCs and that a similar mechanism may be involved in vascular expression of PAI-1.

Key Words: plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 • smooth muscle cells • lipid oxidation • lysophosphatidylcholine • activator protein-1

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