Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1995;15:190-198
© 1995 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
The Effect of 
-Tocopherol Supplementation on LDL Oxidation
A Dose-Response Study
From the Center for Human Nutrition (I.J., C.J.F.), Laboratory of Molecular Pathology (I.J.), and the General Clinical Research Center (B.A.H.), Departments of Internal Medicine (I.J.) and Pathology (I.J.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.
Abstract Because much data have accrued to support the
concept that oxidatively modified LDL (Ox-LDL) can promote
atherogenesis, the role of antioxidants in decreasing LDL oxidation has
assumed great importance. High-dose 
-tocopherol
supplementation in humans decreases the susceptibility of LDL to
oxidation. Hence, the aim of the present study was to ascertain the
minimum dose of -tocopherol that would decrease the susceptibility
of LDL to oxidation. The effect of -tocopherol in doses of 60, 200,
400, 800, and 1200 IU/d on copper-catalyzed LDL oxidation was tested in
a randomized placebo-controlled study over 8 weeks. There were eight
subjects in each group. Oxidation of LDL was monitored by measuring the
formation of conjugated dienes and lipid peroxides by the
thiobarbituric acid–reacting substances (TBARS) assay over an 8-hour
time course at baseline and after 8 weeks of supplementation. Neither
placebo nor any of the doses of -tocopherol resulted in any side
effects or exerted an adverse effect on the plasma lipoprotein profile.
However, there was a dose-dependent increase in plasma and
lipid-standardized -tocopherol levels with increasing doses of
-tocopherol supplementation. LDL -tocopherol appeared to follow a
similar trend. When the time-course curves of LDL oxidation and the
kinetics of LDL oxidation were examined, there was no significant
effect at 8 weeks compared with baseline in the groups that received
placebo or -tocopherol 60 or 200 IU/d. However, in the groups that
received at least 400 IU/d -tocopherol, there was a
decreased susceptibility of LDL to oxidation, as shown by the mean
levels in the time-course curves, prolongation in the lag phase, and a
decrease in the oxidation rate. Furthermore, both plasma and LDL
-tocopherol correlated significantly with the lag phase of
oxidation and inversely with the oxidation rate. The results of the
present study show that the minimum dose of -tocopherol needed
to significantly decrease the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation is 400
IU/d.
Key Words: lipid peroxidation • -tocopherol • LDL oxidation • atherosclerosis • antioxidants
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  U. Singh, M. R. Dasu, P. G. Yancey, A. Afify, S. Devaraj, and I. Jialal Human C-reactive protein promotes oxidized low density lipoprotein uptake and matrix metalloproteinase-9 release in Wistar rats J. Lipid Res., May 1, 2008; 49(5): 1015 - 1023. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Buijsse, E. J. M. Feskens, L. Kwape, F. J. Kok, and D. Kromhout Both {alpha}- and -Carotene, but Not Tocopherols and Vitamin C, Are Inversely Related to 15-Year Cardiovascular Mortality in Dutch Elderly Men J. Nutr., February 1, 2008; 138(2): 344 - 350. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S.-P. Hsu, M.-S. Wu, C.-C. Yang, K.-C. Huang, S.-Y. Liou, S.-M. Hsu, and C.-T. Chien Chronic green tea extract supplementation reduces hemodialysis-enhanced production of hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid, atherosclerotic factors, and proinflammatory cytokines Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2007; 86(5): 1539 - 1547. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 U. Singh, J. Otvos, A. Dasgupta, J. A. de Lemos, S. Devaraj, and I. Jialal High-Dose {alpha}-Tocopherol Therapy Does Not Affect HDL Subfractions in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease on Statin Therapy Clin. Chem., March 1, 2007; 53(3): 525 - 528. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Kim, N. Chongviriyaphan, C. Liu, R. M. Russell, and X.-D. Wang Combined antioxidant ({beta}-carotene, {alpha}-tocopherol and ascorbic acid) supplementation increases the levels of lung retinoic acid and inhibits the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in the ferret lung cancer model Carcinogenesis, July 1, 2006; 27(7): 1410 - 1419. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W.-H. Wu, Y.-P. Kang, N.-H. Wang, H.-J. Jou, and T.-A. Wang Sesame Ingestion Affects Sex Hormones, Antioxidant Status, and Blood Lipids in Postmenopausal Women J. Nutr., May 1, 2006; 136(5): 1270 - 1275. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Munteanu, M. Taddei, I. Tamburini, E. Bergamini, A. Azzi, and J.-M. Zingg Antagonistic Effects of Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein and {alpha}-Tocopherol on CD36 Scavenger Receptor Expression in Monocytes: INVOLVEMENT OF PROTEIN KINASE B AND PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-{gamma} J. Biol. Chem., March 10, 2006; 281(10): 6489 - 6497. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Ide, C. Keller, and N. Weiss Aged Garlic Extract Inhibits Homocysteine-Induced CD36 Expression and Foam Cell Formation in Human Macrophages J. Nutr., March 1, 2006; 136(3): 755S - 758S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Atkin, A. Gasper, R. Ullegaddi, and H. J. Powers Oxidative Susceptibility of Unfractionated Serum or Plasma: Response to Antioxidants in Vitro and to Antioxidant Supplementation Clin. Chem., November 1, 2005; 51(11): 2138 - 2144. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. R. Proteggente, R. Turner, J. Majewicz, G. Rimbach, A. M. Minihane, K. Kramer, and J. K. Lodge Noncompetitive Plasma Biokinetics of Deuterium-Labeled Natural and Synthetic {alpha}-Tocopherol in Healthy Men with an apoE4 Genotype J. Nutr., May 1, 2005; 135(5): 1063 - 1069. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A Vinson, L. Zubik, P. Bose, N. Samman, and J. Proch Dried Fruits: Excellent in Vitro and in Vivo Antioxidants J. Am. Coll. Nutr., February 1, 2005; 24(1): 44 - 50. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Vega-Lopez, K.-J. Yeum, J. L Lecker, L. M Ausman, E. J Johnson, S. Devaraj, I. Jialal, and A. H Lichtenstein Plasma antioxidant capacity in response to diets high in soy or animal protein with or without isoflavones Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2005; 81(1): 43 - 49. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Beckman, A. B. Goldfine, M. B. Gordon, L. A. Garrett, J. F. Keaney Jr., and M. A. Creager Oral antioxidant therapy improves endothelial function in Type 1 but not Type 2 diabetes mellitus Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2003; 285(6): H2392 - H2398. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E Upritchard, C. R. Schuurman, A. Wiersma, L. B. Tijburg, S. A. Coolen, P. J Rijken, and S. A Wiseman Spread supplemented with moderate doses of vitamin E and carotenoids reduces lipid peroxidation in healthy, nonsmoking adults Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2003; 78(5): 985 - 992. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. P. Earnest, K. A. Wood, and T. S. Church Complex Multivitamin Supplementation Improves Homocysteine and Resistance to LDL-C Oxidation J. Am. Coll. Nutr., October 1, 2003; 22(5): 400 - 407. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Jialal and S. Devaraj Antioxidants and Atherosclerosis: Don't Throw Out the Baby With the Bath Water Circulation, February 25, 2003; 107(7): 926 - 928. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. van Dam, V. W.M van Hinsbergh, C. D.A Stehouwer, A. Versteilen, H. Dekker, R. Buytenhek, H. M Princen, and C. G Schalkwijk Vitamin E inhibits lipid peroxidation-induced adhesion molecule expression in endothelial cells and decreases soluble cell adhesion molecules in healthy subjects Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2003; 57(2): 563 - 571. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J O'Byrne, S. Devaraj, S. M Grundy, and I. Jialal Comparison of the antioxidant effects of Concord grape juice flavonoids {alpha}-tocopherol on markers of oxidative stress in healthy adults Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2002; 76(6): 1367 - 1374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Brigelius-Flohe, F. J Kelly, J. T Salonen, J. Neuzil, J.-M. Zingg, and A. Azzi The European perspective on vitamin E: current knowledge and future research Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2002; 76(4): 703 - 716. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. R Gale, H. E Ashurst, H. J Powers, and C. N Martyn Antioxidant vitamin status and carotid atherosclerosis in the elderly Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2001; 74(3): 402 - 408. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Hayes, A. Pronczuk, and D. Perlman Vitamin E in fortified cow milk uniquely enriches human plasma lipoproteins Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2001; 74(2): 211 - 218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. L. Hargrove, T. D. Etherton, T. A. Pearson, E. H. Harrison, and P. M. Kris-Etherton Low Fat and High Monounsaturated Fat Diets Decrease Human Low Density Lipoprotein Oxidative Susceptibility In Vitro J. Nutr., June 1, 2001; 131(6): 1758 - 1763. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Devaraj, I. Hugou, and I. Jialal {{alpha}}-Tocopherol decreases CD36 expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages J. Lipid Res., April 1, 2001; 42(4): 521 - 527. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Hennig, M. Toborek, and C. J. McClain High-Energy Diets, Fatty Acids and Endothelial Cell Function: Implications for Atherosclerosis J. Am. Coll. Nutr., April 1, 2001; 20(2): 97 - 105. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. A. Meagher, O. P. Barry, J. A. Lawson, J. Rokach, and G. A. FitzGerald Effects of Vitamin E on Lipid Peroxidation in Healthy Persons JAMA, March 7, 2001; 285(9): 1178 - 1182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Rodriguez-Porcel, A. Lerman, P. J. M. Best, J. D. Krier, C. Napoli, and L. O. Lerman Hypercholesterolemia impairs myocardial perfusion and permeability: role of oxidative stress and endogenous scavenging activity J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 1, 2001; 37(2): 608 - 615. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Kaul, S. Devaraj, and I. Jialal {{alpha}}-Tocopherol and Atherosclerosis Experimental Biology and Medicine, January 1, 2001; 226(1): 5 - 12. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Engelen, B. M. y Keenoy, J. Vertommen, and I. De Leeuw Effects of long-term supplementation with moderate pharmacologic doses of vitamin E are saturable and reversible in patients with type 1 diabetes Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2000; 72(5): 1142 - 1149. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Asmis and J. Jelk Vitamin E Supplementation of Human Macrophages Prevents Neither Foam Cell Formation Nor Increased Susceptibility of Foam Cells to Lysis by Oxidized LDL Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., September 1, 2000; 20(9): 2078 - 2086. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Porkkala-Sarataho, J. T. Salonen, K. Nyyssonen, J. Kaikkonen, R. Salonen, U. Ristonmaa, U. Diczfalusy, R. Brigelius-Flohe, S. Loft, and H. E. Poulsen Long-Term Effects of Vitamin E, Vitamin C, and Combined Supplementation on Urinary 7-Hydro-8-Oxo-2'-Deoxyguanosine, Serum Cholesterol Oxidation Products, and Oxidation Resistance of Lipids in Nondepleted Men Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., September 1, 2000; 20(9): 2087 - 2093. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Devaraj and I. Jialal Low-Density Lipoprotein Postsecretory Modification, Monocyte Function, and Circulating Adhesion Molecules in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With and Without Macrovascular Complications : The Effect of {alpha}-Tocopherol Supplementation Circulation, July 11, 2000; 102(2): 191 - 196. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Ricciarelli, J.-M. Zingg, and A. Azzi Vitamin E Reduces the Uptake of Oxidized LDL by Inhibiting CD36 Scavenger Receptor Expression in Cultured Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells Circulation, July 4, 2000; 102(1): 82 - 87. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Meydani Effect of functional food ingredients: vitamin E modulation of cardiovascular diseases and immune status in the elderly Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2000; 71(6): 1665S - 1668. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J. Fuller, M. A. May, and K. J. Martin The Effect of Vitamin E and Vitamin C Supplementation on LDL Oxidizability and Neutrophil Respiratory Burst in Young Smokers J. Am. Coll. Nutr., June 1, 2000; 19(3): 361 - 369. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. P. Skyrme-Jones, R. C. O'Brien, M. Luo, and I. T. Meredith Endothelial vasodilator function is related to low-density lipoprotein particle size and low-density lipoprotein vitamin E content in type 1 diabetes J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 1, 2000; 35(2): 292 - 299. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Leppala, J. Virtamo, R. Fogelholm, J. K. Huttunen, D. Albanes, P. R. Taylor, and O. P. Heinonen Controlled Trial of {alpha}-Tocopherol and {beta}-Carotene Supplements on Stroke Incidence and Mortality in Male Smokers Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., January 1, 2000; 20(1): 230 - 235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. R Mensenkamp, M. C Jong, H. van Goor, M. J. A. van Luyn, V. Bloks, R. Havinga, P. J. Voshol, M. H. Hofker, K. W. van Dijk, L. M. Havekes, et al. Apolipoprotein E Participates in the Regulation of Very Low Density Lipoprotein-Triglyceride Secretion by the Liver J. Biol. Chem., December 10, 1999; 274(50): 35711 - 35718. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Frei On the Role of Vitamin C and Other Antioxidants in Atherogenesis and Vascular Dysfunction Experimental Biology and Medicine, December 1, 1999; 222(3): 196 - 204. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. C. Chan, C. K. Chow, and D. Chiu Interaction of Antioxidants and Their Implication in Genetic Anemia Experimental Biology and Medicine, December 1, 1999; 222(3): 274 - 282. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Schattner To E or Not to E Arch Intern Med, November 8, 1999; 159(20): 2485 - 2485. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W. Anderson, M. S. Gowri, J. Turner, L. Nichols, V. A. Diwadkar, C. K. Chow, and P. R. Oeltgen Antioxidant Supplementation Effects on Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus J. Am. Coll. Nutr., October 1, 1999; 18(5): 451 - 461. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. J. Anderson Assessment and treatment of endothelial dysfunction in humans J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 1999; 34(3): 631 - 638. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. BRIGELIUS-FLOHÉ and M. G. TRABER Vitamin E: function and metabolism FASEB J, July 1, 1999; 13(10): 1145 - 1155. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W. Anderson and T. J. Hanna Impact of Nondigestible Carbohydrates on Serum Lipoproteins and Risk for Cardiovascular Disease J. Nutr., July 1, 1999; 129(7): 1457 - 1457. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Y. Craig, M. W. Rawstron, C. A. Rundell, E. Robinson, S. E. Poulin, L. M. Neveux, P. M. Nishina, and L. M. Keilson Relationship Between Lipoprotein- and Oxidation-Related Variables and Atheroma Lipid Composition in Subjects Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., June 1, 1999; 19(6): 1512 - 1517. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Palomaki, K. Malminiemi, O. Malminiemi, and T. Solakivi Effects of Lovastatin Therapy on Susceptibility of LDL to Oxidation During {alpha}-Tocopherol Supplementation Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., June 1, 1999; 19(6): 1541 - 1548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Devaraj and I. Jialal {alpha}-Tocopherol Decreases Interleukin-1ß Release From Activated Human Monocytes by Inhibition of 5-Lipoxygenase Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., April 1, 1999; 19(4): 1125 - 1133. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. C. Chan Vitamin E and Atherosclerosis J. Nutr., October 1, 1998; 128(10): 1593 - 1596. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. S. Schwab, S. Vogel, C. J. Lammi-Keefe, J. M. Ordovas,, E. J. Schaefer, Z. Li, L. M. Ausman, L. Gualtieri, B. R. Goldin, H. C. Furr, et al. Varying Dietary Fat Type of Reduced-Fat Diets Has Little Effect on the Susceptibility of LDL to Oxidative Modification in Moderately Hypercholesterolemic Subjects J. Nutr., October 1, 1998; 128(10): 1703 - 1709. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. B. Duell, D. L. Wheaton, A. Shultz, and H. Nguyen Inhibition of LDL oxidation by melatonin requires supraphysiologic concentrations Clin. Chem., September 1, 1998; 44(9): 1931 - 1936. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Palomäki, K. Malminiemi, T. Solakivi, and O. Malminiemi 0Ubiquinone supplementation during lovastatin treatment: effect on LDL oxidation ex vivo1 J. Lipid Res., July 1, 1998; 39(7): 1430 - 1437. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J M Rapola, J Virtamo, S Ripatti, J K Haukka, J K Huttunen, D Albanes, P R Taylor, and O P Heinonen Effects of alpha tocopherol and beta carotene supplements on symptoms, progression, and prognosis of angina pectoris Heart, May 1, 1998; 79(5): 454 - 458. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. T. Bowen and S. T. Omaye Oxidative Changes Associated with {beta}-Carotene and {alpha}-Tocopherol Enrichment of Human Low-Density Lipoproteins J. Am. Coll. Nutr., April 1, 1998; 17(2): 171 - 179. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Virtamo, J. M. Rapola, S. Ripatti, O. P. Heinonen, P. R. Taylor, D. Albanes, and J. K. Huttunen Effect of Vitamin E and Beta Carotene on the Incidence of Primary Nonfatal Myocardial Infarction and Fatal Coronary Heart Disease Arch Intern Med, March 23, 1998; 158(6): 668 - 675. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Torzewski, M. Klouche, J. Hock, M. Meßner, B. Dorweiler, J. Torzewski, H. E. Gabbert, and S. Bhakdi Immunohistochemical Demonstration of Enzymatically Modified Human LDL and Its Colocalization With the Terminal Complement Complex in the Early Atherosclerotic Lesion Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., March 1, 1998; 18(3): 369 - 378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Tornwall, J. Virtamo, J. K. Haukka, A. Aro, D. Albanes, B. K. Edwards, and J. K. Huttunen Effect of {alpha}-Tocopherol (Vitamin E) and ß-Carotene Supplementation on the Incidence of Intermittent Claudication in Male Smokers Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., December 1, 1997; 17(12): 3475 - 3480. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S E Edmonds, P G Winyard, R Guo, B Kidd, P Merry, A Langrish-Smith, C Hansen, S Ramm, and D R Blake Putative analgesic activity of repeated oral doses of vitamin E in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Results of a prospective placebo controlled double blind trial Ann Rheum Dis, November 1, 1997; 56(11): 649 - 655. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Devaraj, B. Adams-Huet, C.J. Fuller, and I. Jialal Dose-Response Comparison of RRR-{alpha}-Tocopherol and All-Racemic {alpha}-Tocopherol on LDL Oxidation Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., October 1, 1997; 17(10): 2273 - 2279. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Seccia, E. Albano, and G. Bellomo Suitability of chemical in vitro models to investigate LDL oxidation: study with different initiating conditions in native and {alpha}-tocopherol-supplemented LDL Clin. Chem., August 1, 1997; 43(8): 1436 - 1441. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Yoshida, T. Ishikawa, and H. Nakamura Vitamin E/Lipid Peroxide Ratio and Susceptibility of LDL to Oxidative Modification in Non–Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., July 1, 1997; 17(7): 1438 - 1446. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Iribarren, A. R. Folsom, D. R. Jacobs Jr, M. D. Gross, J. D. Belcher, and J. H. Eckfeldt Association of Serum Vitamin Levels, LDL Susceptibility to Oxidation, and Autoantibodies Against MDA-LDL With Carotid Atherosclerosis: A Case-Control Study Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., June 1, 1997; 17(6): 1171 - 1177. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Seccia, E. Albano, E. Maggi, and G. Bellomo Circulating Autoantibodies Recognizing Peroxidase-Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein: Evidence for New Antigenic Epitopes Formed In Vivo Independently From Lipid Peroxidation Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., January 1, 1997; 17(1): 134 - 140. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. R. Thomas, J. Neuzil, and R. Stocker Cosupplementation With Coenzyme Q Prevents the Prooxidant Effect of {alpha}-Tocopherol and Increases the Resistance of LDL to Transition Metal–Dependent Oxidation Initiation Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., May 1, 1996; 16(5): 687 - 696. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Rapola, J. Virtamo, J. K. Haukka, O. P. Heinonen, D. Albanes, P. R. Taylor, and J. K. Huttunen Effect of Vitamin E and Beta Carotene on the Incidence of Angina Pectoris: A Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Trial JAMA, March 6, 1996; 275(9): 693 - 698. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|