| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
© 1997 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Relationship Between Serum Sex Hormones and Coronary Artery Disease in Postmenopausal Women
From the Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, St Luke's–Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY.
Abstract Although sex hormones appear to be importantly involved in the development of coronary heart disease, apparently no study has yet reported an alteration in an endogenous sex hormone level in relation to coronary heart disease in women. In an attempt to determine whether any sex hormone abnormality might be a factor in the development of myocardial infarction in women, estradiol and testosterone, as well as sex hormone–binding globulin, insulin, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and risk factors for myocardial infarction, were measured in relation to the degree of coronary artery disease (CAD) in 60 postmenopausal women undergoing coronary angiography. In a multiple-regression analysis with the degree of CAD as the dependent variable and free testosterone (FT), estradiol, age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking, and insulin as independent variables in the model, only FT (P<.008) and cholesterol (P=.01) were significantly related to the degree of CAD, both positively. To exclude a possible confounding effect due to prior myocardial infarction, the multiple-regression analysis was repeated for the subgroup of 49 patients remaining after excluding the 11 patients who had ever had a myocardial infarction; again only FT (P<.04) and cholesterol (P=.05) were significantly related to the degree of CAD. Neither total testosterone in place of FT nor HDL cholesterol in place of total cholesterol in the model was significantly related to CAD. Sex hormone–binding globulin and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, added individually to the model, showed no significant relationship to CAD. These results raise the possibility that in women an elevated FT level may be a risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis.
Key Words: testosterone • estradiol • coronary artery disease • cholesterol • myocardial infarction • risk factors for coronary heart disease • smoking
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  R. Karim, H. N. Hodis, F. Z. Stanczyk, R. A. Lobo, and W. J. Mack Relationship between Serum Levels of Sex Hormones and Progression of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Postmenopausal Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2008; 93(1): 131 - 138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bhasin, R. A. Parker, F. Sattler, R. Haubrich, B. Alston, T. Umbleja, C. M. Shikuma, and for the AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol A5079 Effects of Testosterone Supplementation on Whole Body and Regional Fat Mass and Distribution in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Men with Abdominal Obesity J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2007; 92(3): 1049 - 1057. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Lambrinoudaki, G. Christodoulakos, D. Rizos, E. Economou, J. Argeitis, S. Vlachou, M. Creatsa, E. Kouskouni, and D. Botsis Endogenous sex hormones and risk factors for atherosclerosis in healthy Greek postmenopausal women. Eur. J. Endocrinol., June 1, 2006; 154(6): 907 - 916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Sowers, M. Jannausch, J. F. Randolph, D. McConnell, R. Little, B. Lasley, R. Pasternak, K. Sutton-Tyrrell, and K. A. Matthews Androgens Are Associated with Hemostatic and Inflammatory Factors among Women at the Mid-Life J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2005; 90(11): 6064 - 6071. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W.-H. Wu, L.-Y. Liu, C.-J. Chung, H.-J. Jou, and T.-A. Wang Estrogenic Effect of Yam Ingestion in Healthy Postmenopausal Women J. Am. Coll. Nutr., August 1, 2005; 24(4): 235 - 243. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Meyer, B. P. McGrath, J. Cameron, D. Kotsopoulos, and H. J. Teede Vascular Dysfunction and Metabolic Parameters in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2005; 90(8): 4630 - 4635. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. B. Phillips Is Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease an Endocrinological Disorder? The Estrogen-Androgen Paradox J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2005; 90(5): 2708 - 2711. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. K. Dubey, B. Imthurn, M. Barton, and E. K. Jackson Vascular consequences of menopause and hormone therapy: Importance of timing of treatment and type of estrogen Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2005; 66(2): 295 - 306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Sutton-Tyrrell, R. P. Wildman, K. A. Matthews, C. Chae, B. L. Lasley, S. Brockwell, R. C. Pasternak, D. Lloyd-Jones, M. F. Sowers, J. I. Torrens, et al. Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin and the Free Androgen Index Are Related to Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Multiethnic Premenopausal and Perimenopausal Women Enrolled in the Study of Women Across the Nation (SWAN) Circulation, March 15, 2005; 111(10): 1242 - 1249. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A S T Bickerton, N Clark, D Meeking, K M Shaw, M Crook, P Lumb, C Turner, and M H Cummings Cardiovascular risk in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) J. Clin. Pathol., February 1, 2005; 58(2): 151 - 154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. H. Golden, J. Ding, M. Szklo, M. I. Schmidt, B. B. Duncan, and A. Dobs Glucose and Insulin Components of the Metabolic Syndrome Are Associated with Hyperandrogenism in Postmenopausal Women: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Am. J. Epidemiol., September 15, 2004; 160(6): 540 - 548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Littleton-Kearney and P. D. Hurn Testosterone as a Modulator of Vascular Behavior Biol Res Nurs, April 1, 2004; 5(4): 276 - 285. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. M. Rexrode, J. E. Manson, I-M. Lee, P. M Ridker, P. M. Sluss, N. R. Cook, and J. E. Buring Sex Hormone Levels and Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Postmenopausal Women Circulation, October 7, 2003; 108(14): 1688 - 1693. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. S. Legro Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease: A Premature Association? Endocr. Rev., June 1, 2003; 24(3): 302 - 312. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A. Cavasin, S. S. Sankey, A.-L. Yu, S. Menon, and X.-P. Yang Estrogen and testosterone have opposing effects on chronic cardiac remodeling and function in mice with myocardial infarction Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2003; 284(5): H1560 - H1569. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. C. W. Wu and A. von Eckardstein Androgens and Coronary Artery Disease Endocr. Rev., April 1, 2003; 24(2): 183 - 217. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. E. Hak, J. C. M. Witteman, F. H. de Jong, M. I. Geerlings, A. Hofman, and H. A. P. Pols Low Levels of Endogenous Androgens Increase the Risk of Atherosclerosis in Elderly Men: The Rotterdam Study J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2002; 87(8): 3632 - 3639. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. H. Golden, A. Maguire, J. Ding, J. R. Crouse, J. A. Cauley, H. Zacur, and M. Szklo Endogenous Postmenopausal Hormones and Carotid Atherosclerosis: A Case-Control Study of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Cohort Am. J. Epidemiol., March 1, 2002; 155(5): 437 - 445. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Liu, J. Ding, T. L. Bush, J. C. Longenecker, F. J. Nieto, S. H. Golden, and M. Szklo Relative Androgen Excess and Increased Cardiovascular Risk after Menopause: A Hypothesized Relation Am. J. Epidemiol., September 15, 2001; 154(6): 489 - 494. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Rouleau, A. Dagnault, D. Simard, B. Lavallee, A. Belanger, A. Blouin, and J. G. Kingma Jr. Effect of estrogen replacement therapy on distribution of myocardial blood flow in female anesthetized rabbits Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2001; 281(3): H1407 - H1412. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J T Merrill and R G Lahita Sex hormone binding globulins and atherosclerotic risk in systemic lupus Lupus, March 1, 2000; 9(3): 217 - 222. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Barrett-Connor and C. Stuenkel Hormones and Heart Disease in Women: Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study in Perspective J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 1999; 84(6): 1848 - 1853. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Teoh, S. W.S. Leung, and R. Y.K. Man Short-term exposure to physiological levels of 17{beta}-estradiol enhances endothelium-independent relaxation in porcine coronary artery Cardiovasc Res, April 1, 1999; 42(1): 224 - 231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|